考研考博-英语-中国矿业大学（北京）考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中国矿业大学（北京）考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes;otherwiseyou______cold.

问题1选项

A.wouldn’thavecaught

B.wouldn’tcatch

C.can’tcatch

D.can’thavecaught

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。otherwise表示“否则，要不然”时，其后的句子应用虚拟语气。由Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes可知此处是对过去的虚拟，故空格处用过去完成时。句意：你没有多穿衣服，否则就不会感冒了。因此A选项正确。

2.单选题

Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresourcesawayfromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.

Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythanisexpendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowinnutritionalvalue,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.

Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefarmorethantheyneed—anotherirony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,mostadults—ofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3,800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothinkofanymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainlynottheagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating.

1.Thegreatironyof21stcenturyglobalpublichealthrefersto（）.

2.Toaddressthefundamentalcauseoftheobesityepidemic,accordingtothepassage,is（）.

3.Aswecanlearnfromthepassage,thesecondironyrefersto（）.

4.Asaresultofthethirdirony,people（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeexcludedbasedonthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thecauseofobesityanditscounteractivemeasures

B.theinsufficientandsuperfluousconsumptionoffood

C.thescarcenaturalresourceandthenegligenceoffoodsecurity

D.theconsumptionoffoodandtheincreasedriskofdiet-relateddiseases

问题2选项

A.toimprovepoliticalandeconomicmanagement

B.tocopewiththeenergyimbalanceissue

C.tocombatdiet-relatedchronicdiseases

D.toincreaseinvestmentinglobalhealth

问题3选项

A.affluenceandobesity

B.foodenergyandnutritionalvalue

C.foodbusinessandeconomicprosperity

D.diseasesofcivilizationandpathologyofinactivity

问题4选项

A.consume3800kilocaloriesonadailybasis

B.complainaboutfoodoverproduction

C.havetoraisetheirfoodexpenses

D.aredriventowardsweightgain

问题5选项

A.Theeconomicdimension.

B.Thepoliticaldimension.

C.Thehumanedimension.

D.Thedietarydimension.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段“Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases”,这是21世纪全球公共卫生的一个巨大讽刺；虽然由于经济不平等、政治腐败或战争，数以亿计的人缺乏足够的食物，但还有数以亿计的人体重过重，已增加了患与饮食有关的慢性疾病的风险。因此D选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity”,这种失衡的原因同样具有讽刺意味：繁荣程度的提高，最后一段“Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating”，当人们吃得更多的时候，所有国家都繁荣昌盛，所有国家都雇佣成群的说客来阻止政府采取任何措施抑制过度饮食。由此可知，要解决肥胖的流行，要从经济和政治方面进行管理。因此A选项符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive”,这种失衡的原因同样具有讽刺意味：繁荣程度的提高。人们用额外的收入吃得更多，少做运动。由此可知，人们在变得富裕的同时，却也有了肥胖症同样也是一种讽刺。因此A选项符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章最后一段“Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.”，过多的食物迫使公司通过广告、健康宣传、新产品、更大的份量和针对儿童的活动来竞争销售。食品营销促进体重增加。由此可知，人们在这种食品过剩的大环境中，被迫摄入过多的热量，最后体重增加。因此D选项符合题意。

5.细节事实题。文中并未涉及到人文维度。因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Acensor’sdutyistoensurethatnocontentis（）inpublicationsorfilms.

问题1选项

A.evil

B.obscure

C.obscene

D.opaque

【答案】C

【解析】句意:审查员的职责是确保出版物或电影中没有淫秽内容。

考查形容词辨析。evil邪恶的；不幸的；有害的；讨厌的；obscure昏暗的；朦胧的；晦涩的；无名的；obscene淫秽的；猥亵的；opaque不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的。因此C符合句意。

4.翻译题

“Bah!Humbug”,wasScrooge’sopinionofcharitablegivingandeventodaysomeeconomistsreckoncharitygoesagainsteconomicrationality.36.Itisoftenallegedthataltruismisinconsistentwitheconomicrationality,whichassumesthatpeoplebehaveselfishly.Certainly,mucheconomicanalysisisconcernedwithhowindividualsbehave,andhomoeconomicus(economicman)isusuallyassumedtoactinhisorherself-interest.

37.Someeconomicmodelsassumethatself-interestedindividualsbehavealtruisticallybecausetheygetsomebenefit,orutility,fromdoingso.Forinstance,itmaymakethemfeelbetteraboutthemselves,orbeausefulinsurancepolicyagainstsocialunrest.Othereconomicmodelsrelaxthetraditionalassumptionoffullyrationalbehaviorbysimplyassumingthatpeoplesometimesbehavealtruistically,evenifthismaybeagainsttheirself-interest.ThePeaceCorpsisanexample,forpeopleoftengiveuppotentiallylucrativestartstotheircareersorinterruptthemtodogoodworkoverseas.PeoplewhoworkforthePeaceCorpsdosobecausetheywanttoandtokeepthePeaceCorpsdynamicwithfreshideas.38.Sociologistswouldarguethatthereisanaturalinclinationofhumanbeingstoengagethemselvesinhelpingothers,asanaturalinstincttopreservethespecies.Thuspublicdutyisasurvivalact.

Thequestionthenisraisedregardingpoliticalparticipation,whetheritcanbeclassifiedasanactofeconomicrationalityorofaltruism.39.Publicdutymaynotnecessarilymeanduty,althoughitmayincludethatconstantandactivepracticalparticipationinthedetailsofpoliticswithoutwhich,uponthepartofthemostintelligentcitizens,theconductofpublicaffairsfallsunderthecontrolofselfishandignorantorcraftyandvenalmen.Politicsoftenrequiresserviceincommittees,careandtroubleandexpenseofmanykinds,patientenduranceofrebuffs,chagrins,ridicules,disappointments,anddefeats.40.Allthesedutiesandservices,whenselfishlyandmeanlyperformed,stigmatizeamanasamerepolitician,butwhenperformedwithhonestyandvigilance,theybecomegradualbuildingblocks,stonebystoneandlayerbylayer,ofanationofself-restrainedliberty.

【答案】36.经济学家声称，利他主义与经济理性背道而驰，因为后者假定人们行为自私。

37.一些经济模型假设，利己主义者之所以表现出利他行为，是因为他们从中获得了一些利益或效用。例如，让他们自我感觉更好，或者有效防止社会动荡。

38.社会学家认为人类有一种帮助别人的自然倾向，这是保护同类的自然本能。因此，公共义务是一种生存行为。

39.虽然公共义务有时包括持续和积极参与政治事务，但是公共义务不一定意味着义务。

40.如果带着私心和恶意履行责任和提供服务，那就玷污了这份职业，徒留政客的名声。但是如果带着真诚与严谨，这些行为就会一点一滴、层层递进地建构自我约束下的自由国家。

5.填空题

Actingissuchanovercrowdedprofessionthattheonlyadvicethatshouldbegiventoayoungpersonthinkingofgoingonthestageis"Don't!"Butitisuselesstotrytodiscouragesomeone（1）feelsthathemustact,althoughthechancesofhisbecomingfamousare（2）.Thenormalwaytobeginistogotoadramaschool.Usuallyonlystudentswhoshowpromiseand（3）areaccepted,andthecourselaststwoyears.Thentheyoung（4）oractresstakesupworkwithaplaycompany,usuallyasassistantstagemanager.Thismeans（5）everythingthatthereistodointhetheatre:paintingscenery,lookingafterthefurniture,takingcareoftheclothes,andevenactinginverysmallparts.Itisvery（6）workindeed,thehoursarelongandthesalaryistiny.Butyoungactorswiththestageintheirbloodare（7）,waitingforthechanceofworkingwithabettercompany,orperhapsinfilmsortelevision.

Ofcourse,somepeoplehaveunusualchances,whichleadto（8）andsuccess（9）thislonganddulltraining.ConniePratt,forexample,wasjustanordinarygirlworkinginabicyclefactory.Afilmproducerhappenedto（10）sightofheronemorningwaitingatabusstop,ashe（11）pastinhisbigcar.Hetoldthebusdrivertostop,andhegotouttospeaktothegirl.Heaskedher（12）shewouldliketogotothefilmcompanytodoatest,andatfirstshethoughthewasjoking.Thenshegotangryandsaidshewouldcallthepolice.Ittooktheproducer（13）minutestotellConniethathewasserious.Thenanappointmentwasmadeforhertogotothecompanythenextday.Thetestwassuccessful.Theygavehersomenecessarylessonsandwithinafewweeksshewasplayingtheleading（14）inafilm,whichmadeherwell-knownovernight（15）thecountry.Ofcourse,shewasgivenadramaticname,whichisnowworldfamous.Butchanceslikethishappenonceinabluemoon!

【答案】1.who

2.small

3.talent

4.actor

5.doing

6.hard

7.happy

8.fame

9.without

10.catch

11.drove

12.if

13.twenty

14.part

15.throughout

【解析】1.后文“feelsthathemustact”为someone的后置定语，此处缺关系代词，故选“who”。

2.整句话的含义为：试图阻止那些自认为他必须演戏的人是没用的，尽管成名的机会…“Although”表转折关系，由此可推断“成名机会很小”符合逻辑，故选“small”。

3.“and”表并列，故此处应选择与“promise希望”同类名词，选项中“talent天赋”符合要求。

4.“or或者”表并列，故此处应选择与“actress女演员”的同类名词，故选“actor男演员”。

5.“meandoingsth.意味着做某事”，故此处选“doing”。

6.前文提到作为舞台监督助理需要承担的一系列工作，以及后文提到工作时间长，薪水少，可知“这份工作很辛苦”，故选“hard辛苦的”。

7.“But但是”表转折，此处填入的词应与前文“辛苦的工作”形成反差，“happy”符合逻辑，整句话的含义为：但是这些将演戏融入自己血液的年轻人是快乐的，他们在等待机会去一个更好的公司或者出演电影电视。故选“happy”。

8.“and”表并列，此处应选择与“success成功”同类名词，故选“fame名气”。

9.前文提到“有些人因获得不寻常的机会而成名”和后文普通女孩ConniePratt的例子可知她“没有经过漫长且枯燥的训练”，故选“without没有”。

10.“catchsightofsb.看见某人”为固定短语，故选“catch”。

11.后文提到“inhisbigcar在他的大车中”，可推测此处应选择与“车子”相关的词，“drivepast”即“驾车驶过”，符合原文，本句描述过去发生的事件，故选drive的过去式“drove”。

12.根据语境及整句话含义“他问她（ConniePratt）…想去电影公司做测试，开始ConniePratt觉得他在开玩笑…”推断此处选“if是否”。

13.由下文“minutes分钟”可知这里需要选择一个描述时间的量词，故选数词“twenty”。

14.“playtheleadingpart担任主角”为固定短语，“part”此处为“角色”的意思。

15.“throughoutthecountry全国”为固定短语，故选“throughout遍及”。

6.单选题

Manisrealizingthattheoceansare（）controllingfactorsintheweather.

问题1选项

A.arelevant

B.aninfluential

C.aninseparable

D.aprincipal

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项relevant“相关的；切题的；中肯的”；B选项influential“有影响力的；有势力的”；C选项inseparable“不可分割的；不能分离的”；D选项principal“主要的；资本的；n.校长；资本”。句意：人类正意识到，海洋是天气的……的控制因素。七分海洋，三分大陆。根据常理可知应是影响天气的主要因素。故选D。

7.单选题

Theaddictivenatureofonlinegamblinghasforcedmany______garnerstoseektreatment.

问题1选项

A.sedative

B.fortified

C.compulsive

D.impulsive

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项sedative“镇静剂”；B选项fortified“（在物质或精神上）加强”；C选项compulsive“欲罢不能的”；D选项impulsive“易冲动的”。句意：在线赌博成瘾的基本特征迫使许多______的赌徒寻求治疗。这里的赌徒对赌博上瘾，不能控制自己停下赌博，C选项compulsive“欲罢不能的”形容他们符合题意。因此C选项正确。

8.填空题

IranintoWangTaoandLiSan（1）thetradefairinMunbaiinFebruary.I（2）seenthemsince2007（3）ofthemliketheirnewjobs,but（4）wantstostayinShenzhenmuchlonger.

【答案】1.at

2.Haven’t

3.Both

4.neither

【解析】1.语法题。此处应该用介词at。Atthetradefair在交易会上。

2.

语法题。此处有提示词since,所以此处表示

“自从2007年来,就没见过他们了”,因此用现在完成时的否定haven’t

done。

3.语义题。此处填both(两者都…)符合句意。

4.语义题。Neither表示“都不”。

9.翻译题

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.1.With（thegapbetween）thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.2.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.

3.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnolongerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.

TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.4.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.

The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.5.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessayAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?Itwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.

【答案】1.【参考译文】由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。

2.【参考译文】每个启示出现之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。

3.【参考译文】尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。

4.【参考译文】正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了。

5.【参考译文】这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“sapereaude”或英文“daretoknow”描述。

10.单选题

Youshouldn'tdodamagetothisgrassland.It'snotyourpersonalbelongings.It（）thestategovernment.

问题1选项

A.belongsto

B.isbelongedto

C.belongedto

D.isbelongingto

【答案】A

【解析】句意:你不应该破坏这片草地。这不是你的私人物品。它属于州政府。

语法题。考查时态。此句应该用一般现在时，belongto表示“属于”。因此A正确。

11.单选题

Wehadnowaytomeasuretheexactdistancewehadtraveled,butwethoughtitwas（）tenmiles.

问题1选项

A.apparently

B.appraisably

C.appropriately

D.approximately

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我们无法精确测量我们所走的距离，但我们认为大约是十英里。

考查副词辨析。apparently明显地；appraisably可评估地；appropriately合适地;approximately近似地。根据前半句句意“我们无法精确测量我们所走的距离”以及“十英里”可知D符合句意。

12.单选题

Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto（）furtherresearch.

问题1选项

A.stimulate

B.originate

C.renovate

D.endorse

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项stimulate“刺激；鼓舞；激发”；B选项originate“引起；创作”；C选项renovate“更新；修复；革新；刷新”；D选项endorse“背书；赞同”。句意：科学理论的一个重要特性是它激发进一步研究的能力。根据句意，A选项正确。

13.单选题

Thephonehasrungsooftentodaythatitisbecomea/an（

）.

问题1选项

A.interruption

B.frustration

C.distress

D.nuisance

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项interruption“中断，干扰”；B选项frustration“挫折”；C选项distress“危难，不幸”；D选项nuisance“麻烦事”。句意：今天电话响了很多次，真烦人。选项D符合句意。

14.单选题

Mrs.Blackfindsthatherpianohasalwayshadthemagicpoweroftakingherawayfromthegrimrealitiesofdailylifeand（

）hertofairylandofherownonceshestartedtoplay.

问题1选项

A.transforming

B.transporting

C.transplanting

D.transcending

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。transform“改变，使……变形”；transport“运输；流放;使狂喜"；transplant“移植；移栽；使移居”；transcend“胜过，超越”。句意：布莱克太太发现只要她一弹钢琴，自己就会被这架有魔法的钢琴从现实世界带入到自己的仙境。选项B符合题意。

15.单选题

Incalculatingthedailycalorierequirementsforanindividual,variationsinbodysize,physicalactivityandageshouldbe（）.

问题1选项

A.broughtintopractice

B.takenintoaccount

C.thrownlighton

D.lookeddownupon

【答案】B

【解析】bringintopractice实行；takeintoaccount考虑；throwlighton照亮，阐明，使……显得清楚；lookdownupon看不起。句意：在计算个人每日所需热量时，应考虑到体型、体力活动和年龄的变化。选项B符合句意。

16.单选题

Ihopethatwecanagreetotakeanunifiedapproachtodealingwiththeoppositiontoourprojectproposal.Weneedtocoordinateourefforts.

问题1选项

A.hopethatwecanagree

B.takeanunified

C.todealing

D.efforts

E.没有错误

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。B项去掉冠词an。takeunifiedapproach采取一致的手段。

17.单选题

—Iwillbewaitingforyouathome.

—______Iwerebusyandcouldn’tcome?

问题1选项

A.Whatif

B.Whatwhen

C.Howif

D.Howwhen

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A项whatif“假使……将会怎么样”，B项whatwhen没有这个用法，C项howif一般都会分开使用，即how…if…表示“如果……将会怎么样”，D项howwhen也没有这个用法。根据句子情景可知，A项符合语境。句意：我在家等你。如果我很忙不能来怎么办？因此，该题选择A项正确。

18.单选题

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.D.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fighting,andsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,oforevenofearth'sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.

Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.

1.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause______.

2.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause______.

3.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause______.

问题1选项

A.therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliable

B.itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityofdata

C.newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciences

D.itisnotbasedonpersonalexperience

问题2选项

A.newinformationisconstantlycomingin

B.ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccurate

C.thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredict

D.contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetime

问题3选项

A.theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevaried

B.ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecure

C.onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobserved

D.fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。文章第一段提到尽管我们对社会制度的认识在许多方面不准确，但也不太可能被新的发现彻底推翻（Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries），由此可知选项A“关于社会制度的记录更为可靠”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。文章第二段第一句话提到我们对于天文宇宙（属于自然科学）甚至地球地质历史的图像形象都很容易发生受到革命性的变化，因为会不断有新的数据和理论出现来推翻之前的理论（Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,oforevenofearth'sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout），由此可知自然科学之所以不断变化是因为时刻有不同的理论出现，选项D符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第二段倒数第一句话提到人类对于天文宇宙的记录是非常有限的（Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme），所以人们对天文宇宙的了解很少。选项D符合题意。

19.不定项选择题

Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,however,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.

Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDR’sartificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.

TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludedcrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,isatdepthslessthantenkilometersandcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100°Cmaybeusefulforspaceheating(heatingofspacesespeciallyforhumancomfortbyanymeans(asfuel,electricity,orsolarradiation)withtheheatereitherwithinthespaceorexternaltoit);however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Caredesirable.

Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattrappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.)

IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,morecostlywellsandshallower,cooler,lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,electricityand/orheat.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

2.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina________.

3.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspecificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe________.

问题1选项

A.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDR’sarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative

B.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDR’sasanavailableenergysource

C.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam

D.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDR

问题2选项

A.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources

B.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates

C.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources

D.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates

问题3选项

A.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesintheUnitedStates

B.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems.

C.revisetheestimatesontheextentofremainingcoalresourcesintheUnitedStates

D.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates

问题4选项

A.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea

B.possibilitythatHDR’smaybefoundinthatarea

C.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilorgasreservesinthatarea

D.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。A选项“提醒那些使用煤炭或者石油的人热干石不是很经济的替代品”；B选项“提醒读者热干石是一个可用的能源”；C选项“鼓励使用新技术，从地下热水和蒸汽中回收能量”；D选项“记录在从HDR中回收能源的努力中已经克服的挑战”。根据题干定位到第一段第一句Theenergycontain