人教版英语高二下期末复习说明文阅读理解练习

人教版英语高二下期末复习说明文阅读理解练习（带答案）一Ifyou’reconcernedaboutclimatechange,shouldyoufeelguiltyabouthangingoutonline?Maybenot.Data,orinformation,isoftenprocessedandstoredonacomputer.Acomputerthatprovidesdatatoothercomputersiscalledaserver.Serversalsostoredatasuchasvideos,picturesandemails.Abuildingthatholdsmanyserversisknownasadatacenter.Withoutdatacentersandservers,wecouldnotaccesswebsitesonourowncomputersandphoneseveryday.Somepeopleworrythatdatacentersusealotofenergy,whichcouldbebadfortheenvironment.Butrecentstudiesfoundthatdatacentersdonotuseasmuchenergyastheythought.EricMasanet,aprofessoratNorthwesternUniversity,isthestudy’smainauthor.Masanetandhisteamlookedattheenergyusedbydatacentersaroundtheworld,andfoundthatdatacentershaveimproved.Theysawa20percentenergyimprovementeachyear.Theseimprovementsareduetobetterservers.Theyuselessenergythanserversoncedid.Othertechnologieshavealsoimproved.Masanetsaidtomakesurecomputersuseenergyeffectively,somethingsneedtohappen.Businessesandgovernmentsshouldgetinvolved.Countriesneedtobeopenabouthowmuchelectricitytheirdatacentersuse.Largedatacompaniesalsoneedtosourcetheirelectricityfromrenewableenergy,suchassunlightandwind.Forexample,GoogleandApplebothpurchasedorgeneratedenoughrenewableelectricitytomatch100percentoftheirdatacenterenergyusein2018.“Peopleshouldcareabouttheenergydatacentersneed,”saidMasanet.“Butwedon’thavetofeelbadaboutstayingconnected.”1.Whydopeopleneeddatacenters?A.Tohelppeoplereducetimeoncomputers.B.Tostoreinformationandletthemusewebsites.C.Toprovideenergyneededtorunpeople’sphones.D.TosavedataontheInternetinsteadofonservers9.Whatcauseddatacenterstohavea20percentimprovementinenergyuse?A.Lessfuelisbeingburnedintheatmosphere.B.Fewerpeopleareonlineatthesametime.C.Serversandtechnologieshaveimproved.D.Moreinformationisstoredinphones.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“source”inparagraph6mean?A.Measure. B.Store. C.Choose. D.Obtain.4.AccordingtoEricMasanet,howtomakesurecomputersuseenergyeffectively?A.Businessesandgovernmentsshouldbeinvolved. B.Theboundariesofcountriesshouldbeopened.C.Peopleneedtospendlesstimeonline. D.Peopleneedtorelyonbigdatacompanies.二Hereisatest.Assignascoreof1to5,where1is“stronglyagree”and5is“stronglydisagree”,tothefollowingstatement:“Ireallycareaboutmywork.”Ifyouhaveansweredthatkindofquestionbefore,youhaveprobablyappliedforajobatalargecompany.Psychometrictests,astheyarecalled,havebecomeincreasinglypopular.Eagerjob-seekersmaythinktheanswerstothesequestionsareglaringlyobvious.Foranystatement,givearesponsethatcreatesaportraitofadiligentandcollaborativeworker.Butthepeoplewhosetthetestsknowthatcandidateswillrespondthisway.Soquestionsarerephrasedinmanydifferentwaystocheckthatapplicantsareconsistentandmakeitdifficultforthemtorememberwhattheyhavealreadysaid.TheSecondWorldWarhadabigimpactonpsychometrictesting.TheBritishwereimpressedwiththeefficiencyofGermanarmyofficersandlearnedtheyhadbeenselectedwiththehelpofintelligencetests.ThisledtheBritishtocreatetheWarOfficeSelectionBoard.Alongsideverbalandnon-verbalreasoning,itchallengedcandidateswithword-associationexercisesandbeingmadetoleadgroupdiscussions.Forhigh-skilledjobs,thesetestsareuseful.However,Mr.Johnsonsaysthereisariskwithusingsuchteststorecruitworkersforlow-skilledjobs.Ifyouselectpeoplewhopasscomplexcognitivetests,theywilllearnthejobquicklybutwillthengetboredandleave.Psychometrictestsbecamemorepopularfromthe1970sonwardsandarenowseenasausefulwayofsortingthroughthecandidateswhoapplyforthejobsofferedbybigcompanies.“Previously,itwasalaborioustasktosortthroughthousandsofwrittenapplications,”saysJuliaKnight,anotheroccupationalpsychologist.“Aswellasbeingtimeconsuming,itwasnotveryeffectiveandaccurate.”1.What'sthepassagemainlytalkingabout?A.TheriseofpsychometrictestsinnowadayssocietyB.TheintroductionofpsychometrictestswithitshistoryC.ThebenefitsofusingpsychometrictestsforbossesD.Thepresentationofpsychometrictestsincompanies2.Whatdoweknowfromthesecondparagraph?A.Jobseekerscanguesstheexpectedanswersinthetest.B.Itisnevertoohardtocheatintesting.C.Psychometrictestsarescientificandreasonable.D.It'srecommendedtofindajobthroughpsychometrictests.3.WhatcanwelearnfromwhatJuliaKnightsaid?A.Thetraditionalwayofclassifyingwrittenapplicationswasunsatisfactory.B.PsychometrictestsarenoteffectiveandaccurateasexpectedC.CompaniesarerejectingthousandsofwrittenapplicationsD.Itremainstobeseenwhetherpsychometrictestsworkwell4.Howisthepassagedeveloped?A.ComparingbetweenthepeoplewhotestandaretestedB.GoingfromanargumenttoitssupportingideasC.DiggingthetopicfromthepresenttothepastD.Unfoldingfromthetopictoitsrelatedaspects三Noisecreatedbyhumans,suchascartraffic,quietedbyabout30%betweenlateMarch2020,whenGovernorGregAbbottclosedschoolsandrestaurantsacrossTexas,andearlyMay,accordingtotheanalysisbyresearchersatSouthernMethodistUniversity.“Therewasquiteabigchangeinsomeareas,"saidStephenArrowsmith,aseismologist（地震学家）atSMU,whotookontheprojectwithaclassofundergraduateandgraduatestudents.Arrowsmithandhisstudentslookedatdatafromadozenseismometers（地震仪）acrossNorthTexas.Seismometersareusedtodetectearthquakes,buttheyaresensitivetojustabouteverythingthatmakesthegroundvibrate,suchasstrongwinds,oceanwaves,constructionandtraffic.TheideaofusingseismometerstotrackurbannoisefirstgainedpopularitylastMarchwhenBelgianseismologistThomasLecocqpostedsomeofhisurbannoisedatafromBrusselsonTwitter.Lecocq,oftheRoyalObservatoryofBelgium,receivedsuchanoverwhelmingresponsefromscientiststhathelaunchedthegroup"LockdownSeismology"ontheSlackcommunicationsplatform."It'swhereboredseismologistsaroundtheworldarecollaborating,"Arrowsmithjoked.LecocqwroteinanemailtoTheDallasMorningNewsthathewantedtodocumentthenoiselevelstoshowhowsmallchangesinpersonalbehaviorcanmakeaninternationalimpact.Citieshaveseenawiderangeofnoisereductionsrangingfrom20%to90%duringlastyear,Lecocqsaid.Arrowsmithhopeshisfindingswillcontributetoagrowinglistofcreativewaysinwhichresearchersareusingseismometers.Inhisspringseismologycourse,Arrowsmithteachesstudentshowseismicstationscanhelp,investigatorssolvecrimes,liketerroristbombings,aidscientistsintrackingnucleartestsprassistinspectorsinvestigatingaccidents,likechemicalplantblasts.OnepotentialapplicationofhisresearchistobetterunderstandtheshallowlayersofEarthbeneathcities."Thatcouldbeusefulinplaceswherethere'sarealseismichazard,likeSanFranciscoorLosAngeles,"hesaid,'"wherejustknowingwhatthatshallowstructureistellsyoualotabouthowitwouldrespondinabigearthquake.Recently,researchershavebegunusingseismicstationstotrackstormsovertheoceanbecauselargewavesregisterontheinstrumentstoo.1.WhatareArrowsmithandhisstudents'findingsabout?A.Thequietofcartraffic. B.Thereductionofcitynoise.C.Abigchangeinseismology. D.Anearthquakedetectingproject.2.HowdidThomasmaketheurbannoiseanalysispopular?A.Byinspiringaresponsefromscientists.B.Byestablishingacommunicationsplatform.C.Byrevealingthenoisedataonsocialmedia.D.Bylaunchingthegroup“LockdownSeismology”.3.Theunderlinedword"collaborating”inParagraph4means"”A.ignoringeachother B.arguingallthetimeC.improvinggreatly D.workingtogether4.WhatdoesParagraph5mainlytalkabout?A.Someadditionalusesofseismometers.B.Arrowsmith'sspringseismologycourse.CUnderstandingtheshallowlayersofEarth.D.Usingseismometersindetectingearthquakes.四Theworldwidepartialinternetoutage(中断)thisweek,whichlastedmorethananhourandapparentlycausedbyhumanerroratalittle-knowncompanybasedinSanFrancisco,wasn'tabigdealformostpeople.Youmightnothaveevennoticedit.Butthebusinessesandservicesthatwentdarkdefinitelynoticedit.Around7:30pm(AEST)lastTuesday,dozensofsitesbegandisplaying503errormessages.ThisincludedTheAgeandTheSydneyMorningHerald,TheGuardian,CNN,Bloomberg,Amazon,eBay,Twitch,Spotifyandmanyothers.TheproblemwasatFastly,theproviderofoneoftheinternet'smostwidelyusedcontentdeliverynetworks(CDNs).TheseCDNsallowwebsitestobeaccessedquicklythroughtheuseofserversspreadacrosstheglobe.These.serversreducethedistancedatahastotraveltogettoitsdestination.TherearemanyCDNsaroundtheworldbuttheyarecontrolledbyaverysmallgroupofoperators:Fastly,AkamaiandCloudflare.Fastlyattributedtheproblemtoaconfiguration(配置)error,whichlikelymeanssomeonemadeachangethatresultedinacascadeofsystemfailures.SimilarissuesatCDNshaveoccurredinthepastandinthiscase,itwasfixedpromptly.Butabriefinconvenienceforsomeposedabigheadacheforothers.AmazonAustraliamayhavemissed$114,000duringthehourofdowntime.Forsmallerbusinessesormorevitalservices,theimpactmighthavebeenmorehorrible.IntheUKandtheUSsomegovernmentserviceswerealsoaffected,includingaBritishhubforbookingCOVID-19vaccination.DrMarcusThompson,cybersecurityadvisorandformerheadofinformationwarfareforTheAustralianDefenseForce(ADF),saidtheoutagedemonstratedtheneedforgreaterdatasovereignty（主权)inAustralia."Thiswasatechnicaloutage,ratherthanacyber-attack,yettheeffectonAustralianbusinessesandpeoplewasthesame.Itcallsintoquestionourdependenceonforeignserviceproviders,hesaid.Monashuniversity'sDrKlausAckermann,whowaspartofateamthatcreatedaglobalinternetpressuremaptoanalyzethepressureonbasicfacilities,saidlocalcompaniescouldconsidertakingmattersintotheirownhands."Ifissueslikethisaretobepreventedinthefuture,businessesneedtobewillingtoinvestinsettinguptheirowndistributedservers,"hesaid.Asdistributeddeliveryhasbecomemorevitaltooperations,companieshavestartedusingmultipleCDNsasinsuranceagainstfailures.Butit'sacostlystrategyandswitchingfromoneCDNtoanotherinanemergency,evenifyou'vepreparedbeforehand,isnotasimpletask.1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?AWhatcausedtheproblematFastly.B.Howtopreventtheinternetfromoutage.C.Whataworldwidepartialinternetoutageresultedin.D.Howtoreducedependenceonforeignserviceproviders.2.WhatdoweknowaboutCDNs?A.Theyreducethedataduringthetransfer.B.Theydidn'tcauseinconvenienceinthepast.C.Theyallowpeopletoaccesswebsitesquickly.D.Theyarecontrolledbyalargegroupofoperators.3.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichcanbea"headache"?A.Companies'economiclosses. B.Governments'financialproblems.C.Websites'systemfailures. D.Countries'socialdisorder.4.Whichofthefollowingmightpossiblypreventsuchanoutage?A.RefusingtousevariousCDNs.B.Strengtheningdatasovereignty.C.Buildingcompanies'ownwebsites.D.Refusingtouseforeigncybertechnologies.五Thosewhoworkonthe“996”model(whereemployeesworkfrom9amto9pm,6daysaweek)mustenvytheircounterparts(对应的人)inanAmericancompany,becausetheyhaveashorterworkweek.Basecamp,aChicago-basedwebapplicationcompanygivesallhisemployeesashortworkweek:justfourdays—atotalof32hours,betweenMayandSeptembereveryyear.Also,theyusuallyworkfivedaysaweekfortherestoftheyear.“That’splentyoftimetogetgreatworkdone.Thisisallweexpectandallwewantfrompeople,”saysJasonFried,aco-founder.“Working60-plus,or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork60-plusor70-plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”Thecompany’ssummerworkloadmustfitreducedhours,Mr.Friedinsists,otherwisethebenefitsofashorterweek-torecoverfromwork,enjoytimewithfamilyanddevelopoutsideinterests-wouldbeundone.Hisnewresearchfindsthatitisnotjustlonghoursthatareharmfultoemployees’physicalandmentalhealth.Itisalsotheintensity(强度)ofwork.Moreover,itsuggeststhatintensityworkharmscareerprospects(前景).Thatisbecauseunbearablehoursandintensityareintheoppositedirection,reducingthequalityofthework.Theresearchconcludesthatthelevelofintensityweapplytotheworkwedoisgenerally“astrongerpredictorofunfavorableoutcomesthanovertimework”.Theresearchcomparedpeopleofsimilarjobsandeducationlevels,andfoundtheyweremorelikelytosufferpoorerhappinessandworsecareerprospects,includingsatisfaction,securityandpromotion,whentheyworkedatanintenselevelforlongperiods.1.WhatdoweknowaboutBasecamp’sfour—dayworkweek?A.Itlastsnearlyhalfayear. B.Theworkpressureistoohigh.C.Therearesomemanagementproblems. D.Employeesworkmorethan8hoursaday.2.WhatdoesMr.Friedintendtosayinparagraph2?A.Givenplentyoftime,peoplecandomore.B.Togetworkdonewellneedsplentyoftime.C.Peoplecandoajobverywellinashortworkweek.D.Alongworkweekisappropriateforreducedworkload.3.Whatdoestheresearchmentionedinthetextwanttotellus?A.Gettingmuchmorerest. B.Improvingworkquality.C.Refusingafive-dayworkweek. D.Avoidingworkingtoointensely.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.MoreWork,MoreProfits B.ShorterWeek,BetterRewardC.LessWork,LessBenefits D.LongerHours,HigherIntensity六Toshowempathyistoidentifywithanother’sfeelings.Itistoemotionallyputyourselfintheplaceofanother.Theabilitytoempathizeisdirectlydependentonyourabilitytofeelyourownfeelingsandidentifythem.Ifyouhaveneverfeltacertainfeeling,itwillbehardforyoutounderstandhowanotherpersonisfeeling.Ifyouhaveneverputyourhandinaflame,youwillnotknowthepainoffire.Ifyouhavenotexperiencedjealousy,youwillnotunderstanditspower.Readingaboutafeelingandintellectuallyknowingaboutitisverydifferentthanactuallyexperiencingitforyourself.Amongthosewithanequallevelof

emotionalintelligence,thepersonwhohasactuallyexperiencedthewidestrangeandvarietyoffeelings－thegreatdepthsofdepressionandtheheightsoffulfillment,forexample,－istheonewhoismostabletoempathize.Ontheotherhand,whenwesaythatsomeone“can’trelate”tootherpeople,itislikelybecausetheyhaven’texperienced,acknowledgedoracceptedmanyfeelingsoftheirown.Onceyouhavefeltdiscriminatedagainst,forexample,itismucheasiertorelatewithsomeoneelsewhohasbeendiscriminatedagainst.Ourinnateemotionalintelligencegivesustheabilitytoquicklyrecallthoseinstancesandformassociationswhenweencounterdiscriminationagain.Wethencanusethe“reliving”ofthoseemotionstoguideourthinkingandactions.Thisisoneofthewaysnatureslowlyevolvestowardsahigherlevelofsurvival.Forthisprocesstowork,thefirststepisthatwemustbeabletoexperienceourownemotions.Thismeanswemustbeopentothemandnotdistractourselvesfromthemortrytonumbourselvesfromourfeelingsthroughdrugs,alcohol,etc.Next,weneedtobecomeawareofwhatweareactuallyfeeling--toacknowledge,identify,andacceptourfeelings.Onlythencanweempathizewithothers.Thatisonereasonwhyitisimportanttoworkonyourownemotionalawarenessandsensitivity－inotherwords,tobe“intouchwith”yourfeelings.Howdoestheauthorexplainthefeelingsofempathy?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Byhavingclassification.C.Bymakingcomparison. D.Byprovidingdata.Whichstatementmaytheauthoragreewith?A.Lowlevelofempathyleadstofewervarietiesoffeelings.B.Thedeeperone’sfeelingsare,themoreempatheticoneis.C.Empathyisawaywerecentlypickedupforbettersurvival.D.Richexperiencesmaynotgowithahighlevelofempathy.What’sthepurposeofthelasttwoparagraphsofthetext?A.Toadviseasincereattitudetoone’sexperiences.B.Tosuggestarightunderstandingofempathy.C.Torequirearealbondwithone’semotions.D.Tocallfortrueacceptanceofone’sfeelings.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.HowEmpathyUnfolds B.BeOpentoYourEmotionsC.WhyIsEmpathyImportant D.AcceptYourTrueSelf七You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource（来源）ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（说明）aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped（倾倒）fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.1.WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin. B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste. D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.2.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.3.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewers?A.Calming. B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures八Femalebirdssing,too,butscientiststendtotuneintomalebirdsongandignorefemalesongs.Ithighlightsalong-standingbias（偏见）andhelpsusthinkaboutwhythatbiaspersists（持续）.Sincethebeginningofmodernbirdsongresearch,thefieldhasfocusedonmalesongbirds.Anyseriousbirdercouldtellyouthatfemalesdosing,sometimesasfrequentlyasmales.However,earlybirdsongresearcherstendedtobemen.Menaresignificantlylesslikelythanwomentoleadresearchprojectsstudyingfemalesongs.Thus,wearemissingkeybehaviorsasaresultofhistoricalbiasescausedbyalackofdiverseparticipationinscience.Sohowdowemakesciencewelcomingandaccessibleforall?Weneedtocommunicatebetterwithnonscientists.Engagingthepublicinscienceisessentialforbasicsciencefindingsthatinfluencehowweperceivetheworldaroundus.Forexample,understandingthatfemalebirdsdosingmattersnotonlytoscientistsbutalsotothebillionsofpeoplewhohearthesoundsofwildbirdseveryday.Inmanyspecies,malesandfemaleslooksim