考研考博-英语-吉林师范大学博达学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吉林师范大学博达学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Intheearly1990svariousmeasureswere（

）toencouragesavings,stimulateinvestmentandmotivateworkereffort.

问题1选项

A.implemented

B.imparted

C.complimented

D.exploited

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。implement“实施，执行”；impart“给予”；compliment“恭维，称赞”；exploit“开发，开拓”。句意：二十世纪九十年代早期社会实施各种措施来鼓励存款，刺激投资以及激发工作的积极性。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericanssinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote,“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfetteredandunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself—Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil,starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.

OurnationalmythologyisfullofillustrationoftheAmericansuccessstory.There’sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillionseveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.

Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.

1.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?

2.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Para.1),theauthormeans（）.

3.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat（）.

5.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.t

B.Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.t

C.Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.t

D.Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.t

问题2选项

A.themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnst

B.laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryt

C.aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystept

D.acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardworkt

问题3选项

A.succeededinrealestateinvestmentt

B.earnedenormousfortunesbychancest

C.becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoort

D.becamefamousdespitetheirmodestoriginst

问题4选项

A.businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriaget

B.Americanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifet

C.goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccesst

D.successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildrent

问题5选项

A.TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.t

B.Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.t

C.TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.t

D.WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节推理题。题干意思是“在克雷夫科尔看来，美国梦的本质是什么？”。根据题干定位到文章第一段EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders（像克雷夫科尔这样的早期移民高度赞扬了在这片新土地上发现的自由和机会；他对一个任何人都可以通过诚实和勤奋获得成功的无阶级社会的热情洋溢的描述激发了许多欧洲读者的想象力），由此可知，在克雷夫科尔看来，这里的人只要诚实、努力工作就会获得成功的机会，而这种机会从根本上说是源自美国的自由；故D项“人们可以充分享受个人自由”符合题意。A项“人们可以自由地发展自己的想象力”，表述与原文不符合；B项“诚实和努力工作的人能成功”，表述太绝对；C项“人民从剥削和压迫中解放出来”这不属于克雷夫科尔的观点。因此，该题选择D项正确。

第2题:推理判断题。题干意思是“第一段作者通过说‘一个人的辛勤劳动所得到的回报与他的劳动进步是同等的’的意思是……”。题干的句子出现在文章第一段最后一句话Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.（在这片土地上，“一个人的辛勤劳动所得到的回报与他的劳动进步是同等的”，这一承诺吸引了来自欧洲的贫穷移民，并推动了国家向西部地区的扩张），结合上一句Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfetteredandunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself—Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil,starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.（我们都对一种不受束缚、不受约束的工业精神感到兴奋，因为每个人都为自己工作；我们没有为他们辛劳、挨饿和流血的君主；我们是现存于世界上最完美的社会）可知，题干的这句话的意思是一个人越勤奋得到的回报越多，故A项“一个人越勤奋，他的回报就越大”正确。B项“费力的工作确保了产业的发展”和C项“一个人的事业应该一步一步的发展”均不符合原文意思；D项“一个公司的成功取决于它的员工的努力工作”，文章没有提到公司。因此，该题选择A项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“阿尔杰小说中描述的人物是……”。根据题干定位到文章第二段第三句Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales（19世纪，年轻男孩小说作家阿尔杰凭借描写白手起家的故事成为美国畅销书作家）可知，阿尔杰小说中描述的人物是白手起家的，故C项“在开始贫穷的生活后变得富有”正确。A项“在房地产投资上很成功”不是描述阿尔杰小说的内容；B项“靠运气赚了巨大的财富”和D项“虽然出身卑微，却很出名”不正确。因此，该题选择C项正确。

第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从第二段的最后一句话可以推断出……”。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.（成功的神话甚至已经侵入了我们的人际关系：如今，在婚姻或为人父母方面取得“成功”与在事业上取得成功一样重要），由此可推断，美国人希望在婚姻、生活和事业等各方面都取得成功，故B项“美国人希望在生活的各个方面都成功”正确。A项“事业上的成功往往有助于一个成功的婚姻”和C项“良好的人际关系导致商业成功”，表述不准确；D项“成功的商人为他们的孩子提供良好的照顾”文章未提及。因此，该题选择B项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为美国文化的悖论是什么？”。根据文章最后一句Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.（这些身份差别的象征物一方面使我们坚信人人平等，另一方面我们又竭尽全力将自己和他人区分开来），由此可知美国人崇尚人人平等，但是又努力追求成功和地位，所以D项“美国人所追求的往往与他们的信仰相矛盾”表述正确。A项“美国的成功之路充满了噩梦”，原文是Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.（但是梦很容易变成噩梦），该项表述不准确；B项“地位的象征并不是一个人财富的真实指标”，最后一段指出Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.（在神话的压力下，我们沉迷于地位的象征：我们试图住在“正确”的社区，穿“正确”的衣服，吃“正确”的食物），可知文章并没有把地位和财富作比较；C项“美国梦只是一个空洞的梦”，文中没有这样表述。因此，该题选择D项正确。

3.单选题

Ifyourepeatedlyfindyourself_______oragreeingtorequestsyouarereluctanttofulfillandfeelingunhappyabout,youmightwanttolookatsomereasonswhyyousayyeswhenyouprefertosayno.

问题1选项

A.abstaining

B.acquiescing

C.accommodating

D.articulating

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“abstaining”意为“（投票时）弃权；回避；自制”；B选项“acquiescing”意为“默许；勉强同意”；C选项“accommodating”意为“容纳；使适应；供应；调解”；D选项“articulating”意为“清晰地发（音）；明确有力地表达；用关节连接；使相互连贯”。句意：如果你不断地发现自己默许或同意那些你不愿去满足或感到不开心的要求，你可能想看看为什么你在更想说不的时候却说“是”的原因。由题干可知，or是并列连词表选择，说明横线处与agreeing（同意）意思相近，acquiescing有默许，勉强同意的意思。因此B选项符合题意。

4.单选题

AyoungcoupleemigratedsometimeagofromGreecetoEnglandandwasinvitedtobecomeamemberofalocalclub.Afterafewweeks,manyEnglishwomenfeltthatthebehaviorsoftheGreekmakeseemedlikeacomeonthatmakethemfeeluncomfortable!AtthesametimemanyEnglishmenfeltthattheGreekfemaleistooforwardinshowingthatsheissexuallyavailable!Infactnothingofthesortwashappeningandthewholemisunderstandingwascausedbythedifferent“intimacyzones”betweenpeopleofdifferentcultures.Asallanimalbeings,humanbeingsalsohaveadefinedspacearoundtheirbodies,whichtheyconsiderasvitalandtheyprotectasifitweretheirprivateproperty.Thisspaceiscalled“intimacyzones”andonlypeoplewhoareemotionallyclosetothepersonareallowedtoenterthiszone.Thatincludesparents,husbandsandwives,children,relatives,loversandclosefriends.

Greekshavean“intimacyzones”of25cmandsometimesevenless,whilefortheEnglishpeoplethiszoneisextendedto45cm.ThetwoGreeksfeltquitecomfortableatadistanceof25-30cmfromtheothers,withoutknowingthatthisdistancewasconsideredbytheEnglishasan“invasion”oftheir“intimacyzones.”Moreover,thefactthatGreeksareusedtolookingattheirnewfriendsdirectlyintheeyeandoftentouchthemwhiletalkingmadeEnglishpeopleformthewrongimpressionandmisjudgedthem.EnglishpeopleconsideredharassmentwhattheGreekcoupleconsideredasatypicalsocialget-together!And,conversely,thetwoGreekswerethinkingthattheirnewEnglishfriendswererudeandcoldbecausetheyconstantlykeptmovingawayfromthemallthetime,tryingtomaintainasafedistance.

Psycho-geographicaltheorieshaveprovedthatMediterraneanpeopleandalltheinhabitantsofwarmclimatestendtoexpresstheirfeelingsinanextremelydemonstrativewayandusebodylanguagemoreoftenthanNorthernpeople,whoseculturewantsthemtoberestrainedandtoavoidgesturesandbodycontactwhiletalking.

