跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习跨文化交际复习跨文化交际复习资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月跨文化交际复习版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：1.Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火。2.Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好办事。3.Don’tputoffuntiltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.今日事，今日毕。4.Killtwobirdswithonestone.一箭双雕/一石二鸟。5.Hastemakeswaste.欲速则不达。6.Wherethere’ssmokethere’sfire.无风不起浪。7.Thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthestone.这山望着那山高。8.Beautyisonlyskindeep.美貌是肤浅的。9.Sparetherodandspoilthechild.玉不琢，不成器。10.Giveapersonadoseofhisownmedicine.以其人之道还治其人之身。11.Frank’sadviceislikegoodherbalmedicine:hardtotake,butultimatelybeneficial.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。12.Eventhedogswaggerswhenitsmasterwinsfavor.一人得道，鸡犬升天。13.Youcan’thaveyourcakeandeatittoo.鱼与熊掌不可兼得。14.Speakthedevil(andhewillappear).说曹操，曹操到。15.Thesameknifecutsbreadandfingers.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。16.Teachfishtoswim.班门弄斧。17.Beatthedogbeforethelion.杀鸡儆猴。18.Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。19.Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.三个和尚无水喝。20.Manykissthebabyforthenurse’ssake.醉翁之意不在酒。21.Don’tcountthechickenbeforetheyarehatched.不要盲目乐观。22.Afallintothepit,againinyourwit.吃一堑，长一智。23.Loveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌。24.Factsspeaklouderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。25.Misfortunesnevercomealone.祸不单行。CasestudyoneIfinthedininghall,aflywasseeninaglassofbeer,anEnglishmanwouldsay,“MayIhaveanother,please”;aFrenchmanwouldpourabeerout;aSpanishmanwouldputthemoneyonthetableandleavewithoutaword;aJapanesewouldsummonthemanagerandcriticize,“Doyoudoallyourbusinesslikethis”;anArabwouldgivethebeertothewaiterandsay,“I’llbuyyouadrink.”;andthemorehumorousAmericanwouldsaytothewaiter,“Pleaseservetheflyandbeerseparately.”Question:WhatdotheirdifferentreactionstowardaflyinabeerreflectAnswer:Thecaseaboveshowsthatsocialinteractionsmayvarygreatlyowingtodifferentculturalbackgrounds.Inthiscase,people’sdifferentreactionstowardaflyinabeerrevealnotonlytheirindividualpersonalitybutalsotheorientationoftheirnation’smainstreamculture,.theEnglish’sseriousness,theFrench’sarrogance,theSpanish’sgenerosity,theJapanese’scriticalapproach,theArab’ssarcasmandtheAmerican’shumor.CasestudytwoBartRapsonhadbroughthisfamilytothePhilippinesonajobassignmentforamultinationalcorporation.SincethePhilippinesislargelyCatholic,itwaseasyforBarttoplacehis7-year-olddaughterinaSundayschoolclassthatwouldprepareherforherFirstCommunion(首次领圣餐仪式).Asthedayapproached,Bartplannedforanafter-churchparty,invitingcolleaguesandtheirfamiliesfromwork.Manuel,oneFilipinocolleague,towhomBartfeltespeciallyclose,keptputtingoffananswertoBart’sinvitation,sayingneither“yes”or“no”.FinallyBartsaid,“Mywifeneedstoknowhowmanypeopletocookfor.”Stillnotgivingayesornoanswer,ManuellatercalledandsaidthathewouldbeattendingadifferentpartythatwouldbeattendedbyotherFilipinos.Bartwasquiteupset.Hecomplained,“IfthisissupposedlyaCatholiccountry,whywouldtheynotplaceavalueonthisWhywouldheturndownaonce-in-lifetimegathering,mydaughter’sFirstCommunion,togotoapartywithfriendsheadmitstoseeingallthetime”Aftertheparty,BartwasmerelycordialtoManuel---therewerenolongeranyindicationsoffriendliness.Manuelwaspuzzled,andhadnoideawhattheproblemwas.Question:Ifyouwerethedirectorandchosentomediate(调解)thissituation,whatwouldyoudotoensurenottooffendeitherpartyHowwouldyouexplainBart’sbehaviortoManuelHowwouldyouexplainManuel’stoBartAnswer:ForAmericans,knowinghowmanypeoplewillattendagatheringisoneofthekeypriorities,asithelpsthehosttoprepareproperly.However,toFilipinos,thenumberofguestsisnotveryimportant,theyusuallypreparemorefoodthanenoughandwouldnotmindiftherewereleftovers.Aswell,Filipinosprefertobetogetherwithpeopletheyknowwell.Inaddition,inthePhilippines,theFirstCommunionisnotasimportantasthepartythatfollows.ThemainprobleminthiscaseisManuel’signoranceofAmericancustoms.HedidnotrealizethatAmericanspaygreatattentiontoimportantsocialgatherings,especiallywhentheirchildrenareinvolved.CasethreeItissaidthatinRome,infrontofashoestore,therewassuchasigntoattractEnglish-speakingcustomers:Shoesforstreetwalking.Comeinandhaveafit.ThesigncaughttheattentionofmanyEnglish-speakingtourists,butnottolookattheshoesdisplayedinthewindows,buttoreadthesignandthenbreakoutintolaughter.Question:WhydidtheItalianshopownermakesuchablunderCaseanalysis:Theproblemresultedfromthemisunderstandingoftheidioms“astreetwalker”and“tohaveafit”.Theyarealmostimpossibletounderstandfromthemeaningsoftheindividualword.Inthiscase,theItalianshopownerdidnotrealizethat“astreetwalker”meansaprostitute,while“tohaveafit”doesnotmeantohaveatry,buttobecomesuddenlyandviolentlyangryorupset.Nowondertheamusementandlaughter!CasefourMarkhadrecentlymovedfromDenmarktoSydneytoworkasasalespersonforalargeAustraliancompany.Afterthreeweeks,hewasinvitedtojoinalocalclub.Duringthefirstfewweeksattheclub,Markwouldeitherstandinthecornertalkingwithsomeoneorsitonasofalisteningtootherpeopletalkandchat.Astimewentby,hecametoknowmostoftheclubmembersandseemedtoenjoytalkingwiththem.Oneday,ataneveningparty,oneofthefemalemembersapproachedhim.Markimmediatelyshowedhisinterestbytalkingabouttheatmosphereoftheparty.Atfirst,theconversationbetweenthemseemedtogoquitesmoothly,butasitprogressed,theladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher.Theladyobviouslyseemeduncomfortable.AsMarkwasabouttoaskherquestionsregardingAustraliansocialcustoms,anothermanstandingnearbydirectedaglancetowardthelady.Sheexcusedherselfandwenttotalkwiththatman,leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhytheirconversationhadcometosuchasuddenstop.Question:WhydidthatwomansuddenlystoptalkingwithMarkandturnedtoanothermanCaseanalysis:Thisisatypicalcaseofmisunderstandingcausedbydifferentperceptionsaboutbodydistance.Thereisalotofevidencetoshowthatbodydistancevarieswithdifferentpeople,differentcircumstances,anddifferentcultures.InDenmark,ataformalevent,theintimatespaceisusuallybetween20to30centimeters;whileinAustralia,suchanoccasionrequiresabodydistanceof40to50centimeters.Therefore,whenaDanetalkswithanAustralian,theproblemarises:theDaneisaccustomedtoaclosedistancewhiletheAustralianiscomfortablewithagreatdistance.Inthiscase,Mark,bytryingtoestablishhisnormalintimatespace,infringedontheAustralianlady’sspace.Becauseofthis,shefeltsomewhatthreatenedandlosthersenseofcomfort.Atthatmoment,thenearbymanofferedhertheopportunitytoexcuseherselffromMark.IfMarkhadhadsomeknowledgeabouttheexpectedpersonalspaceforAustralians,theencountermighthavebeentotallydifferent.CasefiveKatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingstyle.Quiteafewofthemavoidedattendingherclass.ShewasfeelingquiteupsetanddiscouragedsoshedecidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Prof.Wangreviewedhistimetableandsuggestedtheymeetatteno’clockonThursdaymorning.WhenThursdaycame,KatherinearrivedatProf.Wang’sofficeattheexactlyteno’clockfindinghimtalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehadcome,Prof.Wangsmiledandgesturedhertositdown.Katherinesatdownandtheprofessorexcusedhimselfandcontinuedtotalkwiththeotherteacher.Afterfiveminutes,hefinishedhisconversation,andapologizedtoKatherine,andbegantofocushisattentiononhersituation.Prof.Wangshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemwas.Justasshewasdiscussingherproblem,anotherChineseteacherinterrupted,withaformthatrequiredtheDirector’ssignature.TheDirectorsmiled,apologizedtoKatherineagain,andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacherinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,andwonderedwhytheirdiscussionshouldbeinterruptedsinceshehadmadeanappointment.Also,shewasupsetandfrustratedthattheycontinuedtospeakChineseinfrontofher.Althoughtheirtalkcontinued,shewasapparentlyunhappyaboutwhathadhappened.Questions:HowwouldyouexplaintheDirector’sbehaviortowardKatherineHowwouldyoumaketheDirectorunderstandwhyKatherinefeltfrustratedandangryCaseanalysis:ThisisatypicalculturalclashbetweenChineseandWesterners.Thereisagreatdifferenceintheconceptofappointmentanditsbehaviorpatternindifferentcultures.ToAmericans,anappointmentisaconfirmationtomeetataprecisetime.Ifanappointmentisscheduled,bothpartiesshouldrespecttheappointmenttime.Forexample,ifaprofessormakesanappointmentwithastudentatacertaintime,itshouldnotbeinterruptedbyotherthingsorpeople.Inaddition,Westernersaregoodtimekeepers;theyadherestrictlytoschedules.However,Chineseviewappointmentsinamoreflexiblemanner.Theyaremorecasualaboutcommitments.ThisdifferenceinattitudestowardappointmentwastherootofKatherine’sunhappiness.SincetheDirectormadeateno’clockappointment,heshouldhavetriedtoavoidanyinterruption.However,whenKatherinearrivedontime,theDirectorwasstilltalkingwithanotherteacher.Whentheirmeetingfinallybegan,itwasinterruptedagain.ThereisnowonderKatherinebecamefrustratedandangry.CasesixIn1987,adelegationconsistingoffourChineseEnglishexpertswenttoPingyongForeignLanguageUniversitytotrainfacultytobetop-levelsimultaneousinterpretersforthe13thInternationalYouthFestival.Ofthefourexperts,twoweremenandtwowerewomen.Thetwomenweredressedinsuitswithtiesandthetwowomenweretypicallydressedintrousersandtheirtypicalbusinessclothes.AnauthorityfromPingyongForeignLanguageUniversityandtwoKoreaninterpretersgreetedthematthePingyongRailwayStation.Surprisingly,whileexchangingafewformalremarks,thetwointerpreters’eyesconstantlyobservedthetwoChinesefemaleteachers’trousers.Theyoungerteacher,sensedsomethingandrepeatedlycheckedtheirtrousersandshoestoseeiftheyweredirtyormarked.Abouthalfanhourlater,theyarrivedatthehotelwheretheywouldbestayingduringtheirmission.Thetwointerpretersshowedeachofthemtotheirroomstogivethemanopportunitytofreshenupbeforetheformalintroductions.Inacoupleofminutes,thefourChineseteachersgatheredinoneoftherooms,wheretheheadoftheuniversityandthetwointerpretersintroducedthemselvesfurtherandbriefedthemonthetrainingprogram.Whiletalking,thetwointerpretersseemedtocontinuetostudythetwofemaleteachers’trousers.Atfirst,theythoughtthattheKoreaninterpretersweretooembarrassedtolookstraightintheeyeofawoman.Laterthisassumptionwasprovedwrong.ThefourChineseteachersremainedabitpuzzledanddidn’tknowwhatwasgoingon…Question:WhydidthetwoKoreaninterpreterscontinuetostudytheChinesefemaleteachers’trousersCaseanalysis:Theconflictofthecaseinvolvesamisunderstandingofwhatisandisnotappropriateclothingtowearinthesituationgiven.InKorea,awomanwithsocialstatuswillgenerallyweardressorskirt.Veryfewwomenweartrousers.Althoughpeoplemightseesomewomenwearingtrousers,theyaregenerallycommoncitizensoflowsocialstatus.Itisraretofindwomenofhighsocialstatus,.governmentofficials,wearingtrousers.Femalesinhighschooloruniversityallwearskirtswithfewexceptions.TheKoreaninterpretersassumedthattheChinesefemalecollegeteachersheldhighsocialstatusandshouldthereforewearskirts.ThisiswhytheycontinuedtolookatthetwoChinesewomen’strousers.Questionsandanswers:1.WhatiscultureCultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.2.WhatiscommunicationCommunicationisaprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternal