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[模拟]考研英语模拟82多项选择第1题:AdamSmithsawthatthedivisionoflabor.enableeachworkertomakepinsmorequicklyandmorecheaplyincreasedthepossibleoutputperhourincreasedthenumberofpeopleemployedinthefactoriesimprovedthequalityofpinsproduced参考答案:B答案解析:细节题目,要求选择亚当•史密斯对劳动分工的看法。短文中亚当•史密斯通过一个具体的生产钉子的例子告诉我们分工劳动可以用更少的劳动力生产出更多的产品,即:Fewerpeoplecanmakemorepins,也就是选项C(Divisionoflabor)increasedthenumberofpeopleemployedinthefactorieso第2题:Accordingtothespeaker,AdamSmith,smistakewasinbelievingthatthedivisionoflabor.A.wasaneffectivewayoforganizingworkwasanimportantdevelopmentinmethodsofproductioninevitablyledtoeconomicdevelopmentincreasedtheproductionofexistinggoods参考答案:C答案解析:此题要求回答亚当•史密斯的错误在于相信分工的具体哪个方面。回答此问题,考生必须对全文大意有整体了解。对亚当•史密斯的观点,短文的最后做了一个评价:buthealsotookitforgrantedthatdivisionoflaborisinitselfresponsibleforeconomicgrowthand・・•以及Butdivisionoflaboraddsnothingnewo从这里就可以确定他的错误在于相信分工无疑会带来经济发展。因此,讲话者的观点是:Divisionoflaborisbynomeansresponsibleforeconomicgrowth.o第3题:Accordingtothespeaker,whichoneofthefollowingisnottrue?Divisionoflaborcanenablefewerpeopletomakemorepins.Divisionoflaboronlyhelpspeopletoproducemoreofwhattheyalreadyhave.Divisionoflaborisbynomeansresponsibleforeconomicgrowth.Divisionoflaborisaneffectivewayoforganizingwork.参考答案:C答案解析:这是判断讲话者观点、态度的题目。要求判断四个选项中与讲话者观点不相符的一项。前一题目中,亚当•史使密斯认为劳动分工会引起经济增长,作者看来这是错误的。所以,讲话者的观点就是:Divisionoflaborisbynomeansresponsibleforeconomicgrowtho第4题:Whichofthefollowingresultedintheestablishmentofcigaretteindustryin1870s?Theriseofpeople'slivingstandard.Themigrationofpopulationfromthecountrytothecity.Thechangeinone'spersonalhabits.Thedevelopmentofcigare11e-makingmachines.参考答案:D答案解析:此题是一细节题目,考查的是文中的特定信息,问香烟产业兴起的原因是什么。只要抓住“香烟产业”(cigaretteindustry)这一特定的信息,就很容易在上下文中找到相关的内容:Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachine.所以答案就应该是D・Thedevelopmentofcigare11e-makingmachines.第5题:Thetalkdoesnotstatedirectly,butimpliesthat.anincreasingnumberofpeoplewillgiveupsmokingthepriceofcigaretteswillbereduced.mostofthemalesmokershaveswornoffsmokingwell-educatedmenaremorelikelytosmokecigarettes参考答案:A答案解析:此题是一推理判断题目,要求考生从文章内容中推断出正确的选项。这类题目稍有难度,需要考生在听懂原文内容的基础上进一步作出推理。从文中Itisencouragingtonote,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.以及Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing.中可以看出:越来越多的人都在戒烟。这一内容符合答案A(anincreasingnumberofpeoplewillgiveupsmoking)的表述,因此A应该是入选答案。第6题:Whatfactorsdetermineaperson,ssmokinghabits?Economicsituationandemploymentrate.Education,income,sexandoccupation.C.Thedevelopmentofcigaretteindustry.D.Sexandeducationallevelonly.参考答案:B答案解析:此题同样是一特定信息题。与题干中的关键信息——决定吸烟习惯——相对应的文中内容是:Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson'ssmokinghabits.以及最后一自然段的Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.即,性别也起到一定的作用。由此可见,答案B.Education,income,sexandoccupation.的叙述最为全面,为正确答案。第7题:Howlonghasthewomanworkedalltogether?15years.5years.10years.20years.参考答案:A答案解析:此题询问对话中的女士一共工作了多少年。通过她的叙述:Ihadbeenasecretaryforfiveyearsuntilmysonwasborn.Ihadtostayathometotakecareofmybaby.Thatwasanotherfiveyears.Afterthat,Ifoundthejobinthenurseryandithasbeentenyears.我们可以计算出,应该是15年,因此答案是fifteenyearso第8题:Whatisthereductioninretirementpaymentifapersonretiresat64?20%.13%.C.6%.D.3%.参考答案:C答案解析:题干中"64”是一个关键信息。Thereductionis20%atage62,13%atage63and6%atage64.所以,答案是6%。第9题:Whatisthemanintheconversation?A.AclerkintheSocialSecurityProgram.B.Atelephoneoperatorinarestaurant.Aninsurancesalesman.Thebossofthewoman.参考答案:A答案解析:此题问对话中的这位先生的职业是什么。通过听短文,以及文章里提供的"Mr.Ford,howmuchwouldIgetfromtheSocialSecurityProgramformypension?”这一信息,可判定这位福特先生的职业是社会保障机制中的工作人员,aclerkintheSocialSecurityProgamo第10题:Howcanaretireegetmorebenefits?Heshouldworklongerthan10years.Heshouldretirelaterthan65yearsold.C.Heshouldpaymoretaxeswhileworking.D.Alltheabove.参考答案:D答案解析:此题要求选择得到更高的津贴的方式。对话中男士对此也做了解释。当女士问So,higherbenefitsarepaidtothosewhoretireafterage65?这位男士回答说:Thatisright,,•,Thehigheryoursalaryis,themoretaxesyoupay,andsothemorepensionyougetafterretirement.这几项内容与选项A、B、C逐一对应,只有D最全面,囊括了前三项,为正确答案。[听力原文]【短文大意】习惯于用左手的人,即左手势力者是一少数群体,他们常常受到他人的歧视,因为人们总是想当然的认为应该用右手,这样才是正常的。社会中的事物都是为大多数的人制造的。如手表、乐器、扑克牌等等。单词“left"(左)来源于盎格鲁一一萨克逊词“lyft”,其意思是微弱的或打破的。但是,如果你是一个“左撇子”,这难道真有什么错吗?科学家通过实验证明使用右手或者左手,二者之间没有丝毫的差别。它们都是可以接受的、也都是健康的。所以,孩子应该用他/她用起来感觉较自然的那只手。如果在这方面强迫他们的话,就有可能导致一些语言或精神上的问题。第11题:Whataretheleft-handersinAmericansocietyaccordingtothespeaker?Theyarediscriminatedagainst.Theyareabnormalandstrange.Theyarecertainlydifferent.Alloftheabove.参考答案:D答案解析:此题的意思是左手势力者在美国是一个什么样的情况。这要求考生对文章的细节有具体的理解。关于这一问题,在文章的第一自然段就明确给出了,如:Likemanyotherminorities,theyhavebeendiscriminatedagainst.Itseemstobeabnormalorstrange,certainly"different"!这几点是通过答案A、B、C分别给出的。由此可见,应该选择答案D,因为它囊括了以上三项。第12题:WhatdoestheAnglo-Saxonword“lyft"mean?Left-handedness.Clumsyandsinister.Weakorbroken.Oddandtricky.参考答案:C答案解析:此题是一考查细节的题目。要求考生回答盎格鲁一一萨克逊词“lyft”的意思。单词“lyft”就是题目里的关键性信息。文中在提及这个词的时候,接着就解释了它的意思。Theword“left”comesfromtheAnglo-Saxonword“lyft"・Itmeantweakorbroken,显而易见,选项C:Weakorbroken是入选答案。第13题:WhichistrueaccordingtoDr.Bryngelsonandotherscientists?Neutralsystemofbothright-andleft-handersworkexactlythesameway.Neutralsystemworkbestwhentheleftsideofthebraindominatestherightside.Wedon'tknowifthereisanyconnectionbetweenhandspeopleuseandspeechproblems.Theleft-handedchildmayhavespeechproblemsifheismadetousetheunnaturalhand.参考答案:D答案解析:此题要求考生在4个选项中选择正确的一项,这就需要考生对文章的细节内容有大致的了解。而题目又是与DrBryngelson及其他的科学家有关的,所以考生在听的时候就要事先确定听力内容的重点。选项A说的过于绝对,通常情况下这类选项都应排除。至于答案B,与之相对应的文中信息是:Hesaidthatneutralsystem(nerves)workbestwhenonesideofthebraindominatestheother.可见B选项也不正确。同时通过这句话,还可以看出答案C也是不正确的,科学家已经发现了二者之间的联系。这样看来,只有选项D是正确的了,文中所提供的信息是:Ifthechildisforcedtousetheunnaturalhand(asmanyleft-handershavebeen),stutteringandemotionalproblemsmayresult.因此此题要选择D:Theleft-handedchildmayhavespeechproblemsifheismadetousetheunnaturalhand.[听力原文]【短文大意】数年前我组织了《美国戒毒基金委员会》。此组织要对城里的有可能吸毒的孩子做工作,并向这些孩子传授武功,帮助他们树立自尊自重的心态和遵守纪律、尊重自己和他人的作风。许多来自破裂家庭的孩子在校的学习和生活都遇到麻烦。我可以高兴地说这个项目进行得很好。很多年轻人很快适应了习武的宗旨。我在习武这个行当干了35年多,不断比赛并训练了成千上万的年轻人。其中有一个故事深深引在我的脑海里,这个故事是由这里的一名教师AliceMcCleary讲给我听的。她的一名学生来此学习空手道,但他没有系腰带。Alice提醒她,作为一名学生,他们的部分责任就是在任何时候都要穿上自己的空手道服、系上腰带。那个男生盯着地板说他没有系。在老师的一再催问之下,男孩才告诉老师:他的小妹妹死了。他把自己的腰带放在她的棺材里,以便和她一起上天堂。当Alice给我讲这个故事的时候,眼睛里嗡着泪花,认为那条腰带可能是男孩最重要的东西。他无私的奉献出了他的最宝贵的东西。第14题:WhichofthefollowingisNottrueconcerningthepurposeoforganizingtheKickDrugsOutofAmericanFoundation?A.toteachthekidsmartialarts.B.Tohelpraisethekids'self-esteem.Toinstilldiscipline.Toteachthekidstoprotectthemselves参考答案:D答案解析:此题测试事当细节,要求考生选择不是组织这个基金会的目的的一项,因此要使用排除法。短文中有关的细节是Theideaistoteachthekidsmartialarts,tohelpraisetheirself-esteemandinstilldisciplineandrespectforthemselvesandothers,这与选项A(toteachthekidsmartialarts.)、选项B(Tohelpraisethekids*self-esteem).i^®C(Toinstilldiscipline)完全一致,这样只剩下选项D.(Toteachthekidstoprotectthemselves)短文中没有提及,是本题的答案。第15题:WhichofthefollowingisNottrue?Manyof the kids intheorganizationcomefrom broken homes.Manyof the kids are havingtroubleinschool.Manyof the kids are havingtroubleintheir1ives in general.Manyof the kids are fondofmartialarts.参考答案:D答案解析:此题属判断正误题目,要求选出不正确的一项。选项A(Manyofthekidsintheorganizationcomefrombrokenhomes)、选项B(Manyofthekidsarehavingtroubleinschool.)、选项C(Manyofthekidsarehavingtroubleintheirlivesingeneral.)与原文中Manyofthekids,boysaswellasgirls,comefrombrokenhomesandarehavingtroubleinschoolandintheirlivesingeneral.即许多来自破裂家庭的孩子在校的学习和生活都遇到麻烦,意思完全一致,故这些叙述都是正确的,不是本题的答案。这样只剩下选项D(Manyofthekidsarefondofmartialarts),原文中并未提及这些孩子们十分爱好武术,只是说(Mostyoungpeoplequicklyadapttothephilosophyofmartialarts.)这两句话的意思不完全一致,因此这种叙述不正确,正是本题的答案。第16题:Whathappenedtooneoftheyoungstudents,belt?Helostit.HeforgottotakeitHeputitinhissister'scoffin.Hedidn,twanttohaveit.参考答案:C答案解析:此题测试的细节是紫腰带的最终下落。文中男孩告诉了老师“MybabysisterdiedandIputitinhercoffintotaketoheavenwithher.”与选项C完全一致,是本题的答案。[听力原文]【短文大意】我们与我们的祖先有共同的食物需求,但相对于他们来说,我们的食物品种繁多。就拿水果来说,我们不但可以品尝自己种植的水果,也可以通过食物的贮存和运输来品尝几千里之外的其他国家生产的水果。而原始的人类只能品尝他们居住地附近生产的水果。不管他们解决饥饿的方式怎么不同,但都有共同的食物需求。人类的第二个需求是温暖的需求。衣服可以调节体温。住在温带地区的人比住在热带地区的人更需要衣物,然而,衣物的需求也随着季节的变化而变化。第三个最基本的需求是住处,这取决于温度、建筑水平、社会地位、可得到的建筑材料等。原始人类那简单的遮风避雨的地方已远远不能满足我们的需要。三居室的住房对富裕的家庭已远远不够。而现代住房的设施是古代国王和王后都无法享受的。第17题:Withregardtofood,whataredifferentfromtheprimitive?Weeatmorefoodthanprimitivepeople.Weeatagreatvarietyoffood.Weeatalotoffoodthatisveryexpensive.Weeatmostfoodsproducedinanotherinanothercountry.参考答案:B答案解析:此细节题目提供的已知信息是:就食物而言,我们和原始人类有什么不同点;提问的问题是:这个不同点是什么。原文一开始就说明了这一问题,Wecanagreewithprimitivemanthatfoodisabasicneed,butwedifferfromhiminourfoodwantsbecauseofthewidevarietyoffoodwehaveavailablecomparedwithhim;wehaveawiderchoice.意思是我们与我们的祖先有共同的食物需求,但相对于他们来说,我们的食物品种繁多。接着下文就以水果为例进行了说明。所以我们和他们的不同点在于食物的种类,即:Weeatagreatvarietyoffood.o第18题:Whydoesclothingneedtochangewithseason?A.Itisneededtoadjustthetemperatureofourbodies.B.Itisoursecondneed.Weneedittocoverourbodies.Weatherischangingallthetime.参考答案:A答案解析:题目的意思是为什么衣服要随着季节的变化而变化。根据原文中的有关信息Clothingisnecessarytoregulatetheheatofourbodies.Sinceweliveinatemperateclimateweneedmoreclothesthanpeoplelivingintropicconditions.Likewise,ourclothingneedstochangewithseasons.可知人类的第二个需求是温暖的需求。衣服可以调节体温。住在温带地区的人比住在热带地区的人更需要衣物,然而,衣物的需求也随着季节的变化而变化,即:原因是toadjusttothetemperatureofourbodieso第19题:Whatcanwelearnaboutshelter—ourthirdneed?Itremainsthesameformanyyears.Itcanonlykeepusfromtheweather.Itdependsonanumberofconditions.D.Itisnotveryimportantcomparedwithfoodandclothing.参考答案:C答案解析:此题为细节推断题目。要求考生了解有关人的第三需求,即对住的要求的信息。从所听的材料中可获得相关信息:Shelter,thethirdofourneeds,dependsupontheclimate,theskillofthebuilder,one,ssocialposition,andthematerialavailable.意思是:第三个最基本的需求是住处,这取决于温度、建筑水平、社会地位、可得到的建筑材料等,Itdependsonanumberofconditions就是对原文细节的概括和归纳。第20题:Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?Food,ClothingandShelterFood—HumanBasicNeedMaterialComfortsHumanBasicNeeds参考答案:D答案解析:此题要求考生对本文的主旨大意进行概括,并选择一个恰当的标题。从对原文大意的分析可知,本文主要讲解了人类的基本需求:食物、衣物、住处等,只有选项HumanBasicNeeds最能概括本文的全部意思,而其他的选项都不全面。多项选择Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandCrapedrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.(305words)[听力原文]健康的选择在健康行为方面个人选择的理念是重要的。据估测如果每个人根据现今的医学知识作出很好的个人健康选择的话,百分之九十的疾病可以预防。我们大家都享有选择的自由,不喜欢看到它在社会法律和道德范围内受到限制。美国社会的结构使我们可以作出几乎所有关于我们健康的自己的选择。如果我们愿意,我们能抽烟、酗酒、拒绝用安全带,想吃什么就吃什么以及不参加锻炼,一直坐着度过一生。自己作决定的自由是我们社会的基本方面,然而这种决定是否明智是有疑问的。有关健康的个人选择通常造成困难。例如,一个少年可能知道有关抽烟和健康的关系,但可能在朋友的压力下会相信抽烟是社交所需。有许多因素,既有天生的也有环境的,都影响着与健康有关行为的发展。这些因素不是本文讨论的范围,因为它会影响任一确定的个人。然而,采用哪一个具体的与健康有关的行为通常都是个人的选择。有健康的选择也有不健康的选择。在讨论个人选择的道德问题时,弗里斯和克里波进行了比较。他们认为有意采取一种很有可能缩短生命的行为就是类似于试图自杀。因此,对于那些有兴趣保存生命质量和数量的人而言,个人健康选择应反映那种与增加活力和寿命有关的行为。第21题:Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause.personalhealthchoicehelpcuremsotillnessesithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledgeitisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansocietywrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth参考答案:D答案解析:D错误的决定会有害健康。推理题。从第一段可推出。A个人健康的选择有助于治疗大部分疾病。与文意不同,有迷惑性,文中讲的是预防不是治疗。B它有助于提高我们医疗知识水平。C它对美国社会的个人自由是不可缺少的。第22题:Toaliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylen(Lone10,Para.1)means.toaliveaninactivelifento“liveadecentlife”C.toalivealifewithcompletefreedom”D.to“livealifeofvice”参考答案:A答案解析:A过一种不活动的生活。第一段五句中讲一生坐着即此意,属推理题。B过下流的生活。C过一种完全无自由的生活。D过一种罪恶的生活。此三项文中皆未提到。第23题:Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause.currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficienttherearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisionsfewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeforthequantityoflifepeopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriends参考答案:B答案解析:B有许多因素影响我们的决定,细节题。见二段一句。A当前的医学知识仍然不足。C很少有人愿意用生命的质量去换生命的数量。D人们通常受到他们朋友行为的影响。第24题:ToknowinglyallowoneselftopursueunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriesandCrapoimprovingthequalityofone,slifelimitingone'spersonalhealthchoiceC.deliberatelyendingone'slifebreakingtherulesofsocialbehavior参考答案:c答案解析:C有意结束自己的生命。推理题。第二段倒数第二句指出试图自杀与此同义。A改善一个人生命的质量。与文相反。B限制一个人的个人健康选择。D打破社会行为的准则。两者皆与文不同。第25题:AccordingtoFriesandCraposoundhealthchoiceshouldbebasedon.personaldecisionssociety,slawsstatisticalevidencefriends,opinions参考答案:c答案解析:C统计的证据,细节题。见末句,“要有统计的可能性”。A个人的决定。B社会的法则。D朋友的意见。此三项文中皆未提到。Brisk,cheerfulandpassionateabouteducatingchildren,NancyIchinagathinkssocialpromotionis“junk”.Asprincipalofanelementaryschoolforthepast23years,Ichinagahasneverpassedkidsontothenextgradejusttoprotecttheirself-esteem.Theschoolis51percentAfrican-American,48percentLatinoand75percentbelowthepovertyline.Butlastyear,88percentofitsstudentsreadatorabovegradelevel,andIchinagathinksherwillingnesstoholdkidsbackhasmuchtodowiththatsuccess."Wedon,tpromotesostudentscanfail”,shesays."Wemakesurethattheysucceed.Ourstudents,self-esteemisgoodbecausetheyaresuccessfulacademically,notbecausewe'vetriedtopumpthemup.”SocialpromotionhasbeenwidespreadinUSschoolforatleast20years.ItsrationaleistoavoiddamagingthepupiTssenseofself-worthandtoassumethatifpromoted,thechildcancatchup.ButschoolofficialsandpoliticiansareincreasinglyreadytoacceptwhattraditionalistslikeIchinagahavebeensayingallalong—thatschoolpromotion,thoughwellintended,hasbeenanacademicdisaster.BillClintonisonrecordagainstit,asistheAmericanFederationofTeachers.InNewYorkCity,schoolschancellorRudyCrewrecentlyunveiledaplantophaseitout.Hetoldareporter,aThisisnotaboutbeingpunitivewithkids.Itisaboutcaringsomuchaboutchildrenthatyouwillnotletthemfail.”Toliveupthatrhetoric,Crewandotherreformersurgentlyneedtoshowthatkidswhofailwillgettheacademicsupporttheyneed.ThemodelcouldbetheChicagopublicschoolsystem,whichabolishedsocialpromotionin1996.Kidswhofailaresenttosummerschool,wheretheygetasecondchancetopass.Mostsucceedandthosewhodon,tareassignedtosmallerclassesandevaluatedforlearningdisabilitiesandotherspecialneeds.Thescarypartisjusthowwidespreadsocialpromotionhasbecome.InNewYork,Crewestimatedthatmorethanathirdofallfourthandseventh-graderswouldhavetorepeatayearifthepolicywereendedimmediately.ThoughCrewdidn,tsayso,thereisnoreasontothinkthepercentageisdifferentforothergrades—whichiswhythepracticearguablyconcealsmassivefailure.Andnobodygainsfromthat.(388words)[听力原文]社会升级制在美国学校盛行至少有20年了,其基本理论是避免伤害学生的自尊心,并假设,如果让学生升级,他们会奋起直追。