Itseemsthatforthosewhotravelabroadthesafestruleisthat“WhenyouareinRome,doastheRomansdo”,evenifthatmeansthatyouhavetocontrolyourfriendlyattitudesoastoadjustyourbodylanguagetotheculturalstandardsofthecountrywhichyouarein.

1.TheGreekcoupleseemedto________.

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthe“intimacyzone”?

3.A.Anintimacyzoneof25-30cmisconsidered________.

4.Thesafestrulewhentravelingabroadisto________.

5.Thepassageismainlywrittento________.

问题1选项

A.getalongwellwiththelocalpeople

B.berejectedbythelocalpeoplefromthebeginning

C.bequiteunpopularwiththelocalpeople

D.gettiredofdealingwiththelocalpeople

问题2选项

A.Itisauniquehumancharacteristic.

B.Itreferstothespacepeoplelivein.

C.Itisconsideredpersonalandimportant.

D.Itcanbeusedtotellfriendsfromenemies.

问题3选项

A.acomfortabledistancebytheEnglish

B.acomfortabledistancebyGreeks

C.rudeandcoldbytheEnglish

D.rudeandcoldbyGreeks

问题4选项

A.usemorebodylanguage

B.showafriendlyattitude

C.avoidbodycontactduringaconversation

D.followtherulesofthehostcountry

问题5选项

A.offertraveltipstopeopletravelingabroad

B.explainwhyhumanshaveintimacyzones

C.stresstheroleofbodylanguageincommunication

D.analyzemisunderstandingcausedbyculturaldifferences

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句Afterafewweeks,manyEnglishwomenfeltthatthebehaviorsoftheGreekmakeseemedlikeacomeonthatmakethemfeeluncomfortable!AtthesametimemanyEnglishmenfeltthattheGreekfemaleistooforward（几个星期后，许多英国妇女觉得希腊人的行为似乎是一种挑逗，使她们感到不舒服！与此同时，许多英国男人觉得希腊女性表现得太过无礼），可知这对希腊夫妇不受当地人欢迎，所以C选项“不受当地人欢迎”正确，A选项“与当地人相处融洽”错误。B选项“从一开始就被当地人拒绝”：根据第一段第一句AyoungcoupleemigratedsometimeagofromGreecetoEnglandandwasinvitedtobecomeamemberofalocalclub.（一对年轻夫妇不久前从希腊移民到英国，并被邀请成为当地俱乐部的一员。），可知一开始这对希腊夫妇是被欢迎的，故错误。D选项“厌倦与当地人打交道”文中没有提到。因此C选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据第一段第五、六句Asallanimalbeings,humanbeingsalsohaveadefinedspacearoundtheirbodies,whichtheyconsiderasvitalandtheyprotectasifitweretheirprivateproperty.Thisspaceiscalled“intimacyzone”andonlypeoplewhoareemotionallyclosetothepersonareallowedtoenterthiszone.（作为动物，人类在自己的身体周围也有一个特定的空间，他们认为这是至关重要的，他们像保护自己的私有财产一样保护它。这个空间被称为“亲密区”，只有在情感上与对方亲近的人才可以进入这个区域。），可知所有动物都有“亲密区”，对人而言是身体周围的空间，“亲密区”很重要，且只对亲近的人开放，所以C选项“它被视为私人且重要”正确，A选项“这是人类独有的特点”和B选项“它指的是人们居住的空间”错误。D选项“它可以用来区分朋友和敌人”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句ThetwoGreeksfeltquitecomfortableatadistanceof25-30cmfromtheothers,withoutknowingthatthisdistancewasconsideredbytheEnglishasan“invasion”oftheir“intimacyzone.”（两名希腊人对彼此25-30厘米的距离感到很舒服，却不知道英国人会把这个距离视为对他们“亲密区”的“入侵”。），可知希腊人觉得25-30厘米的距离是舒服的，所以B选项“希腊人的舒适距离”正确，A选项“英国人的舒适距离”错误。C选项“英国人认为粗鲁和冷漠”和D选项“希腊人认为粗鲁和冷漠”；根据第二段最后一句And,conversely,thetwoGreekswerethinkingthattheirnewEnglishfriendswererudeandcoldbecausetheyconstantlykeptmovingawayfromthemallthetime,tryingtomaintainasafedistance.（相反，这两个希腊人认为他们的英国新朋友既粗鲁又冷漠，因为他们一直在远离他们，试图保持安全的距离。），可知这里指的是希腊人因为英国人在远离他们而觉得他们粗鲁和冷漠，跟25-30厘米的距离没有直接关系。因此B选项正确。

4.语义推测题。根据第四段Itseemsthatforthosewhotravelabroadthesafestruleisthat“WhenyouareinRome,doastheRomansdo”,evenifthatmeansthatyouhavetocontrolyourfriendlyattitudesoastoadjustyourbodylanguagetotheculturalstandardsofthecountrywhichyouarein.（看来，出国旅行最安全的规则是“入乡随俗”，即使这意味着你必须控制你的友好态度，把你的肢体语言调整到符合你所在国家的文化标准。），可知出国旅行按照所在国家的规则行事是最安全的，所以D选项“遵守东道国的规则”正确，A选项“多使用肢体语言”，B选项“表现出友好的态度”和C选项“谈话时避免身体接触”不符合题意。因此D选项正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章在第一段由希腊和英国的文化冲突引出“亲密区”的概念，第二段由“亲密区”的概念具体讲述英国和希腊的社交文化差异，第三段比较不同地域的人的文化差异，最后一段给出处理不同文化差异的建议，所以D选项“分析文化差异造成的误解”正确，A选项“为出国旅游的人提供旅游建议”，B选项“解释为什么人类有亲密地带”和C选项“强调肢体语言在交际中的作用”是文章的一部分，不能概括全文。因此D选项正确。

5.问答题

ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilderculturewasdeclining,perhapsbecauseofattacksfromothertribesorperhapsbecauseofsevereclimaticchangesthatunderminedagriculture.Tothewest,anotherculture,basedonintensiveagriculture,wasbeginningtoflourish.ItscenterwasbeneathpresentdaySt.Louis,anditradiatedouttoenclosemostoftheMississippiwatershed,fromWisconsintoLouisianaandOklahomatoTennessee.Thousandsofvillageswereincludedinitsorbit.ByaboutA.D.700thisMississippianculture,asitisknowntoarchaeologists,begantosenditsinfluenceeastwardtotransformthelifeofmostofthelesstechnologicallyadvancedwoodlandtribes.LiketheMoundBuildersoftheOhioregion,thesetribes,probablyinfluencedbyMeso-Americanculturesthroughtradeandcommerce,builtgiganticmoundsasburialandceremonialplaces.Thelargestofthem,risinginfourterracestoaheightofonehundredfeet,hasarectangularbaseofnearlyfifteenacres,largerthanthatoftheGreatPyramidofEgypt.BuiltbetweenA.D.900and1,100,thishugeearthworkfacesthesiteofacliffyIndiancitywhichcontainedmorethanonehundredsmallartificialmoundsmarkingburialsites.Spreadamongthemwasavastsettlementcontainingsome30,000peoplebycurrentestimations.ThefinelycraftedornamentsandtoolsrecoveredatCahokis,asthiscenterofMississippicultureiscalled,includeelaborateceramicsfinelysculptedstonework,carefullyembossedandengravedcopperandmicasheets,andonefuneralblanketfashionedfrom12,000shellbeads.TheyindicatethatCahokiawasatrueurbancenter,withclusteredhousing,markets,andspecialistsintool-making,hide-dressing,potting,jewelry-making,weaving,andsalt-making.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?

2.InrelationtotheMississippianculture,theMoundBuilderculturewaslocated（

）.

3.Fromthispassage,wecaninferthatMeso-Americancultureshadatraditionof（

）.

【答案】1.主旨大意题。文章以MoundBuilderculture开头，进而引出对MississippiCulture的介绍。

试题答案：

ThepassagemainlyintroducesthedevelopmentandachievementofMississippiCulture.

2.推理怕断题。由文章开头中的“ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilderculturewasdeclining...Tothewest,anotherculture”可知MoundBuilderculture位于东方。

试题答案：

intheeast

3.细节事实题。由文章中的“probablyinfluencedbyMeso-Americanculturesthroughtradeandcommerce”可推测Meso-Americancultures有商业贸易的传统。

试题答案：

tradeandcommerce

6.单选题

GiladShalit,anIsraelisoldierheldformorethanfiveyearsbyHamas,theIslamistPalestiniangroupthatrunsGaza,wasfreedinexchange（）1,027Palestinianprisoners.Thefirstbatchof477ofthemwasreleasedthisweek;theremainderareexpectedtobelet（）nextmonth.

问题1选项

A.for,out

B.for,off

C.of,out

D.of,off

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。inexchangefor“用……交换(物品间交换)”；inexchangeof“换取”；let(sb)off“宽恕，使爆炸/爆发”；let(sb)out“释放/放出，泄露，出租”。句意：吉拉德•沙利特，一名被管理加沙的巴勒斯坦伊斯兰组织哈马斯关押了5年多的以色列士兵，以交换1027名巴勒斯坦囚犯为条件后获释。其中的477人已于本周获释，其余的人预计将于下月获释。由题意可知第一空应该填inexchangeof，第二空应填letout，因此C选项正确。

7.问答题

We'dratherhavelongwaitsthan(A)noshiftingofthescenes,and(B)alltheactorson(C)thestagedoing(D)nothing.

【答案】试题答案：B;with

【解析】考查独立主格。with表示伴随状况，其结构为：with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。

8.翻译题

Winnershavedifferentpotentials.Achievementisnotthemostimportantthing.Authenticityis.Theauthenticpersonexperiencestherealityofhimselfbyknowinghimself,beinghimself,andbecominghimself.Heactualizedhisownunprecedenteduniqueness,andappreciatestheuniquenessofothers.

Awinnerisnotafraidtodohisownthinkingandtousehisownknowledge.Hecanseparatefactsfromopinionanddoesn’tpretendtohavealltheanswers.Helistenstoothers,evaluateswhattheysay,butcomestohisownconclusions.Whilehecanadmireandrespectotherpeople,heisnottotallydefined,demolished,boundorawedbythem.

【答案】

成功者的潜质各不相同，成就并不是最重要的，活得真实才是。一个真实的人通过了解自我，坚持自我，使自己成为值得信赖、乐于回应的人来体验真实的自我。它实现前所未有的独特的自我，同时也尊重他人的独特之处。

成功者不惧怕独立思考，也不惧怕独立运用知识，他能够区分哪些是事实，哪些是观点，同时并不宣称洞察一切。他倾听他人的意见，琢磨他人的话语，但是自行做出结论，他可以钦羡、尊重别人，可是他绝不为他人所局限，所束缚，不会对他们敬若神灵。

9.单选题

Itistruethatasasocialorganizationmovesfromthesimpletothecomplex,sodoestheorganizationthroughwhichiteducatesitschildren.Growthandchangearevitalifeducationistomeetnewneedsanddemands.Inaverysimplesocialorder,itmaysufficetohavetheparentscarryontheeducationoftheirchildren.However,aswillbeshownlaterinmoredetail,suchamethodmaybecomeentirelyuntenable（难维持的）,andspecialindividualsareentrustedwiththetask.Thesemaybehiredprivatelyfirst,butsoonthesocialgroup,thechurch,village,andthelikewillberesponsibleforeducation.Eventually,specialtrainingisrequiredforthosewhodotheteaching,andanagencytocontrolthistrainingisneeded.Thustheinfluenceofthelocalgovernmentunit,suchasthetown,township,andlaterthestateortheprovince,becomesnecessary.Itwasgenerallyconsideredsimplertouseasaunitthealreadyexistinglocalunit.

1.Theclosestrestatementofthefirstsentenceis（）

2.Thewriterwouldprobablyarguefor（）

3.Accordingtothepassage,thereasonwhythelocalgovernmentunitbecomesinfluentialisthat（）

4.Theauthorpromisestoexplain（）

5.Wemayinferfromthecontextthatthephrase“thetask”inLine6refersto（）

问题1选项

A.themorecomplexasocialorganizationbecomes,themorecomplextheeducationalsystembecomes

B.thecomplexityofasocialorganizationdependsonthecomplexityoftheeducationalsystem

C.socialorganizationsaretrulyascomplexastheyneedtobeforeducationalpurposes

D.oursocietymustbecomplexifwewantoureducationsystemtoserveourchildren’seducationalrequirements

问题2选项

A.moreparentalinfluenceineducation

B.aneducationalsystemwhichtakessocialcomplexityintoaccount

C.strictstatecontrolofeducation

D.morespecialtrainingforteachers

问题3选项

A.teachersbecometoopowerful

B.enrollmentincreases

C.aneedarisestocontroltheeducationofteachers

D.thechurchorvillagelackstheabilitytooverseeeducation

问题4选项

A.thenecessityofthelocalgovernmentalunit

B.whyitissimplertousethegovernmenttocontroleducation

C.theresponsibilityofthesocialgroup

D.whyparentsshouldnotteachtheirchildren

问题5选项

A.theeducationofchildren

B.thetrainingofteachers

C.thecontrolofeducation

D.theinfluenceofthelocalgovernmentunit

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。原文第一句话的意思是：当一个社会组织从简单走向复杂时,它教育孩子的组织也会从简单走向复杂。也就是说社会组织越复杂,教育系统就越复杂。选项A更符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据本文的第一句话可知,作者强调的是社会复杂性对教育的影响,所以教育系统应该考虑到社会复杂性,选项B符合原文。选项A表述错误,选项C和D不是作者主要讨论的话题。

3.判断推理题。根据本文的倒数二三句的内容“specialtrainingisrequired...becomesnecessary.”那些从事教学的人需要特殊的培训,需要一个机构来控制这种培训。因此,地方政府单位的影响是必要的。也就是说地方政府单位具有影响力的原因是需要对教师的教育进行控制。选项C符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据原文的最后一句“Itwasgenerallyconsideredsimplertouseasaunitthealreadyexistinglocalunit.”可以推断作者接下来应该会解释：为什么借用当地（政府）的力量会更简单。选项B正确。

5.判断推理题。根据原文的内容,（仅仅由父母来教育孩子）这一方法可能会难以维持下去,专业人员将会处理这一任务。由此推断,这个任务即上文提到的对孩子的教育,选项A正确。

10.单选题

Youinvestintheequitymarkettoprovideyourselfwithstreamoffuturedividendswhichwillhopefully_______inflation.

问题1选项

A.outpace

B.outface

C.outgrow

D.outlaw

【答案】A

【解析】outpace超过…速度,赶过;outface蔑视;outgrow出生,蜕变;outlaw将…放逐,宣布…不合法。句意：投资股票市场会给自己带来未来的红利，而且它将有望赶超通货膨胀。选项A符合句意。

11.单选题

Duringtheoilcrisisofthe1970s,manystates（

）speedlimitstoreducegasolineuse.

问题1选项

A.implanted

B.imposed

C.impaired

D.impressed

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。implant“种植；灌输”；impose“强加，征税”；impair“损害；削弱”；impress“盖印；给人留下印象”。句意：在1970石油危机期间，很多州强制限速来减少对石油的消耗。选项B符合题意。

12.单选题

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

问题1选项

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

问题2选项

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

问题3选项

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

问题4选项

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

问题5选项

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科学的日常实践中，发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路线。A项中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故A项正确。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科学发现过程中可能存在很多误解、错误和自欺。但这些只是可能性，不是科学发现过程的本质特点，故排除B项。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科学是如何进行的理想化状态中，关于世界的事实正等着被客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。”CD两项提到的都是理想化的特点，不是科学发现过程的真实特点，故排除。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键词credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.这就是可信度的过程，通过这个过程，个体研究者的我，在这里，现在变成了社区的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。客观知识是目标，不是起点。可知科学发现获得公众可信度的过程需要每个人的努力，故B项正确。ACD三项都是该过程的一个方面。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsabout