专业英语语法：独立主格结构with课件

AbsoluteConstruction

独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的构成：英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式：1.名词或代词+现在分词名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Sheranuptome,herhairflyinginthewind.她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。2.名词或代词+过去分词名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如：Thisdone,wewenthome.做完此事，我们就回家了。Shegazed,herhandsclaspedtoherbreast.她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。Arthurgone,hewouldonlybeallowedtomakevisitslikeotheracquaintances.阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。Asyetfewhavedonetheirfullduty,presentcompanyexcepted.迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。Hiscupbroken,heusedhisbowlinstead.茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。3.名词或代词+不定式名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末。如：

Ahousetobebuilt,wemustsaveeverycent.由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。NowhereisLiLei,WeiFangtocometomorrow.现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。Wedividedthework,hetocleanthewindowandItosweepthefloor.

我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。Heisleavingfortheconferencenextweek,allexpensestobepaidbyhiscompany.他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。Thepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhavetheleisuretotakeupsports.现在人民生活有了保障，就有时间参加体育活动了Shesatatthetable,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition,readytobeginthelongletter.

她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。Theoldwomansatdown,tracesoftearsstillonhercheeks.老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。Glassesinhand,heaskedwherehisglasseswere.手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。

三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1.作时间状语Schoolover,thestudentswenthome.放学后，学生们都回家了。Theceremonyended,thegamesbegan.仪式结束后，比赛开始了。2.作条件状语Itbeingfinetomorrow,we’llgoboating.如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。LiLeicoming,itisnotnecessarytoaskWuDong.如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。3.作原因状语Themeetingbeingputoff,weneedn’thurry.由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr.Libeingill,MissYangwillgiveusthislessoninstead.李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4.作伴随状语Mr.Licomeshere,

abookinhishand.

李先生手里拿着书过来了。Asmileonherface,sheaskedwhatshecoulddoforus.她面带微笑问我们要什么。Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.beingtied B.havingtiedC.tobetied D.tied.Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.1.当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制。注意:Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.(hand前不能加his)2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。

Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.

2.Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.3.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.

=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.5.独立主格的时态问题独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

1.Weather___,we'llgooutforawalk.A.permittedB.permittingC.permitsD.For

本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we'llgooutforawalk.

典型例题：3.Themeeting____,hewentbacktohiscompany.A.overB.beenoverC.wasoverD.havebeenover4.Time____,weshallvisitthezoo.A.beenpermittingB.permittingC.permittedD.havingbeenpermitted5.____,heputonhiscoat.ItbeingcoldB.ItcoldC.BeingcoldD.Ithavingbeencold6.Helefttheroom____.A.withthedoorclosingB.withthedoorclosedC.withthedoorbeingclosedPracticeTime1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof________novels.A.which

B.that

C.whom

D.them2.________moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.because B.as C.With D.Since3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof________carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.A.them B.who

C.whom D.which4.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof________over600yearsold.A.whichB.that C.them D.it5.Thecave______verydark,helitsomecandles_______light.A.was;given B.was;togiveC.being;given D.being;togive6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand________agunandhisface________withsweat.Aheld;covered

B.holding;covering

C.holding;covered

D.held;covering7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_________.A.flowedinthebreeze

B.wasflowinginthebreeze C.wereflowinginthebreeze D.flowinginthebreeze8.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_____fortheday.A.finishing B.finished C.hadfinished

D.hadbeenfinished9.OnSundaystherewerealotofchildrenplayinginthepark,_________parentsseatedtogetherjoking.A.their

B.whoseC.which

D.that10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,oneaToyota,________LandRoverofthelatest.A.another B.other C.theother D.theothers11.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_______attheendoflastMarchA.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched12.____foralongtime,thefieldsarealldriedup.A.T