但学校领导和政客们越来越愿意接受如同Ichinaga这样的传统主义者长期以来所坚持的观点:社会升级制其用意虽好,但却是一种学术灾难。就像美国教师联合会一样,克林顿也公开反对它。在纽约市,学校的名誉校长RudyCrew近来首次公布了一个计划,宣布逐步废止社会升级制。他告诉一名记者:“这不是为了惩罚孩子,而恰是为了更多地关心他们,你不想让他们失败。”为了附会那些花言巧语,Crew和其他改革者迫切地需要证明,那些考试不及格的孩子会得到他们需要的学业帮助。芝加哥公立学校制度就是榜样,它于1996年废除了社会升级制,不及格的孩子被送往暑期学校,在那里他们得到补考的机会,其中大多数人补考合格,那些没通过的学生被分到更小的班级里,他们需要接受无学习能力和其他特殊需要的评估。引起恐慌的正是社会升级制的影响极其广泛。Crew估计,如果这种政策立即终止的话,仅纽约的所有四年级和七年级的学生之中,就有超过三分之一的学生将不得不留级一年。尽管Crew没有这么说,也没有理由认为其他年级的百分比会与此不同一一这就是为什么说这种做法是有争议的,它隐藏了大规模的失败,然而谁也没有从中获益。第26题:Thewordasocialpromotion“inthistextmeansthehelpgivenbysocietythosekidswholagbehind.thepracticeofpassingonstudentswhofailedtoahighergrade.thepracticeofrewardingtopstudents.theefforttopromoteequalityofallstudents,regardlessoftheirraceorcolor.参考答案:B答案解析:NancyIchinaga活泼、愉快,对教育孩子充满热情。她认为社会升级制是“垃圾”。在过去的23年里,作为一个小学的校长,Ichinaga,从来没有仅因为保护孩子的自尊就让他们升级。这个学校里51%为非裔美国人,48%为拉丁美洲人,而且有75%的学生的家庭都生活在贫困线以下。但去年,这个学校88%的学生在读小学或中学。Ichinaga认为,她愿意让孩子留级,这在很大程度上与她的成功有关。她说道:“我们并不鼓励学生考试不及格,我们要确保他们成功。我们的学生自尊心很强,这是因为他们在学业上成功了,而不是因为我们试图给他们打气。”第27题:TraditionalistsbelievethatsocialpromotioncanavoiddamagingthepupiTvestobeawoefulfailure.C.shouldbeabolishedrightnow.canhelpbackwardpupilstocatchup.参考答案:B答案解析:从文章第二段traditionalistslikeIchinaga可以看出Ichinaga属于traditionalists中的一员,他们都认为socialpromotion是十足的失败,应尽快废除它。第28题:Ifsocialpromotionisabolished,kidswhofailwillbegivenchancetotryagain.kidswhofailwillbeaskedtorepeatatleastoneyear.kidswhofailwillfeelashamedofthemselvesorevencommitsuicide.itwillresultinanacademicdisaster.参考答案:A答案解析:从文章第三段Kidswhofailaresenttosummerschool,wheretheygetasecondchancetopass中可以得到答案。第29题:Thetextshowsthattheauthorisasocialpromotion,>.stronglyagainstinfavorofC.puzzledbyD.indifferentto参考答案:A答案解析:文章字里行间透着作者对socialpromotion的反对。第30题:Itcanbeinferedfromthetextthatsocialpromotioncontributestostudents'academicsuccess.improvesstudents,self-worth.willcontinuetoplayanimportantrole.willbeabolishedinfuture参考答案:D答案解析:文中第二段指出..Schoolpromotion,thoughwellintended,hasbeenanacademicdisaster.”“BillClintonisonrecordagainstit,asistheAmericanFederationofTeachers.InNewYorkcity,schoolschancellorRudycrewrecentlyunveiledaplantophaseitout.w所有这些都表明人们已经认识到“schoolpromotion”的害处,并有意废止它。在最后两段作者又指出相关部门在"schoolpromotion"废止后,对那些留级的学生应采取的补救措施。Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon,tbelievethatthere*sadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdiseaseandlungcancer,thenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy.Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn,tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraised,thegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevil,seenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedly,afewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.InBritain,forinstance,cigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeased,whilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmoky,cancerousdeath.Youdon,thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindingshavebeensoluke-warm.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It'salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.Intaxrevenuealone,thegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmay,conceivably,beharmfulitdoesn,tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit.Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehand,itispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother.Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether.Ofcourse,wearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoples,you'dthinkthey,dconductaggressiveantismokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsoradvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofreasmokerscoughinguptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.Theadvertisementsalwaysdepictvirile,clean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmoke,evenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlife,witbeautifulgirls,trueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense!Forastart,governmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown.Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplaces1iketheatres,cinemasandrestaurants.(431words)[听力原文]参考译文如果你抽烟,却不信它与支气管疾病、心脏病以及肺病有必然联系的话,那你肯定是在自欺欺人,没有人会说你虚伪。我们这样说吧:你患的是严重的痴心妄想症,但愿这样说不会使你感到不安,因为你有志趣相投的伙伴。每当人们提起吸烟与健康的话题,许多国家的政府就会对吸烟的危害装聋卖瞎,不闻不问。诚然,有些政府业已采取了一些不是很谨慎的措施,如英国业己禁止在电视上播放烟草类广告,这样就可以安抚民心,然而吸烟的人群仍然不停地吞云吐雾,直到患上癌症而死亡。你无需深入探究就能找到为什么政府官员对一些医学发现持冷淡态度的原因,答案就是一个字:钱。烟草是课税的绝佳商品,它就如同征收面包税一样。仅英国政府向吸烟者所征收的税收一项的收入就可以支付整个国家的教育设施所需费用。所以政府只是审慎地说:吸烟也许有害,而不敢大肆声张,这就不足为奇了。显而易见,这是最为短见的政策,因为当你一手忙着大把大把地收钱时,另一只手支出的钱数额更大、且数量不断增加。大量财力被用于癌症研究以及治疗患者的努力之中,无数宝贵的生命被夺去。因此,从长远看,如果彻底禁止吸烟,人们会过得更好。当然,我们仍然不准备采取这样激进的行动。但如果世界各国政府真的会为国民利益着想,你就会认为它们应该发起强有力的反吸烟运动。远非如此!烟草公司被允许花巨资做广告。当然这些广告都是不诚实的,甚至是阴险的。从来没有人会把一大早起来就吸烟者真实的画面给我们看,他们几乎把肺都要咳出来了。广告总会选一些整洁而富有阳刚之气的年轻男士。似乎只有抽烟者才是真正的男子汉,才是完全健康的表现。抽烟总是跟美好的户外活动、伶俐俊俏的年轻女子、跟真正的爱情和友爱和睦联系在一起。一派胡言!首先,政府可以禁止所有烟草类广告,然后指导实施自己的反烟宣传。应在剧院、电影院和餐馆之类的公共场所全面禁止吸烟。第31题:Theauthorbelievesthatthere,sadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandheartdiseaseorlungcancer.smokersarereallycoolguys.smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlife,witbeautifulgirls,trueloveandtogetherness.smokingdoesmoregoodthanharmtothecountry.参考答案:A答案解析:从文章第一句可以看出,作者认为吸烟和某些疾病有直接的联系。第32题:ThefactthatcigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevisioninBritainshowsthattheBritishgovernmenthastakenstrongmeasurestopreventcitizensfromsmoking.theBritishgovernmenthasbeenwellawareoftheevilofsmoking.whattheBritishgovernmenthasdoneisfarfromenough.whattheBritishgovernmentintendstodoistowarnsmokersofthedangersofsmoking.参考答案:c答案解析:文第第一段中指出了英国政府禁止在电视中做香烟广告,而在第二段中特别指出了政府收了吸烟者许多税收,并没有从根本上禁烟。第33题:Theauthor,attitudetowardssmokingispositive.objective.dubious.negative.参考答案:D答案解析:很明显,作者对吸烟是持否定态度的。第34题:Wecaninferthatthefollowingparagraphwilldiscusshowtomakecigaretteadvertisingmoreappealing.quitsmoking.bansmoking.getridofsomediseasetroubles.参考答案:C答案解析:文章在最后一段谈到了禁烟问题,接下去会讨论具体的禁烟措施。第35题:Accordingtotheauthor,thegovernmentsshouldn,thaveimposedsuchahightaxoncigarettes.shouldn,thavebannedcigaretteadsonTV.shouldmakesmokingillegal.shouldbegenuinelyconcernedwiththewelfareoftheirpeoples.参考答案:D答案解析:在文中最后两段,作者希望政府能真正关心人民的利益,而且在最后一段作者强调指出,政府首先应禁止各种烟草广告、开展戒烟运动,不允许在公共场合吸烟等。Detectiveseverywhereworktwelvehoursaday,sevendaysmostweeks.AstudyofBritishdetectives,workinghoursfoundthattheyspentfivehoursadayathome.Thismeansthatdetectives*marriagesareoftenshakyaffairs,andtheyaresaidtohavethehighestdivorcerateofanyprofessionalgroup.Andmostreal-lifedetectives,farfrombeingthetanned,fitheroesofthescreen,arewhite-facedanddrawn,shortofseveralweeks*sleep,andlivingontheirnerves.Adetective,sworkisdecidedbythetypeofcrimetowhichheisassigned.Anofficerworkinginabigcity,eitherinBritainorAmerica,willdealallday,everyday,withassaults,robberies,thefts,murders一一whatevercomeshisway.Ifheisassignedtoaspecialistunit,liketheMurderSquadinLondon,hisinterestsarecentredonthepeoplewhocommitthosecrimes,andtherestoftheworldpasseshimby.Theworkhedoesisdeterminedbythelawsrelatingtothosecrimes,makingithardtocomparetheworkindifferentcountries.Thetrainingofdetectives,too,isoftenquitedifferent.WhenaBritishdetectiveenterstheforcehewillalreadyhavedonehissixteenweeks,basictraining.AftertwotrialyearsonthebeathecanjointheCID—theCriminalInvestigationDepartment—againontrial,andaftertwoyears,ifhe,sgoodenough,becomeadetectiveconstable.Thenhehasafurtherthreemonthsatadetectivetrainingschoolwherethestudiesarealmostentirelyincriminallaw,andthepassmarkis80percent.Asadiversion,thestudentsgetoccasionallecturesonmurderinvestigationsandtheuseofexplosives,buttherestishardgrind.However,inNewYorkthereismuchlessformaltraining.Ayoungpolicemangetsafewweeksinschool,mainlylearningself-defenceandthebasicpowersofarrest.Hethenstartslearninghistradeinearnestonthestreets.Ifheis“active“there,hecanbetriedoutinthedetectivedepartment-thereisnoschool.Ifhelearnsfast,hestays.Asyou'dexpect,theAmericanearnsmorethanhisBritishcounterpart.It'sdifficulttocompareexactly:ahard-workingdetectivesergeantinLondoncanearn,countingovertime,upto4,500poundsayear.InNewYork,thesamemanwouldgetabout7,200pounds.Butmanydonothavetorelyentirelyontheirsalaries,asrecenteventsinAmericancitieshaveshown.InChicago,forty-eightpolicemenhavebeenconvictedinthepastthreeyears,and407firedorforcedtoresign.Forthem,policewagesarejustpocketmoney:theirrealincomecomesfr

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