考研考博-英语-四川三河职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川三河职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Amanhastomake______forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.

问题1选项

A.supply

B.assurance

C.provision

D.adjustment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项supply“提供”；B项assurance“保证、保险”；C项provision“供应、准备”；D项adjustment“调整”；句意：一个人必须存下足够的钱来养老。因此该题C项正确。

2.单选题

Although,somestudentsgraduatefromhighschool,theyarevirtuallyilliterate_____writingabusinessletter.

问题1选项

A.intheeventof

B.inthelightof

C.incaseof

D.intermsof

【答案】D

【解析】短语搭配题。A选项intheeventof万一……发生；B选项inthelightof根据，按照；C选项incaseof万一，如果发生，假设；D选项intermsof关于，在……方面，就……而言。根据句意可知，尽管一些学生已经高中毕业，但他们在商务信函的写作方面几乎是一窍不通。因此，本题正确答案为D项。

3.单选题

Somepeoplecomplaindoctorsfor

toomanymedicinesforminorillnesses.

问题1选项

A.advising

B.delivering

C.ordering

D.prescribing

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。Advise“建议”；deliver“交付；递送”；order“命令”；prescribe“开药方”。句意：一些人抱怨医生总是给小病开很多药。选项D符合题意。

4.单选题

Medievalistsusuallydistinguishmedievalpubliclawfromprivatelaw:theformerwasconcernedwithgovernmentandmilitaryaffairsandthelatterwiththefamily,socialstatus,andlandtransactions.Examinationonmedievalwomen’slivesshowsthisdistinctiontobeoverlysimplistic.Althoughmedievalwomenwerelegallyexcludedfromrolesthatcategorizedaspublic,suchassoldier,justice,jurymember,orprofessionaladministrativeofficial,women’scontrolofland—usuallyconsideredaprivateordomesticphenomenon—hadimportantpoliticalimplicationsinthefeudalsystemofthirteenth-centuryEngland.Sincelandequaledwealthandwealthequaledpower,certainwomenexercisedinfluencebycontrollingland.Unlikeunmarriedwomenwhowerelegallysubjecttotheirguardiansormarriedwomenwhohadnolegalidentityseparatefromtheirhusbands,womenwhowerewidowshadautonomywithrespecttoacquiringordisposingofcertainproperty,suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts,andmakingwills.

Althoughfeudallandswerenormallytransferredthroughprimogeniture(theeldestsoninheritingall),whennosonssurvived,thesurvivingdaughtersinheritedequalsharesunderwhatwasknownaspartibleinheritance.Inadditiontocontrollinganysuchlandinheritedfromherparentsandanybridaldowry—propertyawomanbroughttothemarriagefromherownfamily—awidowwasentitledtouseofone-thirdofherlatehusband’slands.Called“dower”inEngland,thisgranthadgreaterlegalimportanceundercommonlawthandidthebridaldowry;nomarriagewaslegalunlessthegroomendowedthebridewiththispropertyattheweddingceremony.In1215MagnaCarta(ThecharterofEnglishpoliticalandcivillibertiesgrantedbyKingJohnatRunnymedeinJune1215)guaranteedawidow’srighttoclaimherdowerwithoutpayingafine;thisdocumentalsostrengthenedwidow’sabilitytocontrollandbyprohibitingforcedremarriage.After1272womencouldalsobenefitfromjointure:thegroomcouldagreetoholdpartorallofhislandsjointlywiththebride,sothatifonespousedied,theotherreceivedtheselands.

Sincemanywidowshadinheritancesaswellasdowers,widowswerefrequentlythefinancialheadsofthefamily;eventhoughlegaltheoryassumedthemaintenanceoftheprincipleofprimogeniture,theamountoflandthewidowcontrolledcouldexceedthatofhersonorofothermaleheirs.Anyonewhoheldfeudallandexercisedauthorityoverthepeopleattachedtotheland—knights,rentaltenants,andpeasants—andhadtohireestateadministrators,overseeaccounts,receiverents,protecttenantsfromoutsideencroachment,punishtenantsfornotpayingrents,appointprieststolocalparishes,andactasguardiansoftenants,childrenandexecutorsoftheirwills.Manymarriedwomenfulfilledthesedutiesasdeputiesforhusbandsawayatcourtoratwar,butwidowscouldactontheirownbehalf.Widow’slegalindependenceissuggestedbytheirfrequentappearanceinthirteenth-centuryEnglishlegalrecords.Moreover,thescopeoftheirsway(a:acontrollinginfluenceb:sovereignpower:DOMINIONc:theabilitytoexerciseinfluenceorauthority:DOMINANCE;synonymsseePOWER.)isindicatedbythefactthatsomecontrollednotmerelysingleestates,butmultiplecounties.

26.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

27.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemeaningoftheworld“sway”asitisusedinLine33ofthepassage?

28.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthefunctionofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

29.Accordingtoinformationinthepassage,awidowinearlythirteenth-centuryEnglandcouldcontrolmorelandthandidhereldestsonif（）.

30.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

问题1选项

A.Thetraditionalviewofmedievalwomenaslegallyexcludedfrommanypublicofficesfailstoconsiderthirteenth-centurywomeninEnglandwhowereexemptedfromsuchrestrictions.

B.Theeconomicindependenceofwomeninthirteenth-centuryEnglandwasprimarilydeterminednotbytheirmaritalstatus,butbytheirstatusasheirstotheirparents’estates.

C.Thelawsandcustomsofthefeudalsysteminthirteenth-centuryEnglandenabledsomewomentoexerciseacertainamountofpowerdespitetheirlegalexclusionfrommostpublicroles.

D.DuringthethirteenthcenturyinEngland,widowsgainedgreaterautonomyandlegalrightstotheirpropertythantheyhadhadinpreviouscenturies.

问题2选项

A.Vacillation.

B.Dominion.

C.Predisposition.

D.Inclination.

问题3选项

A.Providingexamplesofspecifichistoricaleventsassupportfortheconclusiondrawninthethirdparagraph.

B.Narratingasequenceofeventswhoseoutcomesdiscussedinthethirdparagraph.

C.Explaininghowcircumstancesdescribedinthefirstparagraphcouldhaveoccurred.

D.Describingtheeffectsofaneventmentionedinthefirstparagraph.

问题4选项

A.thewidowhadbeengrantedthecustomaryamountofdowerlandandtheeldestsoninheritedtherestoftheland

B.thewidowhadthreedaughtersinadditiontohereldestson

C.theprincipleofprimogeniturehadbeenappliedintransferringthelandsownedbythewidow’slatehusband

D.thecombinedamountoflandthewidowhadacquiredfromherownfamilyandfromdowerwasgreaterthantheamountinheritedbyherson

问题5选项

A.explainalegalcontroversyofthepastinlightofmodemtheory

B.evaluatetheeconomicandlegalstatusofaparticularhistoricalgroup

C.resolveascholarlydebateaboutlegalhistory

D.tracethehistoricaloriginsofamodemeconomicsituation

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】26.主旨目的题。全文多次出现关键词，Medievalists,law,women,浏览全文，主题句可定位到第一段第三句。“Althoughmedievalwomenwerelegallyexcludedfromrolesthatcategorizedaspublic,suchassoldier,justice,jurymember,orprofessionaladministrativeofficial,women’scontrolofland—usuallyconsideredaprivateordomesticphenomenon—hadimportantpoliticalimplicationsinthefeudalsystemofthirteenth-centuryEngland.（虽然中世纪妇女在法律上被排除在公共角色之外，如士兵、法官、陪审团成员或职业行政官员，但妇女对土地的控制——通常被认为是一种私人或家庭现象——在13世纪的英国封建制度中具有重要的政治含义。）”由此得出本题答案。

27.

语义题。根据题干关键词sway定位到原文最后一段最后一句。“Moreover,thescopeoftheirsway(a:acontrollinginfluenceb:sovereignpower:DOMINIONc:theabilitytoexerciseinfluenceorauthority:DOMINANCE;synonymsseePOWER.)isindicatedbythefactthatsomecontrollednotmerelysingleestates,butmultiplecounties.”后面括号中的内容是对其的解释说明，括号中提到influence,power,authority，那么sway的意思则应与这些词相近。选项中dominion意为“主权，统治权”符合要求，从而得出本题答案。

28.

