小升初英语语法全解

第一章 名词英语中的名词通常分为两大类：专有名词和普通名词。具体分类见下表:专有名词意义例词表示特定的人，物，机构，场所等的名词（首字母要大写）Paris,theUnitedStates,BillGates等普：通名词可数名词个体名词表示同类人或物中的个体student,book,tree,clock等集体名词表示若干人或物的总称team,police,family,group等不可数名词物质名词表示物质和材料的总称paper,water,air„money,meat等抽象名词表示动作，性质，状态，情感等抽象概念的名称hope,wish,birth,happiness,love等名词根据是否可数分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数之分，可在词尾加S或es构成其复数形式，单数形式是在其前加a或an；不可数名词没有单复数之分，不能在词尾加s或es,在其前也不能加a或an。一.可数名词.一般情况下在名词的词尾加sdesk-desksmonkey-monkeys.以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加esbus-buses,box-boxes,watch-watches.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i,再加esbaby-babies.以f,fe结尾的名词，有两种变化形式变f,fe为v,加es或宜接加s。将f或fe变v加es的词有：half-halvesknife-knives,leaf-leaves,life-lives,self-selves.shelf-shelves,thief-thieves,wife-wives,wolfwolves直接加s的词有：belief-beliefs（信仰），chief-chiefs（首领），（悬崖）proof・proofs（证明），roof・roofs（屋顶）.以。结尾的名词，变复数时：一般情况加es,如：potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes以o结尾的外来词词尾加s,如：photo-photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos;.不规则的变化Chinese-ChineseJapanese-JapaneseEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenRussian-RussiansAmerican-AmericansGerman-Germanschild-childrenfbot-feetman-menwoman-womentooth-teethgoose-geesedeer-deersheep-sheepfish-fishdeer-deer注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数”的变化：单数集合名词如：class,police,family,school,group,team,people,policeman,cattle等。尽管形式上是单数,意义是都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用。例如：ClassFivehaveaforeignfriend.五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学）Hisfamilyaregoodtome.他的家人对我很好。（这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指整体时，意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。如：

Ourschoolteamoftenplayswellinourcity.我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.二.不可数名词英语中的不可数名词是我们不能用汉语来判断的，因此对于不可数名词需要强化记忆，但总的来说还是有一定规律的。物质名词如液体，固体，气体类的名词通常是不可数名词。抽象名词，表示总称的名词通常也是不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加不定冠词a/an,也没有复数形式，如：milk,rice,water,tea等。当不可数名词要表达量的概念时，需要加表示量的单位。如：apieceoftea,apieceofbread名词所有格名词所有格有两种形式：一是加's,一种是用of来表示。-一般情况下，指某人的某物用's表示，而指某物的什么用of来表示。一.有生命的名词所有格一般以‘S来表示.单数名词的所有格在名词词尾加'STom-Tom's myfriend-myfriend's.复数名词的所有格有两种以s结尾的复数在末尾加'sparents-parents' students-students'不以s结尾的复数在末尾加，swomen-women,schildren-children's.表示两者公有的东西时，应在最后一个名词上加，sTomandJim's LucyandLily's.表示两者各自所有时，在两个名词上分别加，sMary'sandJohn's二.无生命的名词所有格一般用介词。f来表示amapofChina apictureofclassroom注意：这两种名词所有格可以单独使用也可以两种混合使用。名词的练习（短语翻译）我弟弟的朋友 汤姆的书 她的猫的名字双胞胎的房间 儿童节 房间的窗户三.选择填空：.Thatisabigroom.It's.a.thetwin'sb.twins'c.thetwins'd.twin's.Theoldwomanisgrandma.b.Jane,sandMary'sd.Jane*sandMaryb.Jim'sandTimb.Jane,sandMary'sd.Jane*sandMaryb.Jim'sandTim.coatsareverynice.a.JimandTim'seJimandTim d.Jim'sandTim's.--Canwehavesome? Yes,please.a.bananab.orangesc.appled.pear.Onthetabletherearefive.a.tomatosb.pieceoftomatoes c.tomatoesd.tomatoa.tomatos6.September10thisinChina.6.September10thisinChina.a.Teacher'sDayb.Teachers,Dayc.TeacherDayd.TeachersDay7.1sthebroomundera.Teacher'sDayb.Teachers,Dayc.TeacherDayd.TeachersDay7.1sthebroomunder No,it'sunder&theteacher^;mydesk?b.teacher^iminec.teacher'sjmed.theteacher's,mine8.facetothesouth.8.facetothesouth.Windowoftheroomc.Theroom'swindow9.Pleasetaketwo.a.pictureoftheparkc.thepicturesofaparkb.ThewindowoftheroomWindowoftheroomc.Theroom'swindow9.Pleasetaketwo.a.pictureoftheparkc.thepicturesofaparkb.Thewindowoftheroomd.Thewindowsinroompicturesoftheparkd.pictureofapark10.1needpaper,Mum.Iwanttowrite.a.any,someb.some,a11.Willyoupassme&afewpiecesofchalkc.afewofchalksc.a,some10.1needpaper,Mum.Iwanttowrite.a.any,someb.some,a11.Willyoupassme&afewpiecesofchalkc.afewofchalksc.a,some9lettertomyEnglishteacher,d.some,anyb.afewchalksd.somechalks12hasbeeninvitedtothedancingparty.12hasbeeninvitedtothedancingparty.a.friendofherc.Friendsofhers.Therearetwoa.knifes,forks.Wecouldseea.friendofherc.Friendsofhers.Therearetwoa.knifes,forks.Wecouldseeb.Afriendofhers

d.Friendsofherandthreeonthetable.b.knifes,forkc.knives,forkeschildrenandheard.knives,forksnoiseinthepark.a.many,manyb.much,mucha.many,manyb.much,much c.many,much d.much,many.Whichofthefollowingisright?a.Chinahasalargepopulation.c.Chinahasmanypopulations..Whichofthefollowingisright?a.Chinahasalargepopulation.c.Chinahasmanypopulations..Joanis.b.Chinahasmuchpopulation.d.Chinahasagreatdealofpeoplea.Mary\andJacksisterc.MaryandJacksister17.Weneedsomemoreb.MaryandJack'ssisterd.Mary'sandJack'ssister.Canyougoandgetsome,please?a.Mary\andJacksisterc.MaryandJacksister17.Weneedsomemoreb.MaryandJack'ssisterd.Mary'sandJack'ssister.Canyougoandgetsome,please?a.potatob.potatosc.potatoesd.potatose.Thepostofficeisaa.thirtyminutestwalkc.thirtyminutes,walk.Twoandthreebitfarfromhere.Ia.potatob.potatosc.potatoesd.potatose.Thepostofficeisaa.thirtyminutestwalkc.thirtyminutes,walk.Twoandthreebitfarfromhere.IVsabout.a.Englishmans,Germenc.Englishmen,Germans.Sheistheonlyoneamongtheb.thirtyminute'swalkd.thirtyminuteswalkattendedthemeeting.b.Englishmen,Germend.Englishmans,Germanswriterswhostoriesforchildren.b.women,writeb.women,write c.women,writesd.woman,writea.woman,writes三.填空：l.Howmany2.These 3.Happya.woman,writes三.填空：l.Howmany2.These 3.Happy.Happy (儿童)Day!.Therearethree(shoe)shops,theysell(shoe)..(Tom)and(Jim)fatherlikes(mouse)alot..Thatmanisafriendof(我)(father).8.1havesix(小刀)，two(shelf)andsome(potato).9.Three(德国人)andseven(法国人)arevisitingourschool.lO.Theyareallgood(故事)，butnoneofthe(男孩)likesthem.四.趣味过关：WhenMarySmithwasa (学生)，shewantedtobeateacher,becauseshelikeschildren.Whenshewastwenty-oneyearsold,shebeganteachinginasmallschool.Shewasagoodteacher,andshelaughedalotwiththe (孩子)。Inherclass,theylikedherteaching.Onedayoneofthe(girl)inherclasssaidtoher/MissSmith,whyisa(man)hairgraybeforehisbeard(胡须)does?，Marylaughedandanswered,don'tknow,Helen,whydoesitbecomegreybeforehisbearddoes"Idon'tknoweither,MissSmithJansweredHelen,uWhatithappenedtomyfather.^Theotherchildrenintheclasslaughedwhenheardthis.Thenoneoftheboyssaid,“Iknow,MissSmith!(man)hairisgrayfirstbecauseit'ssixteenyearsolderthantheirbeards/'第二章冠词冠词分为不定冠词a（an）和定冠词the,不定冠词一般表示泛指，定冠词一般表示特指。一.不定冠词a（an）的用法：1）不定冠词a（an）用于单数可数名词前。a用于辅音字母开始的词前；an用于元音字母开始的词前。如：agirl,anEnglishbook2）不定冠词用来表示类别，指某一类人或某一类事物中的一个（泛指）。如Hisfatherisadoctor;二.定冠词the的用法1）表示上文提到过的人和事物。如：Hehaveastorybook.Thestorybookisverygood.2）用来表示世界上独一无二事物o、如：Thesun,themoon,thesky,theearth,theworld3）用于表示方位的词前。如:theeast,thesouthwest,themiddle,theFarEast,ontheleft4）用于乐器名词前。如：playthepiano,playtheviolin,playErhu5）用于复数的姓氏前，表示“两夫妇”或“全家”，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待。如：TheSmithswatchTVeveryday.6）用于一些形容词，表示•类人或事物。如：thepoor,therich,theliving,theyoung7）用在形容词的最高级前或序数词前。如：ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.ThisisthefirsttimethathecametoBeijing.三.不用冠词的情况1）名词前有指示代词，物主代词，不定代词或名词所有格修饰，不用冠词。Ilikethispicturebetter.Isthatyourbook?Taketheirchairsaway!Idon'thaveanymoneyonme.Astimewenton,Einstein'stheoryprovedtobecorrect.2）季节，月份，星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。ShelikesSpringwhileIlikeSummer.WehavenoclassesonSaturday.ThelongMarchstartedinOctober1934.3）三餐饭的名词前，•般不用冠词。Whendoyouhavelunch?Aftersupperweuauallytakeawalk.4）节假日等名词前不用冠词。PeoplegivegiftstoeachotheronChristmasDay.5）球类和棋类运动的名词前不用冠词。playbasketballplaychess6）在be动词后表示程度的形容词最高级前不用冠词。Yourhelpwasmosttimely.Thismethodismosteffective.7)在某些固定词组里名词前不用冠词。onfoot,bytrain/boat/plane...;infact;asamatteroffact;intheday,inthemoming(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country);inthedark,intherain,inthedistancednthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre等。趣味闯关用适当的冠词填空Onenight,littlemonkeyisplayingbythewell.Helooksinwellandsays:"Oh!moonhasfallenintothiswell!”oldermonkeyrunsoverJakeslook,andsays:uGoodnessme!Themoonisinthewater!MAlotofmonkeyscomeovertothewell.Theylookatthemooninthewellandsay:'themoonhasreallyfalleninthewell.Comeon.Let'sgetitout'Thenoldestmonkeyfindsthewaytogetthemoonout.Withhisfeetonthetree,Hedrawsthenextmonkey'sfeetwithhishands,Alltheothermonkeysfollowhim,andtheyfolloweachotheronebyonedowntothemooninthewell.Aftersometime,theythinktheywillgettothemoonsoon.Atthattimetheoldestmonkeylooksup,andheseesthemooninsky.Hesaysout:"Don'tbesofoolish!Themoonisinthesky.”目标检测单项选择l.Canyouseesuninthesky?a.anb.ac.thed./.Hehasidea.ltisgoodidea.a.an,theb.a,a c.the,the d.an,a.HeisneitherAmerican,norAsian.HeisCanadian.a.an.an.ab.an,a,ac.///d.a,a,a.Wealwayshavericefbrlunch.a./,/ b.the/ c./,a d.the,the.YesterdayIwenttotownonfoot.a.the.theb〃c.a,/d.the/.MayIhavelookatyourpicture?a.ab.anc.thed./.Weusuallyhavelunchatschool.a..the b.ac./d.an.Theyoungplaysviolinwell.a..a b.anc.thed./.Januaryisfirstmonthoftheyear.a.ab./c.and.the.Wearegoingtohavex-raycheck.a.ab.anc.thed./.Won'tyouhavecolddrinkinsuchhotweather?a.ab.anc.thed./.We411waitforyouatgateofschoolonNationalDay.

a.a.the,theb.the,the,/c.the,a,/d.a,a,/.Thereis"s"intheword“six"and"isisthefirstletteroftheword*a.a,the b.atan c.an,the d.a,a.Therewaschairbythewindow.Onchairsatoldwomanwithbabyinherarms.a.the,a,a,ab.a.the,an,ac.a,the,a,thed.a,the,a,a.Mybrotherisuniversitystudent.A.ab.anc.thed,/ttookmehourandhalftofinishwork.a.a,a,a b.an,a»a c.an.a.the d.an,a,/.Weoftengotoplaygroundtoplayfootballinafternoon.a.a,the,the b.the/thec.//,and.the,the,an.Hewasinhurrytocatch train.a.a,/ b.a,thec.the/d./,the19.Shehassamecoatasmysister.a.an b.acJd.the2O.Beijingiscapitalofourcountry.a.theb.anc./d.a用冠词填空：l.BillGatesisoneofrichestmenintheworld.2.Heenjoysplayinggolf,andpiano.3.BilIisplayinggolf,andpiano.orangeisorange.We alllikeoranges..boyundertreeishonestboy..firstdayofaweekisSunday.haveuncle.Hehasusefulbook,buthedoesn'thaveumbrella..Wecanseesunindaytimeandmoonatnight..Thereis"u"and"s"intheword“use”..Wehavethreemealsday.Wehavelunchinmiddleofday..daybeforeyesterdayweplayedbasketballforhour.ILLiMinghastwobrothers.Oneisteccher,otherisdoctor.Theystudiedinuniversity..GreensareonvisittobeautifulcityinChina..Thereispictureonwall.Itisnicepicture.Ilikepictureverymuch..ThereisgoingtobeEnglishtextnextweek..June「'isChildren'sDay.在下面短文空白处填上一个合适的冠词，不需要填的划Thereisstory-bookonthedesk.stiry-bookisaboutMr.Baker.HeisThereisstory-bookonthedesk.stiry-bookisaboutMr.Baker.Heis Englishman.Helikesfishingverymuch.Hehastwochildren.OneisgirlwiththenameMary,theotherisboywiththenameTom.HelikesplayingfootballandMarylikesplayingviolin.Mrs.Bakeris doctorSheworksinhospital.Sheisalwaysbusywithherwork.Butwhensheisfreeshewillgotowatchherhusbandfishingbyrive匚Sometimesfriendofhersgoeswithher.第三章代词代词是代替名词的词，代词有主格代词，宾格代词，形容词性物主代词，名词性物主代词。主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词I我me我my我的mine我的she她her她her她的hers她的he他him他hishis他的we我们US我们our我们的ours我们的they他们them他们their他们的theirs他们的you你们you你，你们your你们的,你的yours你的,你们的it它it它its它的its它的一.人称代词表示“你，我，他，你们，我们，他们”等的词叫人称代词，它有人称，数和格的变化，人称代词代表的是人或事物，有主格和宾格两种。主格有：Iyouhesheit单数weyouthey复数宾格有：meyouhimherit单数usyouthem复数.主格通常在句子中主语。如：IamLucy.我是露西。Sheistenyearsold.她十岁了。HeisanEnglishteacher.他是英语老师。It'sacat.它是只猫。Wearepupils.我们是学生。Theyaretwins.她们是双胞胎。Doyouhaveapen?你有钢笔吗？.宾格则在句子中作动词，介词的宾语。如:Letmehelpyou.让我来帮助。Pleasegivehimabook.请递给他一本书。Listentohercarefully.认真听他说。Pleaseputthemhere.请把他们放在这儿。Letusgohome.咱们回家吧。二.物主代词表示所属关系，可分为形容词性和名词性。.形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，它不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，位于名词前面，作定语。形容词性物主代词有：单数：my,you,his,her,its 复数有：our,your,their如：MynameisGina.What'yourname?Hisb汰eisblack.HersisterisLingling.Ourclassroomisverybig.WhoistheirEnglishteacher?.名词性物主代词起名词的作用，不能修饰名词，在句子中可作主语，宾语，表语，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词名词性物主代词有：单数：mine,yours,his,hers,its复数：oues,yours,theirs如：ThebookisnTtmine.It'shers.Mineisyourbag.Whereishis?Thoseclothesareours.Theirsarethere.注意：形容词性物主代词变名词性物主代词的规律是：一变(my-mine,二留(his-his,its-its),三加S三.指示代词：表示“这个，那个，这些，那些”等指示的代词叫指示代词。指示代词有：单数：this,that 复数：these,those指示代词即可以起名词作用也可以起形容词作用。this,these指近处的人或物，而that,those指远处的人或物。.作主语如：Thisismybrother.Thatismyfather.Thesearemybooks.Thosearebooks..作定语：如：Thissweaterisverybeautiful.ThatcatisLucy's.Thesebooksaremine.Thosepencilsaremine.四.不定代词不定代词指不明确指代某个特定名词的代词，具有名词和形容词性质，并有可数和不可数的all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no,some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone等。Both,all的用法all都，指三者以上；all的主谓一致：的单复数由它所修饰或指示的名词的单复数决定。Allgoeswell.一切进展得很好。All还可以和一些特殊的单数名词连用，如：allChina,allthecity,allmylife,allthewayBoth都,指两者。Both与复数动词连用，但both..and…可与单数名词连用：both,all都可做同位语，其位置在行为动词前，be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词前，如：WhocanspeakJapanese?Weboth(all)can.Some,any的用法Some可与复数名词及不可数名词连用；当作“某一”解释，也可与单数名词连用。如：Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.Any多用于否定句和疑问句及条件状语从句中；当句中含有任何的意思时，可用于肯定句中。Herearethreenovels,Youmayreadany.注意：当说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some.Wouldyoulike句式是，表委婉请求或建议，如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?

One,that和it的用法One表示泛指，that和it表示特指，that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it与所指名词为同一个。Ican'tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone..（不定）ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.（同一类但不同一个）Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.（同一物）Many,much的用法Much,many意都为许多，many+可数名词，much+不可数名词。Howmanypeoplearethereatthemeeting?Muchofthetimewasonlearning.代词的练习短语翻译我们的老师他的妈妈她的书包这本书它的名字你的课桌他们的风筝我的裙子那些东西那个女孩你的鞋她们的玩具单项选择l.Thepenishers.Passitto,please.a.her b.she c.hers d.herself2.Heaskstodothework.a.you,heandIB.youhimandmec.I,you,andhed.me,you,andhim3.Theseskirtsare.areonthechair.a.him,yours b.ours,theirs, c.their,our d.mine,it4.ourcomputerisnew,butisold.a.We,they b.Our,theirc.Our,theirs d.Ours,theirs5.1sthisclassroom?a.their b.theirsc.theyd.them6.Helen,isKate.isanewstudents.a.that,Thatb.this.Thatc.this,Shed.it,This7.1sthisKale'sraincoat?No,isred.a.she b.herc.hersd.its.Thoughitrainedheavily,werestillplayingontheplayground.a.they b.them c.their d.themselves.Tomandwillgotoseeourteacher,forisill.a.I;she b.me;she c.I;her d.me;her1sawplayinginthestreetatthattime.a.them b.they c.their d.theirs.Who'sthatatthedoor?a.She b.Thisc.It d.He.—Look,whoiscoming?mustbeourEnglishteacher.a.Sheb.Hec.Itd.This13.is200kilometersfromheretothenaturalpark.Wehavetogotherebycar.a.Thereb.Itc.Thisd.Theplacea.Thereb.Itc.Thisd.Theplace14.Theyaren'tourbooks.Arethey?a.your b.hisc.herd.their15.Ourroomisbiggerthan.a.you b.yourc.yoursd.her.—isyoursister?--Sheisanurse.a.What b.Whichc.Howd.Who. colorareyournewshoes?-Theyarebrown.a.Any b.Whosec.Whichd.What.—doyourclassroomJohnlike? He'sverytall.a.How b.Whatc.Whod.Which.-- istheboystandingthere?-Heismybrother.a.Which b.Whatc.Howd.Who.WhothelittleAmericanboyoverthere?a.were b.arec.isd.am.onedoyoulike,theblueortheredone?a.What b.Whichc.Thatd,This.-isbigger?--Theyellowone.a.Who b.Whomc.Whichd.It.-pencilsarethere?—Theyaretheirs.a.Which b,Whosec/d.These.doyouthinkyoushouldhelp?a.Whose b.Whichc.Whatd.Whom.WeatthepartylastSunday.a.enjoyedmyself b.enjoyedourselvesc.enjoyedmyself d.enjoyedourself.Youaretwelvenow. mustlookafter.a.You;yourself b.Your;yourselfc.You;your d.You're;yourself.Heandsheareexactlyastallas.a.themselvesb.themc.theird.eachother28■一FilshowyouhowtothrowaFrisbee.Throwlike.a.it;thisb.thisjitc.it;itd.this;this.Thereareshopsonsideofthestreet.ofthemdonotclosetill12atnight.a.both;Allb.every;NoneC.either;Somed.other;Mary.—Isthisteainthatgreencup? Yes,thereis.a.the;someb.any;anyc.some;anyd.any;some.Couldyoudoforme?a.everything b.nothing c.somethingd.anything.—TurnofftheTV,Betty.iswatchingit.a.somebodyb.Nobodyc.Everybodyd.Anybody.ofthefourroadswilltakeyoutothehospital.a.Neither b,Either c.Bothd.Any.Pleasebequiet.Ihavetotellyou.a.importantsomething b.nothingimportantc.importantanything d.somethingimportant.Mr.Smithhastwosons.isasoldier,issdoctor.a.One;another b.One;otherc.This;theotherd.One;theother.TherearelotsofEnglishbookshere,andofthemiseasytounderstand.a.both b.allc.everyd.each.一Arethesetwobooksinteresting?--Yes,ofthemareinteresting.a.both b.allcxitherd.neitherdidn'tgetanylettersyesterday,buttherewerethismorning.a.alittle b.fewc.littled.afew.Hurryup!Thereistimeleft.a.few b.afewc.littled.alittle.Thepostcardissentby.a.afriendofmyfatherb.afriendofmyfather'sc.myfatherfriend d.myfatherfriend's填空1.don'tknowhername.Wouldyoupleasetell.(we)2.sisterisill.Pleasedoandget.(she)3.Don'ttouch..notacat,atiger.(it)4.Whereare?Ican'tfind,Letcallparents.5.1sthiswatch?(you)No,it'snot.(I)6.1haveabeautifulcat,nameisMimi.Thesecakesare.(it)7.1havealovelybrother.isonly3.1like verymuch.(he)8.Thatis(she)coat.Thecoatisred.(its)isanewone.9.Thereisaletterfor(her)mothen10.isLily.motherisadoctor.第四章 动词动词是表示动作或状态的词，英语动作具有时态，语态，语气，人称的数的变化等。第一节动词的种类动词从含义上看可分为实义动词，联系动词，助动词和情态动词四类。系动词系动词亦称为连系动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况，性质，特征等情况。说明：有些系动词亦是实义动词，该动词表达实义时有实义，可单独作谓语。例如：Hefe】tillyesterday.他昨天病了。（是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）Hefellofftheladder.他从梯子上摔下来。Fell实义动词，单独作谓语。.状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词相当于汉语里的判断词“是”通常我们称为系动词。实验工厂有现在形式：am,is,are过去式was,were和分词形式been.Heisateache匚(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)注意：有的同学对这个词在理解上有误差，例如：Heissingingandwearedancing.有的同学把这个句子里的is,are也叫系动词，这是错误的。因为这里的is,are是构成现在进行时态的，这里的is是助动词be的一种形式，而不是真正意义上的系动词，be的使用比较复杂，通常后面接名词，形容词，副词，动词不定式做表语。.持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持对状态或态度，主要有keep,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.此事信用证是一个谜。例题：Don'teatthefood.lt.a.smellsbadlyb.smellsbadc.smellsgoodd.smellswell解析：这道题考察的也是系动词的用法。同时对bad,badly在句子中的用法也有考察。是副词不能放在系动词后面，根据句子Don'teatthefood,把选项C,D排除。而且well只有在表示身体状况时才作形容词用，所以选B。3o表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appearJook,例如：Helookstired.他看起来很累。Heseems(tobe)verysad.他看来很伤心。.感观系动词感观系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,look,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.这种布手感很软。Thisflowerssmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香.这些系动词表示主语这成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他疯了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime,她没多长时间就富了。助动词：助动词--般无实际意义，只有帮助构成谓语，表示时态，语态，语气等，或构成疑问句和否定句。英语中的助动词有be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being)have(has,had,having,);do(does,did)shall(should);will(would).助动词be用于构成进行时态和被动语态，或和动词不定式一起构成复合谓语表示根据安排将要发生的事等。如：Wearehavingameetingnow.我们1E在开会。.助动词have用于构成完成时态。如：IhavestudiedEnglishforsixyears.我已经学了六年英语了。.助动词do用于构成键问式和否定式。用于倒装句，加强说话的语气及代替前面出与过的动词(避免重复)等。-DoyouliveinChina?—YesJdo..助动词shall(will)用于构成将来时,(shall)仅用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。如：Ishall(will)betwentyyearsoldnextbirthday.过了下一个生日我就20岁了。Heaskedmewhenweshouldleave.他问我们何时动身。情态动词情态动词又称为情态助动词。英语中的助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have,do,be;二是情态助动词，如may,must,need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议，要求，可能和意愿等。英语中的情态动词有can(could)能，可能,may(might)许可，也许,must必须,shall(should)应该，要,will(would)愿意，要meed需要,dare敢等情态动词后跟的都是动词原形。常见的几个情态动词的用法：1.Can,could,may,might都可以表示可能性。Czn,could表示潜在的可能性或理论上，逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may,might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，may,might则与不具有此意。如：Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheiswrong.任何有点意识的人都能明白他是错的。could不表示时态可用来提出委婉的请求，但在回答中不能用could,在否定句和疑问句中表示推测和怀疑。如：Hecouldn'tbeabadman.他不大可能是坏人。MayI/we…?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes,please.或Certainly;否定回答为Pleasedont或No,youmustn't."Mayweleavenow?”"No.youmustn't.Youhaven'tfinishedyourhomeworkyet.“我们现在可以离开了吗？不，你们不能离开，你还没完成你的作业呢！can和beabletocanbeableto都可以表示能力，但两者在用法睛有点差异；can(could)表示主观能力，不表示意愿，且只有现在时和过去时两种时态。而beableto;它的将来时用willbeableto;beableto表示主观意愿，强调要克服困难去做某事，成功的做了某事，相当于managetodosth.Mygrandmasisoverseventy,butshecanstillreadwithoutglasses.我的夕卜婆七十多岁了，不戴眼镜仍可以读东西。2)Heisablelogiveuphisbadhabils.他能改掉它的坏习惯。Must,haveto都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别：1)两者都不得是“必须”的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上和看法，既主观上的必要。Mybrotherwasill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.我弟弟病的历害，我只得半夜把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)如：hesaidthathemustworkhard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)haveto有人称和数,时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.他昨天不得不照顾他的妹妹。3)在否定句中don'thaveto表示："不必”,mustift表示"禁止"如：Youdon'thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告诉他。Youmustn'ttellhimaboutit.你一定不要把此事告诉他。4)must还表示推测，有在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测意为“一定”表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must后面通常接系动词的原形或行为动词的进行时。如：Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.你辛苦一天了，一定累了。Youmustbeworkinginhisoffice.他一定在办公室工作。5）在回答must能上引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don'thaveto。因为mustn't是"一定不要"，“一定不能”的意思。如："Mustwedoitnow7，”No,youneedrft"我们必须现在做吗？不，不需要。4.should和oughttoshould和oughtto都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。如：Oughthetogo?他应该走吗？Yes,Ithinkheoughtto.是的，我认为是这样的。表示要求命令时，语气由should（应该）hadbetter（最好）must（必须）语气逐渐加强。5.need和dare两词可做实意动词用，也可情态动词用，作为情态动词两者都只用于疑问句否定句和条件句。need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词时，后面的时常可以被省略。1）实义动词（需要,要求）need+n/todosth2）情态动词need,只用原形，need后面不加to否定形式为neednot。Needyougoyet?Yes,1must./No,Ineedn't.2）need的被动含义:need,want,require,wirth,（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动:needdoing=needtobedone.hadbetter表示“最好”hadbetter相当于•个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。Hadbetterdosth.Hadbetternotdosth.Itisprettycold.You'dbetterputonmycoat.She'dbetternotplaywiththedog..usedtouseto+v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直"；beusedto+v-ing/n（名词）意为“习惯于"；beusedlo+v意为“被用来（做某事”usedto只表示过去，而beusedto+v-ing/n可表示现在，过去或将来。如：Heusedtosmoke.Nowhedoesn't.He'squiteusedtohardwork/workinghard.他习惯于努力工作。Theknifeisusedtocatbread.刀是用来切面包的。目标检测选择填空l.Howmanydaysthereinaweek?a.is,is b.are,are c.is,ared.are,istiredlastnight.a.became b.feltc.lookedd.am3.Herfacepalewhensheheardthebadnews.a.got b.isc.turned d.wastirednextyear.aam b.willbec.be d.will5.Hervoicelikemymother's.asoundsbsoundc.looksd.looktoftenrainsandthecropsfast.a.get b.tumc.growd.became.Howareyou now?Muchbetter,thankyou.a.getting b.feelingc.making d.turning.Theteacher'ssmilemademebette匚a.feel b.tofeelc.feelingd.felt.Cometomyofficeifyoufreetomorrow.a.are b.willbec.wasd.is.Listen!TheyaretalkingaboutthefilmWUJIontheradio.Hmm...Itinteresting.a.hear b.listensc.soundsd.soundslike1l.Ifyoudon'ttakebackwhatyoujustsaid,Motherangry.a.isb.willbec.getd.feels.Heafamouswriter.A.turns b.become c.hasbecomed.hasturned.Theflowersfragrant.A.getb.smellsc.smelld.fieels.Thetable verysmooth.A.lookb.tumc.feels d.smell.Shelooks.A.happy b.tobehappyc.happilyd.thatsheishappy用Smelhtaste,get,become,grow,seem,look,feel,turn的适当形式填空：l.Youveryyoung..Afterthesportsmeeting,heverytired..Theflowersverysweet..Herfacered..Jackveryhappy..Themooncakegood..Tomdidn'tfinishhishomework,sohisteacherveryangry..Heradviceright..Fortyyearslater,heagreatman..Whenthechildrencanlookafterthemselves,theirparentsolder把下面各句子译成英语：1»为什么他会感到悲伤？2。约翰成了一名好学生。3o他来看我时，我在生病。4。我国正变得越来越强大。5。足球是我最喜欢的运动。目标检测二选择填空l.Mr.Smithbeintheofficenow.Isawhimtakeataxijustamomentago.a.can't b.doesn'tc.mustn'td.needn't2.Noonethattohisface.a.daretosay b.daressayc.daressayingd.daresay3.Itwassodarkoutsidethathe.a.didn,tdaretogoouttofetchwater b.darenottogoouttofetchwaterc.doesn'tdaretogoouttofetchwater d.notdaretogoouttofetchwater.Thechildrenaskedwhethertheygoforaswim.a.wereableto b.can c.could d.may.Posttheletterforme,you?a.don'tb.willc.dod.shallthinkyouhadbettertobedtoolate.a.don'tgob.didn'tgoc.notgod.arenot.youready?a.Are b.Havec.Willd.Can. hereearly?a.Willhe b.Washec.Willhebed.Werehe9.1happyaboutthepriceofeggsa.am'tb.amnotc.donotd.won't10.1thestoryatall.a.don'tlikeb.likec.amfondofd.wouldlike1l.rdratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.a.dob.didn'tc.don'td.didn't12.,Thecarmuchmoney.a.notcost b.nothavecostc.isn'lcostd.didn'tcost.Myteacherknowsmorethan.a.myuncleknows b.myuncledoesc.theyknow d.theydon'tknow.Whatforyou?a.shallIdob.Imaydoc.canIdod.mustIdofinishthisbeforeIgo?a.must b.doc.mayd.shallThemeetingbeginsateighto'clock,Webelate.a.mustn'tb.needn'tc.maynotd.cannotMayweinthehalls?a.smoke b.willsmokec.tosmoked.smoking“Mustwecometomorrow?”“a.No.youcan't. b.No.youneedn't.c.No,youmust. d.No.youmay.Hegothere.a.daresnot b.darenotc.daresnottod.doesnotdare"Youreadthatarticleifyoudon'twantto.”a.needn't b.mustn'tc.haven't d.can'tYouseehim,butImust.a.havn't b.can't c.mustn'td.needn't“Willyoulendmethebook?”"YesJa.will b.shallc.cand.mayliketoknowwhereyouwereborn.a.shallb.could c.would d.may.Thechildrenplayoutside.a.aren'tgoing b.aren'tgoingtoc.notgoingtod.goingto.Asthephysicsishardenough,!syudyit.a.cannot b.can't c.amnotabletod.amnotablen.用所给的情态动词填空：canmaymightmustmustn'tneedneedn'twillcan't-Areyoucomingtothegametomorrow?-Tmnotsure.I_gotothetheatre.Antony_beanactor,forhedoesn'tlikeplaysorfilmsatall.-CouldIcallyouBob?-Yes,you—.-Someoneisknockingatthedoor.Goandsee. 一Who_itbe?It'scoldtoday.You_feelitwithonlyashirton.-MayIdoittomorrow,mum?-Sorry,dear,you_doitnow.-Dorememberustoyourfriends.-I_.You_washyourclothes.Thewashingmachinewilldoit.We_shoutinpublic.Theman_beMr.Wang,forhewalksthewaylikethat.HL 根据提示填上适当的词We_(haveto)getupatsixtomorrowmorning.Paul_(isableto)readJapanese.George_(isgoingto)studyinthelibrarytonight.George_studybusinessadmistration.(itispossible)Mr.Moro_(hasto)takeanotherEnglishcourse.Everystudent_(oughtto)readonegoodbookeveryweek.JuanisfromMexico.He_speakSpanish.Georgeplaysthepianoverywell.He_practicealot.第二节动词的形式和时态一.一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在当然状态。一般现在时的构成：1）动词be的第•人称为，第三人称单数为，第二人称单数及所有复数人称均为。2）动词have除第三人称单数用has外，其他人称均用have。3）动词第三人称单数词尾变化规则：注：行为动词一般现在时第三人称单数加或的规则：一般词尾加如：workslikescomesattendssees词尾为ch,sh,x,s,o-es:teacheswashespassesfixesgoesc.辅音字母+Y结尾的动词把-Y变I,再加es・：如：study-studies fly-flies一般现在时的用法：1)表示经常发生的动作，现存的习惯或状态。常与often,alwayls,usually,everyday,sometimes,Never,onceaday,seldom等词连用。例如：Iamateacher.我是个老师。Weareateacher.我们是中国人。Shegoestoworkeveryday.她每天去上班。Healwayshelpsoth