hnd商法导论outcome2案例+答案

HND商法导论Outcome2案例+答案(总5页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--PAGEPAGE10Casestudy1Samirseesasetofgolfclubsdisplayedinashopwindowfor￡500.Heenterstheshopandstateshewilltaketheclubs.Theshopkeeperhoweversaystheclubsarenolongerforsale.Samirisdemandingthathebesoldtheclubsandatthepricedisplayed.Identifytheessentialrequirementsofacontractanddiscusswhetheracontractexistshere.Acontractisanagreementbetweenpartieshavingthecapacitytomakeit,intheformdemandedbythelaw,toperform,ononesideorboth,actswhicharenottrifling,indeterminate,impossibleorillegal,creatinganobligationenforceableinacourtoflaw.Avalidcontracthasthreeessentialfeatures:theremustbeaagreementonallmaterialaspects;atleasttwocontractingpartiesandlegalobligations.Acontractconsistsofanofferandanacceptance.Ifthereisnoofferinthefirstplacethentherecanbenocontract.Thebasicelementsofacontractincludeanofferandanacceptance.InthecaseSamirseesasetofgolfclubsdisplayedinashopwindowfor￡500.Heenterstheshopandstateshewilltaketheclubs.Butshopkeepersaystheclubsarenolongerforsale.Samirisdemandingthathebesoldtheclubsandatthepricedisplayed.Accordingtothiscasewecansaythattheseisnotexistacontract.Inthecasethatasetofgolfclubsareexhibitedinashopwindow,thusitisnotanoffer.Becausethegoodsdisplayedinashopwindowasainvitationtotreat,wecanknowthatgoodsdisplayedinashopwindow(evenwhenpriced)areclassedasawillingnesstonegotiateontheshopspart.Invitationstotreatalsoisconsideredtoinquirythepriceofgoods,meansapartytoinvitetheotherpersontomakeoffers.Differentanoffer,awillingnesstonegotiateonlyaspreparedtomakeacontractofbehaviorontheissuewhoisnotlegallybinding.Thecustomerwillmaketheoffertobuythegoodswhichtheshopareperfectlywithintheirrightstorefuse.Theinvitationstotreatarenotlegallyclassedasoffersandthereforecannotbeaccepted.Beforethepartywhogaveofftheinvitationstotreatcouldnotaccepttheotherpeople’sofferstheycanrevocation,andthenthecontractisnotbuild.WhenSamiraskedtobuythegolfclubstheshopkeeperrefusedhin,andtherewasnoacceptance.SowhentheshopkeeperrefusedSamirwhichisasetofgolfclubsarenotthegoodforsale,itjustbeusedasornament,andattractedtheconsumersinterested.Soanofferinthiscaseisnotfound,eithernorcontractconsistsofanofferandanacceptance,wecanknowthatthereisonofferandthereisoncontract.Casestudy2TomisthetopsalesmanforABCMotors.Hehasbeenofferedajobbyarivalcompanybutisconcernedbecausethereisaclauseinhiscontractwhichpreventshimfromworkingforanyothercarcompanyforfiveyears.Tomisthetopsalesmanbecauseheregularlytellspotentialcustomerswhattheyliketohearratherthanthefacts.Hehasdonethisinrelationtoagesofvehicles,odometerreadingsandvehicleservicehistories.TomrecentlycompletedadealtobuyavintagesportscarforABCMotorsfromnowdiscoverthatBarry(nothisrealname)hadstolenthevehicle.Question1WhatisarestrictivecovenantAdviseTomastothelegalityoftheclauseinhiscontract.YoucanrefertoBluebellApparelLtdvDickinson(1980)onpage146Question2HowwouldyouclassifyTom’sstatementstothecustomersandwhatarethepossibleconsequencesforTomandABCmotorsinrelationtothesestatementsYoucanrefertoSmithvSim(1954)onpage161Question3WhatisthelegalpositionwithregardtothevehiclewhichTomhaspurchasedfromBarryYoucanrefertoMorrisonvRobertson(1908)onpage153Restrictivecovenantisaagreementwhichrestrictthepartylibertytoworkandtrade.SuchcontractsareVOIDunlesstherestrictioncanbeshowntobereasonabletobothpartiesinvolvedandtothegeneralpublic.Therearethreetypesofrestrictivecovenants:contractsbetweenemployerandemployee,contractsbetweensellersandpurchaserofabusinessand‘solus’agreements.Forallthreetypes,thepartyattemptingtoenforcetheagreementmustprovethatitisreasonabletobothpartiesconcernedandtothegeneralpublic.Iftheyareunabletodothisthenthecontractwillbeconsideredvoidandunenforceable.(fromthetextbookP142-142)Thiscontractarelegality,andtherestrictionwasfairinthiscontract.BecausetherelationshipofTomandABCmotorisemployerandemployee,whenenteremploymentandemployeemayagreetosomerestrictionbeingplacedonhisfutureemploymentortrade.Latertheemployeemayfeeltherestrictionisunfairandthereforehemaybreakit.Insuchcircumstancesitwouldbeuptotheemployertakehimtocourtandseekan‘interdict’forbiddingtheemployeetobreaktheagreement.Theywillconsiderthefactorthenatureofthejobtheemployeewasdoing(fromthetextbookP142).IfTomworkedforanyothercompanywithinthevalidityperiodofthecontractthathewouldbeinapositiontoharmhisexemployers.The4maincausesoferrorare:innocentmisrepresentation,fraudulentmisrepresentation,negligentmisrepresentationandconcealmentoffacts.Andstatementstocustomersclassifyfraudulentmisrepresentation,Afalseandmaterialstatementwhichinducesapartytoenterintoacontractthisismisrepresentation.Becauseheregularlytellspotentialcustomerswhattheyliketohearratherthanthefactsandhimwithoutcaringwhetheritistrueorfalse.Fraudulentmisrepresentationcanleadacontractbeingmadevoidifitinvolvedthesepoints,firstisfraudulentmisrepresentationcauseserrorinthesubstantials.Secondistheotherpartyreliedonthemisrepresentationanditwasamajorinfluenceonthementeringthecontract,thirdistheotherpartycanofferrestitutioinintegrum.SothecontractsbetweenTomandcustomersisvoid,hereliedonthemisrepresentationanditwasamajorinfluenceonthementeringthecontract,thuscustomerscanacquirecompensation.Orcancelthecontractorbothofthem.TombroughtacarfromBarry,butTomdiscoveredthatBarryhadstolenthevehicle.Andinthiscontracthasaerrorwhichmadethecontractvoid,theBarrystolenthecarbutTomdidnotknowbeforehimbrought,sohecannotgetthecar’sownership.Anerrorconcerningtheidentityoftheparties.Barrystolenthecarsohehaven’townershipofthiscarandsoldcar,therefore,hecannotgiveownershiptoTom,andTomdoesnotgetthecar’ownershipactually.AndinthiscaseTomcanonlylodgeaclaimtoBarry.Casestudy3MartinarecentlyattendedanauctionforthefirsttimeShewasverykeenonaparticularpaintingandwhenthebiddingcommenced（开始）shegotsocarriedawaythatshebidmuchmorethansheintended.Martinawontheauctionbutwithfees（费用）andcommissions（佣金）addedontotheprice,shecannotpaythefullamountforthepainting.Question1Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm‘breachofcontract’Givetwoexamples.Question2Listthemainremediesavailableforbreachofcontract.Question3Whatisthemostappropriateremedyfortheauctioneer（拍卖商）inthiscase1、Whereonepartyfailstofulfilhisorherlegalobligationunderacontract.(fromthetextbookP183)example1TonyandJanehaveacontractwhereTonywillpayJune$100forhercaranddelivery.Tonypaysthe$100butJanefailstodelivery.(fromthetextbookP197)InthiscasestudytherehasbeenaBreachofContractbyJaneasshehasfailedtodeliverythecar.Example2ShirleyandOlivahaveacontractwhereShirleybroughtacakefromOlivaforherfriendandaskedOlivasentthecaketoherfriendon12thDecember2012,butonthatdayherfrienddidnotreceivethecake.InthiscasestudytherehasbeenabreachodcontractbyOlivaasshefailedtosentthecake.2、Ifthereisabreachofcontractthentheinnocentpartywillhavetherighttoseekaremedyforthebreach.(fromthetextbookP184)Damagesasaremedyforbreachofcontract.Theobjectofawardingdamagestosomeoneistoplacetheminthepositiontheywouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeencompleted.Sodamagesarereallyawardedascompensation-ifthepartyhasactuallylostmoneyasaresultofthebreachthenhewillbeawarded‘substantial’or‘compensatory’damages.Insomecasesnoactuallylossmayhavebeenincurredasaresultofthebreach.Ifisstillpossiblethatdamagesmaybeawardedfortroubleandinconvenience-theseareknowas‘nominal’damages.(fromthetextbookP185)SpecificimplementasaremedyforbreachofcontractSpecificimplementistostopsomeoneforactinginbreachofcontract.Sospecificimplementmaybepositiveforcingsomeonewhohasbeeninbreachtofulfiltheirobligationsornegativeforcingsomeonewhohasbeeninbreachtostopdoingsomething.(fromthetextbookP191-192)Rescissionasremedyforbreachofcontract.Rescissionmeanscancellation.Withthisremedy,theinnocentpartyhastherighttorescind(cancel)thecontractiftheotherpartyhasbeenguiltyofamaterialbreachofcontract.Themainfactortobeconsiderediswhatismeantbyamaterialofcontract.Ifthebreachisnotmaterialbutonlypartialthentherightofrescissiondoesnotexist.Manycontractscontainsanumberofconditions,someofwhicharemoreimportantthanothers.Ifthecontractspecificallystatesthatsomearematerialthenbreachofthesewillmeanthatrescissioncanbetakenasaremedy.(fromthetextbookP193-194)TheDefensiveRemediesforbreachodcontractTherearetwodefensiveremediesthatcanbetakenbythepartywhoisnotinbreach.①Lien:Ifapersonhaspossession(占有)ofanarticle(物品)onwhichhehas