2006年考研英语真题完整版

/122006年考研英语真题完整版SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.__1__homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly__2__.Tohelphomelesspeople__3_independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,__4__theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.__5__everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates__6__anywherefrom600,000to3million.__7__thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis__8__.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies__9__thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto__10_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.__11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda__12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetoleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday__13_thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,__14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday__15__skillsneedtoturntheirlives__16__.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare__17__programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.__18__EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,__19_it,“Therehastobe__20__ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal."[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing,[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,"Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference"characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation—language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well'or‘verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard"forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative—bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon—Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower."AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.Theword“homogenizing"(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans.identifyingassociatingassimilatingmonopolizingAccordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury.playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculturebecameintimateshopsforcommonconsumerssatisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableeliteoweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumptionThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S..areresistanttohomogenizationexertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculturearehardlyathreattothecommoncultureconstitutethemajorityofthepopulationWhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.1ntheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansociety

is[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulis[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulText2Stratford—on—Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside--don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight—seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthe?lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)—lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat.thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenuetheactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstagethetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodtermsthetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourismItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparatelytheplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseersthesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoerstheplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheaterBysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat.StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsStratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficultiesthetownisnotreallyshortofmoneythetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaidAccordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause.ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespendingthecompanyisfinanciallyill-managedthebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptablethetheatreattendanceisontheriseFromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor.issupportiveofbothsidesfavorsthetownsfolk'sviewtakesadetachedattitudeissympathetictotheRSCText3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlinesvouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline.”Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatlargeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironmentsmallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappearedlargeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattodayslow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingonesWecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsagothecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamountthenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnefisheriesthanintheoldBysaying"thesefiguresareconservative"(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidlythecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecordedthemarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterlossthedatacollectedsofarareoutofdateDr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertimefisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomasstheoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevelpeopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituationTheauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries'.managementefficiencybiomasslevelcatch-sizelimitstechnologicalapplicationText4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Buti'tsnotasifearliertimesdid'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathapp