2021年考研英语二阅读理解考试真题答案

第第PAGE2121页2021年考研英语二阅读理解考试真题答案SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Reskillingissomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusinessReview,findsthatonaverage42percentofthe"coreskill"withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonlyimaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerdemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategyultimatelyretraining18,000employees.Prepandemic,othercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkersevenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentunemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,allhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexamplethepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobedoctorinfewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden,wherethepandemickick-startedaretrainingprogramwherebusinessaswellasgovernmenthadarole.ReskillinginthiswaywouldbechallenginginaNorthAmericancontext.Youcaneasilyimaginechorusof"can'tdothat"becauseteachersornursesorwhoeverhavespecialskills,andusinganysupportwhohasbeenquicklytrainedisboundtoendindisaster,Maybe.OrmaybeitissomethingthatcanworkwellinSweden,withitshistoryofco-operationbetweenbusinesses,laborandgovernment,butnotinNorthAmericawhereourhistoryisverydifferent.Thenagain,maybeitisakintowartime,whenextraordinarythingstakeplacebutitisbusinessasusualafterthefact.Andyet,asinwarthepandemicisteachingusthatmanythings,includingrapidreskilling,canbedoneifthereisawilltodothem.Inanycase.Sweden'sworkforceisnowmoreskilled,inmorethings,andmoreflexiblethanitwasbefore.Ofcourse,reskillingprograms,whetherforpandemicneedsorthepostpandemicworld,areexpensiveandatatimewheneveryone'sbudgetsareleanthismaynotbethetimetoimplementthem.Thenagain,extendingincomesupportprogramstogetusthroughthenextmonthsisexpensive,too,tosaynothingofthecostofhavingaswathoflong-termunemployedinthePOST-COVIDyearsgiventhat,perhapsweshouldthinkhardaboutwhetherthepandemiccanjump-startustoaplacereskillingbecomesmuchmorethanabuzzword.【题干】ResearchbytheWorldEconomicsuggests 【选项】anincreaseinfull-timeemploymentanurgentdemandfornewjobskillsC.asteadygrowthofjobopportunitiesD.acontroversyaboutthe"coreskills"【答案】B【题干】AT&Tiscitedtoshow 【选项】analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategyanimmediateneedforgovernmentsupporttheimportanceofstaffappraisalstandardsthecharacteristicsofreskillingprogram【答案】A【题干】EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchCanada 【选项】havedrivenuplaborcostshaveprovedtobeinconsistenthavemetwithfierceoppositionhaveappearedtobeinsufficient【答案】D【题干WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas .【选项】A.acallforpolicyadjustment.B.achangeinhiringpractices.C.alackofmedicalworkers.D.asignofeconomicrecovery.【答案】C【题干】ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto .【选项】Greatjobvacanciesfortheunemployed.Preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs.Retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices.financetheirstaff'scollegeeducation.【答案】BWiththeglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductiononeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,securityisincreasinglymakingheadlinesIntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenationshealth,Soundsgreatbuthowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringwholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient.TheUKwouldtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensivelymeaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactorystyleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry,mostofitsterraindoesn'thavetherightsoilclimatetogrowcropsoncommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandvegetablewhichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes-wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedtheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.【题干】Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencytheUKwould .【选项】A.abehinderedbyitspopulationgrowthB.contributetothenationswell-beingC.becomeapriorityofthegovernmentD.postachallengetoitsfarmingindustry【答案】D【题干ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowedintheUK .【选项】farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilisedfactorystyleproductionneedsreformingmostlandisusedformeatanddairyproductionmoregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming【答案】C【题干Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto .【选项】A.itsfarmingtechnologyB.itsdietarytraditionC.itsnaturalconditionsD.itscommercialinterests【答案】C【题干】ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphBritishpeople .【选项】relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduceenjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumptionareseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintakearetryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains【答案】A【题干】Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-efficiencyintheUKis .【选项】A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.optimistic【答案】BWhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementapp.WunerlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2021,itpickeduptwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft'ownOfficedominatesthemarketfor"productivity"software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneBothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany"acqui-hires"thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirinsatiablehungerfortechtalent.ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath."Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,"complainedPaulAmold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttingpaidtobusinessesthatmightonedaytumintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.Likeotherstart-upinvestors,MrAmold'sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:"Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon'tknow."TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5tm,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals-manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise-mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivecompanies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,AmazonandFacebook)havespentanaverageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastyears-adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealsbuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill”tactictosimplyclosethemdown.【题干】WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunrisetheiracquisitions?【选项】Theirengineerswereretained.Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.Theirtechfeaturesimproved.Theirproductswerere-priced.【答案】A【题干】Microsoft'scriticsbelievethatthebigcompaniestendto .【选项】exaggeratetheirproductqualityeliminatetheirpotentialcompetitorsC.treatnewtechtalentunfairlyD.ignorepublicopinions【答案】B【题干PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallmight .【选项】weakenbigtechcompaniesworsenmarketcompetitionharmthenationaleconomyD.discouragestart-upinvestors【答案】C【题干】TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendto .【选项】examinesmallacquisitionslimitBigTech'sexpansionC.supervisestart-upsoperationsD.encourageresearch【答案】A【题干Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theiracquisitionhave .【选项】broughtlittlefinancialpressureraisedfewmanagementchallengessetanexampleforfuturedealsgenerateconsiderableprofits【答案】AWe'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpression,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshedubbed"thinslicing,"thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soveralleffectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly with students'end-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadcountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingsjustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionansexualorientationfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection."It'sasifyou'redrivingastickshift,"saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity."andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyouonautomaticpilot,you'refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat."Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents'ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursealignedbetterwithexperts'opinionswhenstudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andmadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisioncomplex-whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudyparticipantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrulecomprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionancreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings,""hunches,""myheart").Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartsmarterthanthehead.【题干】NaliniAmbaby'sstudydealswith 【选项】A.instructorstudentinteractionB.thepowerofpeople'smemoryC.thereliabilityoffirstimpressionsD.People'sabilitytoinfluenceothers【答案】C【题干】InAmbaby'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedparticipants 【选项】gavetheratinginlimitedtimefocusedonspecificdetailswatchedshortervideoclipsdiscussedwithonanother【答案】BSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)HowtoDisagreewithSomeoneMorePowerfulthanYouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyouthinkisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?howtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou. (41)Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaventfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,thewholediscussionwasasurprisetoyou,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagreetoo,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthink—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It'salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyou'reinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened. (42)Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybe"thecredibilityoftheirteamongettingaprojectdoneontime,"saysGrenny.You'remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoa"higherpurpose".Whenyoudospeakup,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasdisagreeableunderlingbutasacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceasharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch. (43)Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,"Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon'twork.I'dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldbeOK?"Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowingthemtoverballyoptin.And,assumingtheysayyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement. (44)Youmightfeel