秋季阅读专项练习笔记至第七课例证题208考研群

第一节——时间对 1、时间相反一切相2、现在的事情——与文章主旨密切相4、理解原文中的概念性含义、文中的不同概念性（单词）表达同一含5、判【2011text3】①Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.②Nolonger.③Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchasevisioncommercialsWhile表示强对心在逗号后printadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole, paniestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.【全文中心句在此】④Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabywillinglypromotionittofriends，andacompanymayleverage“owned”mediabysendingalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWeb⑤Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeof 彩为 同义改Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediaTheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout做题思路第一步，先题后文，只看题干，找定第二步，串联题干→文章内容，意外收ps：读文章段①感彩 adj、adv，②表示逻辑的词：同方向表肯定，反方向表否定Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyinspiredbyproduct-promotingssenttothem.【属于“owned”media的内容 D选项为原文的同义改写enthusiastic对应 mending对应promotion，product对应35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaid[B]betweenhijackedandearned[C]Dominanceofhijacked[D]Popularityofowned解题思路：①根据串联题干得到，文中出现了不止一种media，首先排除C跟②再来读文章第一段，找出中心主旨Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.【would表示过去的一个过程】：Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsarealityTheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientific：段：Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.……段：ThisisnowWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheTheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationis ethenewchannelforPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonline做题思路：先排除AD选项，BC谈论新话题，又因为文章中作者没有表现态度，所以为【2005text3】Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearchersthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Researchershavecometobelievethat .【cometocanbemodifiedintheiraresusceptibletoemotionalreflectourinnermostdesiresandarea eofneural做题思路：仔细比对原文，先排除C跟D，属于过去的内【2006text3】Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnertsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggest largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreatslow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones【无中生有】解题思路：C选项为原文的同义改写：B选项：samll的意思是小，原文中的smaller的意思是小得多，两个概念【2007text2】Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckcoincidence?//It’snotobvioushowthe tovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,inligence passesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofinligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofinligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportanementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?【解题思路：判断全文的感彩为↓[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical[C]Impartial.[D]【2007text3】Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamily（主语）//thatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecure(从句)//hadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnew apinkslip,abaddiagnosis,ordisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewInjustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell. WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisTheMiddleClassontheAlert【文章只提出了一个客观事实，防止推理过度TheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassTheMiddleClassinRuinsPs：比较【2004text2-30】【2009text2】Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedsto ssour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincethey eavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whiakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshows easysuccessfulpromotion【无中生有【文章中的和选项中国的】【2006text3-31】上文已做详细解释【2005text3-33ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytend developintohappypersisttillthetimewefallshowupindreamsearlyat 是开心的意思 的意思是与之前相比开心得多，并不一定是开心的seemednear.③Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreaders（thathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet）.④NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.⑤America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabout感howtosavenewspapers.⑥Shouldthey echaritablecorporations?⑦Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?⑧Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.⑨Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate. 彩Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwould :Gonewiththe:AThriving解题思路：首先排除 彩向下的B和【2013text1（二】①Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:②Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.③Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”①Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingpointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologywhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.①Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,ngaagejob,couldearnaagelifestyle.②But,today,averageisofficiallyover.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitlefortheNewLawTakesEffect[C]AverageIsOver【定位点在第二段第二句】[D]RecessionIs群补充内容【英语二2011text4①WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?②Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangelongago.③Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga triangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlower①ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.②Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.③Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.④Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign. 40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemsto 第二课：理解文中的概念性含 文中不同的概念（单词）表达同一含义判断依据：代词（this、that、these、新题型排序与选句填【英语一2011text3】2段①Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketers//promotingtheirownproducts.②Forearnedmedia,suarketersatheinitiatorforusers’responses.③Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmedia eanothermarketer’spaidmedia—forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.④WedefinesuchsoldmedownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentmerceengineswithinthatAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmedia asafebusinessenvironment[B]randomcompetition[C]strongusertraffic[D]flexibilityin【2013text1】①Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.②Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.①Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratwiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fast21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantfor [A]poorbargainingskill【2005text3】Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeakAcenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--thebyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearchersthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentalevents【什么鬼？？？】canbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMeyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofinlectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem【什么鬼？】theauthorintendsto therelationofdreamsto解题思路：例子支持观点。观点就在段落二的首句：thisview，指代段落1里now的内【英语二：2010text3AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith Bottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’sFromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddue Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits 串联题干得到：产品、、商业和的关①Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.②Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.①“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine.②“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthat①ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines. ①“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.②“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”英语一二的话题惊人相似之处（一）2010text1 （二）2011（二）2010text2 （二）2012（三）2013text4 （二）2010 2013（二）2013text4&2014text3【2009text1 A. B. C. D.BrainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanTheword"ruts"(Line1,Paragraph4)isclosestmeaningRyan'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtestingA,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed【全文中心思想优先选择】B,nolongeremphasizescommonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystemDawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,"WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword"habit"carriesanegativeSoitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.【回看24题】【2011text3】①Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketers//promotingtheirownproducts.②Forearnedmedia,suarketersatheinitiatorforusers’responses.③Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sowned eanothermarketer’spaidmedia—forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.④Wedefinesuchsoldmedownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.⑤Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurther.⑥Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.⑦Besides e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesmarketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompanies3段①Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswith指代morediverse）communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuore ways.②Suchhijackedearnedmedia的mediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetor eshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomake allegationsaboutabrandorproduct.③Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthatheycanhijackmediatoapplyonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedTheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearned inviteconstantswithpassionateconsumers【引起】[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition【无中生有】[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsabout解题思路：【只谈到一个】+【damaging、negative、pressure】①Thesamedramatictechnologicalchanges(主语)//thathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoices（定语从句）//havealsoincreasedtherisk（主语）//thatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuoredamaging定语从句过长的办法：用设问来【2011text3】4段①Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthecompanyatrisk.②Insuchacase,thecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsen,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasandthesocial-newssiteDigg.ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexample .【例证题，暂时不展开第三中心思想题★★★★★1.标志：mainlyabout/discuss；thebesttitle;thepurposePs：中心思想一定是从原文中找到的，而不是人为总结出来的2.串线：将各段首末句串联成一个整体，注意转折处【最普适的方法】情况：①全文中心在第一段话 ②全文中心为三者之间找到的交↓↓中心词：中文反复高频出现的词【最直观】注意：①出现不同的词但表达相同的含义；注意同义改写②原文中反复出现，选项中不含有但是表达相同意思中心句：问题开头的提问的回答独句段【2010text2】①Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhat calledbusinessmethods.②Amazon.Comreceivedoneforitsone-clickonlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.【细节】①Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscaleback 感彩business-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywereauthorized10yearsago.②Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.③InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.④It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents①Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwas翻译为FederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.②Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.③Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.④In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.⑤Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.①TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthemarket.②TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.①TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythethescopeofprotectionsthescopeofprotectionsforpatenthas

②LastApril,forthejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.③ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthethreattothreattobusiness-method[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.【态度不够鲜明，比较客解题思路留下AD选项，对象都是patent，感彩都向下，进行比较二段①Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscaleback三段①Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-考研来不得半点虚假，一定可以从原文中找到答案！！！！一定仔细看完所有选项答案是比较出来的，相同之处缩范围，不同之处见真知。串演示：【2014text2】①Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.②Buttherearefewplaceswhere clientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthan①Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmerica(主语)//grewtwiceasfastasinflation.②Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.③Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.④Manyofthem ethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemcostly①Therearemanyreasonsforthis.②Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.③ isjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubjects,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.④Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.⑤Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointoernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.①Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.②Sensibleideasbeenaroundforalongtime,butthestaevelbodiesthaterntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.③Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.④Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.⑤Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.⑥Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.①Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.②ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.③Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.④Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeeoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.①Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsand提出建servicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.②Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.③Americashouldfollow.30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses [A]flawedownershipofAmerica’slawfirmsanditscauses[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica[C]aprobleminAmerica’slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica’slegaleducation解题思路：串，多则惑，少则得；只看重要信息，筛选掉次要信中心思想题选项中不同类型词汇的做题意义：1、名词====缩小对象范围（定范围2、形容词====定方（及含有感彩的动词和名词3、副词====【2011text2①WhenLiamMcGeedepartedasofBankofAmericainAugust,hiswassurprisinglystraightup.②Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”③Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuydecision,”McGeesays.④Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthetimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.①McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.②Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.③AndMcGeeisn’talone.④InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.⑤Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.⑥Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.①Asthesignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingmakethejumpwithoutanet.②Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%froma辞agoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.③Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.①Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOs.”①Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.辞MarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.全文的中心词30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthe[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?TopManagersJumpwithoutaTheOnlyWayOutforTop解题思路：注意同意替换；串联题干中心词的同意替换出现在文中和选项中；包括对“辞”的同意替【2013text3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargelythoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.②Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.段①Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationof rangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.②Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.段①Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.②Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspeciessuch指代出现过的内容，否定之否定，感彩↑小词大智慧enduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn'twe?③Takeabroaderlookatourspecies'placeintheuniv