考研考博-英语-吉林农业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吉林农业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thedoorclosedandthehelicopterimmediately______verticallyto1000feet.

问题1选项

A.floated

B.raised

C.heaved

D.ascended

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项float“漂浮”，B项raise“抬高，举起”，C项heave“举起，使起伏”，D项ascend“上升”。根据helicopter“直升机”可知，空格部分表示“上升”；只有D项符合。句意：门关上了，直升机立即垂直上升到1000英尺的高度。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.单选题

Thefinancialproblemofthiscompanyisfurther（）bytheriseininterestrates.

问题1选项

A.increased

B.strengthened

C.reinforced

D.aggravated

【答案】D

【解析】increase增加；strengthen加强；reinforce増强，加固；aggravate恶化，加剧。句意：利率的上升使这家公司的财务问题进一步恶化。选项D符合句意。

3.单选题

9.Ifthereisanyendeavourwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavailable,thatendeavourissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

10.Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.OnJuly16itannouncedthat,from2013,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

11.Britain’sgovernmentisnotalone.OnJuly17theEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.Itproposesmakingresearchpaidforbyitsnextscientific-spendinground-whichrunsfrom2014to2020,andwillhandoutabout€80billion,or$100billion,ingrants-similarlyeasytogetholdof.InAmerica,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree.

12.Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists•or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions-inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof£768monrevenuesof£2.06billion-amarginof37%.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany’sjournals.

13.Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

14.Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarenow,asBritain'sannouncementmakesclear,payingattentionandaskingwhethertheytoomightbenefitfromthechange.

15.TheBritishannouncementfollowedthepublicationofareportbyDameJanetFinch,asociologistattheUniversityofManchester,whichrecommendsencouragingabusinessmodeladoptedbyoneofthepioneersofopen-accesspublishing,thePublicLibraryofScience.Thisorganization,acharitybasedinSanFrancisco,chargesauthorsafee(between$1,350and$2,900,thoughitiswaivedincasesofhardship)andthenmakestheirpapersavailableovertheinternetfornothing.ForPLoS,asthecharityiswidelyknown,thisworkswell.Ithaslaunchedsevenwidelyrespectedelectronicjournalssinceitsfoundationin2000.Forreasonslostinhistory,thisisknownasthegoldmodel.

16.TheNIH’sapproachisdifferent.Itletsresearcherspublishintraditionaljournals,butonconditionthat,withinayear,theyposttheirpapersonafree"repository"websitecalledPubMed.Journalshavetoagreetothis,orbeexcludedfromtheprocess.Thisisknownasthegreenmodel.

17.Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.Manyscientists,physicistsinparticular,nowuploaddraftsoftheirpapersintopublicarchivespaidforbynetworksofuniversitiesforthegeneralgood.(Themostpopularisknownas"arXivn,themiddleletterbeingaGreekchi.)Here,manuscriptsaresubjecttoaruthlessprocessofopenpeerreview,ratherthanthesecretsorttraditionalpublishersemploy.AnarXivedpapermayendupinatraditionaljournal,butthatismerelytoprovideapublicmarkofapprovalfortheresearchteamwhowroteit.Itsactualpublicationanditsvaluetootherscientistsdatefromitsoriginalarrivalonline.

18.ThesuccessofPLoS,andthepoliticalshifttowardsopenaccess,isencouragingothernewventurestoo.Seeingthewritingonthewall,severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing.Meanwhile,laterthisyearacoalitionoftheWellcomeTrust,theMaxPlanckInstitute(whichrunsmanyofGermany'sleadinglaboratories)andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitutewillpublishthefirsteditionofeLife,anopen-accessjournalwithambitionstorivalthemostfamousjournalofthelot,Nature.Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee.

19.Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals*curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatasystembasedonthegreenmodelcouldbecomefragmented.ThatmighthappenifthenewlyliberatedpapersendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheNIHinsistson.ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine(anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer)suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications.

20.Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.

Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.

1.TheopeningparagraphsoftextBseemtoindicatethat（

）

2.AccordingtotextB,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation（

）.

3.TextBstatesthatpeoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals（

）.

4.Whenscientificpaperspassthroughpeerreview,（

）.

5.Thewordegregiousinparagraph12means（

）.

6.InthepublicationmodelsdescribedintextB,peerreviewoccurs（

）.

7.Paragraph18（

）.

8.TowardstheendoftextB,theauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who（

）.

9.IfonecomparestextAandtextB,onecanseethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.scientistsareangeredbythepublicationpracticesthattheyconfrontintheirwork.

B.commercialpublishersareincreasinglyseenasanegativefactorinscience.

C.commercialpublishersareneededmorethaneverinordertoseparategoodresearchfrompoorresearch.

D.lessgoodresearchisappearingasaresultofthecontrolexercisedbyjournalpublishers.

问题2选项

A.isaveryimportantprovideroffundingforscientificresearch.

B.requiresthatresearcherssupportedbytheFoundationmaketheirfindingsfreelyavailabletothepublic.

C.followstheexamplesetbytheNIHinAmerica.

D.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultsproducedbyscientistsitsupports.

问题3选项

A.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostofthejournals.

B.thinkthatsuchjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreespeech.

C.criticizeabovealltheunfairnessofchoosingsomearticlesforpublicationandnotothers.

D.blamethemfortheslowpaceofscientificprogressinrecentyears.

问题4选项

A.theyarebeinggradedandassignedtodifferentlevelsofpublication.

B.governmentofficialsdecidewhatresearchisworthyofpublication.

C.researchersarebeingpaidtocriticizetheworkoffellowresearchers.

D.scientistsareevaluatingtheworkofotherscientistsintheirfield

问题5选项

A.somewhatunfavorable

B.quiteunnecessary

C.strikinglyunreasonable

D.clearlybizarre

问题6选项

A.beforepublicationinthefirsttwo,afterpublicationinthethird

B.insecretandwithoutthenameofthereviewersbeingknown

C.forpapersinsomescientificfieldsbutnotinothers

D.inexactlythesameway.Peerreviewisnotanissue

问题7选项

A.seemstoindicatethatmostjournalpublishersareresistinganychange.

B.makesitclearthatthepresentpublishingarrangementsaredoomed

C.providessupportforthestrongassertionsinthefinalparagraphofthetext.

D.ineffectpredictsthatthecommercialpublisherswillwininthestrugglewithfreeopen-accesspublication.

问题8选项

A.fearsthatthequalityofscientificpublishingiscurrentlyindecline.

B.stronglysupportsthegreenmodelovercurrentarrangementsandotherpublishingmodels.

C.believesthattheweaknessesofthegreenmodelcaneasilyberemediedbytheuseofopen-accessrepositorywebsitesforresearch.

D.worriesthatgoodpaperspublishedinopen-accessjournalsandrepositoriesmaynotreceivetheattentionthattheydeserve.

问题9选项

A.bothtextsarestraightforwardreports,i.e.objectivepresentationsoffacts.

B.textBisbasicallyadiscussionessayadvancingcertainopinions,whiletextAisasimplereport.

C.bothtextsareintendedtowinthereaderovertocertainviews.

D.textAisintendedtowinsupportforacertaindirectioninresearch,whereastextBexplainsadilemmainstraightforwardterms,withouttakingapositionofanysort

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

第6题:A

第7题:C

第8题:D

第9题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干意思为“文章B开始的段落似乎为了指出……”。第十段指出:Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit(人们普遍认为,在过去一个世纪或更多时间调停这个交换（即科研成果）的期刊出版商正成为该调停的障碍。可知B项“商业出版商正越来越被看成是科学的消极因素”正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第11段:AndtheWelcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree(另外，仅次于比尔和梅林达盖茨基金会，作去世界上第二大慈善科研资金来源的英国维康信托基金会，也坚持要求那些接受它支持的对象必须公开科研成果)。由此可知A项“一个重要的科研资金提供者”正确.。

3.细节事实题。由第十二段第一句指出:Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown(对期刊出版商的批评通常归结为两件事，一是他们的过程需要几个月，当互联网允许他们花上几天的时间时，另一个是因为每一份报纸都像一个小的垄断，如果他们想提高自己的阅读水平，这一领域的工作人员必须阅读,没有降价的空间),可知A项“抗议他们（出版商）的速度慢和期刊的高价格”正确。

4.细节事实题。题干说“当科学论文通过同行评审时…”。第十三段:Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts（thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo）(他们（即出版商）组织同行评审，在该评审中专家们不具名地对论文进行评论（但是这些专家如论文的作者样很少为自己的工作而得到报酬）)。由此可知D项“科学家将评价自己领域其它科学家的工作”正确。

5.词义题。根据题干定位至第十二段:Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymany

peoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany'sjournals(的确，爱思唯尔（世界领先的科技及医学出版公司）的利润被许多人认为是如此……，以致1.2万名研究者签名去联合抵制这家公司的期刊)。由此推测egregious的意思为“非常不合理的；过分的”。

6.细节事实题。由第17段中“Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.金色和绿色模式涉及出版前同行评审，但是第三种模式经常不用在出版前进行同行评审”知A项“在前两种（出版模式）中发生在出版前，在第三中（出版模式）发生在出版后”正确

7.推理判断题。第十八段:Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee(这些组织的雄厚财力意味着至少在前几年这个期刊将甚至不需要出版费)及第二句:severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing(几个商业出版商正在试用金色模式的出版)。可推知“作者对传统的科学期刊出版商的担忧”，这为第二十段中的“Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.如果科学出版商没有觉得担心的话，那么他们应该开始担心了”提供了论据支持，故C项“为文章最后一段中的有力的断言提供了支持”正确。

8.推理判断题。根据题干定位至文章后面第十九段:ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine（anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer）suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications(但是《BMC医学》（斯普林格的一个开放阅览期刊）最近公布的调查显示开放阅览期刊被引用的广泛程度和传统期刊一样多)中的but“但是”表转折的对应可推测“MarkWalport先生担心开放阅览期刊相比传统期刊可能收不到应有的关注”，由此知D项“担心发布在开放阅览期刊和存放处上的好论文可能受不到它们应有的关注”正确。

9.主旨大意题。文章A中最后一段引用教授JamesHorne的话来对教授Dijk的研究进行评价及文章A全文都在用报告的方式进行叙述,因此文章A是一个简单的报告文章，而文章B中大多数段落如第13段首句“Publishersdoprovideaservice.出版商确实也提供服务”、第19段首句“Muchremainstobeworkedout.还需要解决很多事情”等提出观点后再论证”知文章B基本上是提出某些观点的一个议论文，由此知B项“文章B基本上是提出某些观点的一个议论文，而文章A是一篇简单的报告文章”正确；

4.单选题

Weshouldmaintainourcultural（），whichrepresentsthedeepmemoryofournation.

问题1选项

A.agency

B.tendency

C.legacy

D.fancy

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我们应该维护好代表我们民族最深刻记忆的文化遗产。

考查名词辨析。Agency服务机构,(尤指)代理机构;tendency偏好,性情,趋势;legacy遗产,遗赠财物,遗留;fancy想象的事物,想象(力)。故C符合句意。

5.单选题

Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.Whensomeonehasdeeplyhurtyou,itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.Butforgivenessispossible-—anditcansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

“Peoplewhoforgiveshowlessdepression,angerandstressandmorehopefulness,”saysFrederic,Ph.D.,authorofForgiveforGood.“Soitcanhelpsaveonthewearandtearonourorgans,reducethewearingoutoftheimmunesystemandallowpeopletofeelmorevital.”

Sohowdoyoustartthehealing?Tryfollowingthesesteps:

Calmyourself.Todefuseyouranger,tryasimplestress-managementtechnique.“Takeacoupleofbreathsandthinkofsomethingthatgivesyoupleasure:abeautifulsceneinnature,someoneyoulove,”Fredericsays.

Don’twaitforanapology.“Manytimesthepersonwhohurtyouhasnointentionofapologizing,”Fredericsays.“Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsthesameway.Soifyouwaitforpeopletoapologize,youcouldbewaitinganawfullylongtime.”Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.

Takethecontrolawayfromyouroffender.Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.“Insteadoffocusingonyourwoundedfeelings,learntolookforthelove,beautyandkindnessaroundyou,”Fredericsays.

Trytoseethingsfromtheotherperson’sperspective.Ifyouempathizewiththatperson,youmayrealizethatheorshewasactingoutofignorance,fear,evenlove.Togainperspective,youmaywanttowritealettertoyourselffromyouroffender’spointofview.

Recognizethebenefitsofforgiveness.Researchhasshownthatpeoplewhoforgivereportmoreenergy,betterappetiteandbettersleeppatterns.

Don’tforgettoforgiveyourself.“Forsomepeople,forgivingthemselvesisthebiggestchallenge,”Fredericsays.“Butitcanrobyouofyourself-confidenceifyoudon’tdoit.”

1.Forgivenessis（）

2.Whatdoes“wearandtear”mean?

3.WhichisNotthetechniqueofhealing?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.easytodo

B.noble

C.onlybeneficialtophysicalhealth

D.impossibletogetyourgrudgego

问题2选项

A.Damageresultingfromordinaryuse.

B.Energy.

C.Friction.

D.Moisture.

问题3选项

A.Inhaledeeply.

B.Mentallyreplayyourhurtoften.

C.Distractyourattention.

D.Thinkinanotherpointofview.

问题4选项

A.Thepersonwhohurtyouissuretomakeanapologytoyoulateron.

B.Youmaycondoneothers’wrongdoings.

C.Forgivenessdoesn’tequalobeyance.

D.Youshouldnegotiatewiththepersonwhoupsetyou.

问题5选项

A.Waystogetwellfromyourhurt.

B.Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.

C.Forgivenessbenefitstoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

D.AnintroductiontothebookForgiveforGood.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的第一句可知选项A错误；而divine与noble同义,所以选项B正确；根据第一段的最后一句“forgivenesscansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth”可知选项C错误；根据第一段的第二句“itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.”可知选项D也错误。所以本题选B。

2.语义题。damageresultingfromordinaryuse日常中的损伤；friction摩擦力；moisture水分,湿度。根据原文可知,这里指可以帮助我们减少器官的磨损。选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第六段的第二句“Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.”在心里重演你的伤痛,只会给予伤害你的人力量。所以选项B并不是治疗的好方法。

4.判断推理题。根据第五段的最后一句“forgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.”宽恕并不一定意味着与让你心烦的人和解,也不意味着宽恕他或她的行为。选项C符合原文。

5.主旨大意题。forgiveness为本文的关键词,再结合全文内容可知,本文主要是讲如何宽恕以及宽恕的益处。选项C更符合原文。其他选项都太片面。

6.填空题

Adebatehaseruptedwithinmedicineoverhowtoensurethatphysiciansmaintaintheirclinicalskillsthroughouttheircareers.TheAmericanBoardofInternalMedicine(ABIM)haslongrequiredinterniststopassMaintenanceofCertificationexamsevery10yearstokeeptheirboard-certifiedstatus.(71)Inresponse,theABIMannounceditwouldofferanewassessmentoptionstartinginJanuary2018,allowingdoctorstoberecertifiedthroughshorter,butmorefrequent,assessments.(72)Infact,itraisesacoupleofimportantquestions:Areassessmentseventhemosteffectivewaytoincentivizedoctorstokeepupwiththelatestmedicalknowledgeandnewtechnologies?Whydon’twedirectlymeasurephysicians’qualityofcareandpatientoutcomesastheygrowolder?

Whilethereissomeevidencethatphysicians’clinicalknowledge,adherencewithup-to-datestandardsofcare,andperformanceonprocessmeasuresmaywaneastheygetolder,littleisknownaboutwhetherandhowageimpactsphysicians’practiceandtheirpatientoutcomes.(73)Ontheotherhand,scientificknowledge,technology,andclinicalguidelineschangesoregularlythatkeepingupwiththemandincorporatingthemintoclinicalpracticecanbeoverwhelming.

AsthephysicianworkforceintheU.S.ages(approximatelyone-fifthofU.S.physiciansareover65yearsold,andthesizeofthegrouphasincreased27%since2005),itbecomesevenmoreimportanttounderstandhowphysicianagemightrelatetopatientoutcomes.(74)

Therelationshipbetweenphysicianageandpatientoutcomeshasnotbeenempiricallystudiedatalargescale.(75)Inourstudy,whichwasrecentlypublishedinTheBMJ,wefoundthatU.S.Medicarepatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansweremorelikelytodiewithin30daysofhospitalization,comparedwithpatientstreatedbyyoungerphysicians—unlesstheolderphysicianswereusedtotreatinglargenumbersofpatientseachyear.

A.Wefoundthatpatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansexperiencedstatisticallysignificantlyhighermortalityratesthanpatientscaredforbyyoungerphysicians.

B.Thiswouldhelpinformneweffortstoeducateolderphysiciansandimproveclinicaloutcomes.

C.However,thispolicyhasrecentlycomeunderscrutinyduetoitshighburdentodoctorsandthelackofsoundevidencethatrecertificationprocessesimprovedoctors’qualityofcare.

D.Ononehand,skillsandknowledgeareaccumulatedthroughexperienceandcanimprovequalityofcare.

E.Butit’snotclearthatthiswillmakemuchdifference.

F.Therefore,wedecidedtoinvestigatethisissuebyanalyzingtheoutcomesofhospitalizedMedicarepatientsandtheageoftheirtreatingphysicians.

【答案】71.C

72.E

73.D

74.B

75.F

【解析】【选项释义】

A.Wefoundthatpatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansexperiencedstatisticallysignificantlyhighermortalityratesthanpatientscaredforbyyoungerphysicians.A.我们发现，由年长的医生治疗的病人的死亡率在统计学上明显高于由年轻医生照顾的病人。

B.Thiswouldhelpinformneweffortstoeducateolderphysiciansandimproveclinicaloutcomes.B.这将有助于为教育年长医生和改善临床预后的新尝试提供信息。

C.However,thispolicyhasrecentlycomeunderscrutinyduetoitshighburdentodoctorsandthelackofsoundevidencethatrecertificationprocessesimprovedoctors’qualityofcare.C.然而，这一政策最近受到了审查，因为它给医生带来了很高的负担，而且缺乏合理的证据证明重新认证过程可以改善医生的护理质量。

D.Ononehand,skillsandknowledgeareaccumulatedthroughexperienceandcanimprovequalityofcare.D.一方面，技能和知识是通过经验积累的，可以提高护理质量。

E.Butit’snotclearthatthiswillmakemuchdifference.E.但目前还不清楚这是否会带来很大的变化。

F.Therefore,wedecidedtoinvestigatethisissuebyanalyzingtheoutcomesofhospitalizedMedicarepatientsandtheageoftheirtreatingphysicians.F.因此，我们决定通过分析住院的医疗保险病人的结果和他们主治医生的年龄来调查这个问题。

71.【考查点】上下文关联。

【解题思路】文章开头介绍了美国内科医学委员会要求内科医生每10年通过认证维护考试（MaintenanceofCertificationexams）这一政策，下文说到“将提供一种新的评估选项（newassessmentoption）”，由此可知空格处包含了一个转折的逻辑关系，说明原来的政策存在问题。C选项中的“However（然而）”表示转折，并且介绍了这一政策的问题在于“给医生带来了很高的负担（itshighburdentodoctors），而且缺乏合理的证据（thelackofsoundevidence）”。因此C选项“然而，这一政策最近受到了审查，因为它给医生带来了很高的负担，而且缺乏合理的证据证明重新认证过程可以改善医生的护理质量。”正确。

72.【考查点】上下文关联。

【解题思路】上文说到“将提供一种新的评估选项（newassessmentoption）”，下文又针对这种评估方法提出了几个重要的问题，由此可知空格处包含了一个转折的逻辑关系，说明新评估方法能否发挥作用还不确定，E选项中的“But（但是）”表示转折，同时“this（这个）”指代的是上文的“newassessment（新评估方法）”。因此E选项“但目前还不清楚这是否会带来很大的变化。”正确。

73.【考查点】上下文关联。

【解题思路】下文说到“另一方面（Ontheotherhand），科学知识、技术和临床指导方针变化如此频繁”，由此可知空格处讲的应该是其他的方面，D选项中的“Ononehand（一方面）”和下文的“Ontheotherhand（另一方面）”相对应。因此D选项“一方面，技能和知识是通过经验积累的，可以提高护理质量。”正确。

74.【考查点】上下文关联。

【解题思路】上文说到“了解医生的年龄（physicianage）与患者预后（patientoutcomes）之间的关系变得更加重要。”，由此可知空格处应该是介绍这一点的作用，B选项中的“This（这个）”指代的是上文的“了解医生的年龄（physicianage）与患者预后（patientoutcomes）之间的关系”，其作用是“为教育年长医生（olderphysicians）和改善临床预后（clinicaloutcomes）的新尝试提供信息”。因此B选项“这将有助于为教育年长医生和改善临床预后的新尝试提供信息。”正确。

75.【考查点】上下文关联。

【解题思路】上文说到“医生年龄和病人预后之间的关系尚未进行大规模的实证研究（hasnotbeenempiricallystudiedatalargescale）。”，指出了前人研究的不足之处，由此可知接下来应该是提出自己目前研究的目的或假设。因此F选项“因此，我们决定通过分析住院的医疗保险病人的预后和他们主治医生的年龄来调查这个问题。”正确。

7.单选题

Sincethesurfaceoftheholemustbestressfree,thestressinthe（

）oftheholemustbemodifiedfromtheuniaxialtension.

问题1选项

A.empty

B.vicinity

C.beleaguer

D.cavity

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。empty空的东西；vicinity附近，近处；beleaguer围攻；cavity腔，洞。

句意：因为孔的表面必须无压力，洞附近的压力必须从单轴拉伸进行修改。根据句意可知B项正确。

8.单选题

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat（）.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,（）.

3.Paragraph4pointsoutthattheincomeinthestatesectoris（）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromtheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinthatunions（）

5.WhatisJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystem?

问题1选项

A.JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

B.Teamstershaskeptgrowinginitsbodyofmembers

C.thenumberofunionistsinpublic-sectorhasincreased

D.thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

问题2选项

A.auniversitydegreeisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership

B.LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions

C.public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions

D.public-sectorunionsarehesitantintakingactions

问题3选项

A.fairlyadjusted

B.illegallysecured

C.indirectlyincreased

D.excessivelyincreased

问题4选项

A.oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B.maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

C.canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes

D.aredominantinthegovernment

问题5选项

A.Tolerance.

B.Disapproval.

C.Indifference.

D.Appreciation.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段第二句“WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员属于工会而现在是36%。而由最后两句“In2009