细节事实题。根据题干定位第二段。原文第一段最后一句“Unlikeunmarriedwomenwhowerelegallysubjecttotheirguardiansormarriedwomenwhohadnolegalidentityseparatefromtheirhusbands,womenwhowerewidowshadautonomywithrespecttoacquiringordisposingofcertainproperty,suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts,andmakingwills.”提到了widows（寡妇）如何分得财产，包括suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts和makingwills三种情境，第二段就是围绕着这几种情境来具体描述解释相关的法律规定。从而得出本题答案。

29.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词widow,controlmoreland,hereldestson可定位到原文第二段。根据“thesurvivingdaughtersinheritedequalsharesunderwhatwasknownaspartibleinheritance.”“propertyawomanbroughttothemarriagefromherownfamily”“awidowwasentitledtouseofone-thirdofherlatehusband’slands.”即可得出本题答案。

30.主旨目的题。本文讨论的话题背景时期为thirteenth-centuryEngland，与选项B中的aparticularhistoricalgroup对应；原文第一段第四句提到那段特定历史时期是landequaledwealthandwealthequaledpower与选项B中的theeconomicandlegalstatus对应。从而得出本题答案。

5.单选题

Humanmemoryisnotoriouslyunreliable.Evenpeoplewiththesharpestfacial-recognitionskillscanonlyremembersomuch.

It’stoughtoquantifyhowgoodapersonisatremembering.Noonereallyknowshowmanydifferentfacessomeonecanrecall,forexample,butvariousestimatestendtohoverinthethousands—basedonthenumberofacquaintancesapersonmighthave.

Machinesaren’tlimitedthisway.Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision.Thisskilliswhatsupportstheenormouspromiseoffacial-recognitionsoftwareinthe21stcentury.It’salsowhatmakescontemporarysurveillancesystemssoscary.

Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition.Andscientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandwhatthoseconstraintsare.Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace—andtestedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithms(算法)astheyscaledupincomplexity.Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch.

Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard.Algorithmsthatwereright95%ofthetimewhentheyweredealingwitha13,000-imagedatabase,forexample,wereaccurateabout70%ofthetimewhenconfrontedwith1millionimages.That’sstillprettygood,saysoneoftheresearchers,IraKemelmacher-Shlizerman.“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid.

Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike—eitherdoppelgangers(长相极相似的人),whomthemachinewouldhavetroubleidentifyingastwoseparatepeople,orthesamepersonwhoappearedindifferentphotosatdifferentagesorindifferentlighting,whomthemachinewouldincorrectlyviewasseparatepeople.

“Oncewescaleup,algorithmsmustbesensitivetotinychangesinidentitiesandatthesametimeinvarianttolighting,pose,age,”Kemelmacher-Shlizermansaid.

Thetroubleis,formanyoftheresearcherswho’dliketodesignsystemstoaddressthesechallenges,massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers.TrainingsetsliketheonesGoogleandFacebookhaveareprivate.Therearenopublicdatabasesthatcontainmillionsoffaces.MegaFace’screatorssayit’sthelargestpubliclyavailablefacial-recognitiondatasetoutthere.

“Anultimatefacerecognitionalgorithmshouldperformwithbillionsofpeopleinadataset,”theresearcherswrote.

11.Comparedwithhumanmemory,machinescan_____.

12.WhydidresearcherscreateMegaFace?

13.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutmachineaccuracy?

14.Whatissaidtobeashortcoming-offacial-recognitionmachines?

15.Whatisthedifficultyconfrontingresearchersoffacial-recognitionmachines?

问题1选项

A.identifyhumanfacesmoreefficiently

B.tellafriendfromamereacquaintance

C.storeanunlimitednumberofhumanfaces

D.perceiveimagesinvisibletothehumaneye

问题2选项

A.Toenlargethevolumeofthefacial-recognitiondatabase.

B.Toincreasethevarietyoffacial-recognitionsoftware.

C.Tounderstandcomputers’problemswithfacialrecognition.

D.Toreducethecomplexityoffacial-recognitionalgorithms.

问题3选项

A.Itfallsshortofresearchers’expectations.

B.Itimproveswithaddedcomputingpower.

C.Itvariesgreatlywithdifferentalgorithms.

D.Itdecreasesasthedatabasesizeincreases.

问题4选项

A.Theycannoteasilytellapartpeoplewithnear-identicalappearances.

B.Theyhavedifficultyidentifyingchangesinfacialexpressions.

C.Theyarenotsensitivetominutechangesinpeople’smood.

D.Theyhaveproblemsdistinguishingpeopleofthesameage.

问题5选项

A.Nocomputerisyetabletohandlehugedatasetsofhumanfaces.

B.Theredonotexistpublicdatabaseswithsufficientfacesamples.

C.Therearenoappropriatealgorithmstoprocessthefacesamples.

D.Theyhavetroubleconvertingfacedatasetsintotherightformat.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】11.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第二句话Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision“给计算机一个庞大的人脸数据库，它就可以处理它看到的东西，然后以惊人的速度和精度识别出它被要求寻找的人脸”，从这里可知答案选A选项“更有效地识别人脸”。

B选项“把朋友和仅仅相识的人区别开来”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“存储无限数量的人脸”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“感知人眼看不见的图像”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

12.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第四段第一、三句话Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition…Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace“问题是，机器在人脸识别方面仍然有局限性……为了弄清楚电脑是如何挣扎的，华盛顿大学的研究人员创建了一个巨大的人脸数据库——他们称之为MegaFace”，由此可知答案选C选项“为了解计算机在面部识别方面的问题”。

A选项“以扩大人脸识别数据库的容量”，定位到第四段最后一句Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch“他们的想法是在一个数据库上测试机器，该数据库包括近70万人的100万张不同的图像，而不仅仅是一个拥有相对较少不同面孔的大型数据库，这与其他研究中使用的更一致”，这里没有说建立数据库的目的是为了扩大数据库，这里属于出处错误；

B选项“以增加面部识别软件的多样性”，文章没有提及；

D选项“以降低人脸识别算法的复杂性”，定位到第四段第三句…testedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithmsastheyscaledupincomplexity“……测试了多种面部识别算法，随着其复杂性的增大”，由此可知这是探究机器在人脸识别时会遇到什么问题的步骤不是创造MegaFace的原因，这里属于曲解原文，所以不选。

13.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第五段第一句话Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard“随着数据库的增长，机器的准确性全面下降”，由此可知答案选D选项“它随着数据库大小的增加而减少。”

A选项“它没有达到研究人员的预期”，定位到第五段最后一句话“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid（“比我们预期的要好得多，”她说。），由此可知A选项错误，属于反向干扰；

B选项文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

C选项文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。

14.推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第六段第一句话Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike…“机器也很难适应长得很像的人……”，这里运用拟人的手法把机器比做人，暗指其实机器区别不了长得很像的人，所以答案选A选项“他们很难区分长相几乎相同的人”。

B选项“他们很难识别面部表情的变化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

C选项“他们对人们情绪的细微变化不敏感”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

D选项“他们在区分同龄人方面有困难”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。

15.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第二段第一句Thetroubleis…massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers“问题是……用于实验的大规模数据根本不存在——至少，不存在学术研究人员可以访问的格式”，由此可知答案选B选项“没有拥有足够的人脸样本的公共数据库”。

A选项“目前还没有能够处理巨大的人脸数据的电脑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

C选项“没有合适处理人脸样本的算法”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

D选项“他们在将人脸数据转换成正确格式时遇到了困难”，见正确选项解析，这里说的是研究人员不能够访问的格式并不是说在格式转换方面存在问题，所以D选项不选，属于曲意理解。

6.单选题

Whydoesavegetarianrestaurantmakeitsdishesresemblemeatineverywayexcept（）?

问题1选项

A.ingredients

B.elements

C.components

D.compounds

【答案】A

【解析】近义词辨析。ingredients材料，成分；elements基础，原理，元素；components（机器的）组件,部件；compounds（化学类的）合成物。句意：为什么素食餐厅的菜肴除了配料外其他各方面都像肉？选项A符合句意。

7.单选题

The（）oftheapartmenttohisofficewasanadvantageonrainydays.

问题1选项

A.vicinity

B.neighborhood

C.surroundings

D.confines

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A:vicinity“附近，邻近；附近地区”；B:neighborhood“地区；某地区的人”；C:surroundings“（周围的）环境［事物］；环境”；D:confines“境界；限度；范围”。句意：这公寓离他的办公室很近，在雨天时是一大优势。根据语境可知A为正确答案。

8.单选题

Aviolentthunderstormwas（）asdarkcloudswerecollectingoverhead.

问题1选项

A.eminent

B.imminent

C.instantaneous

D.simultaneous

【答案】B

【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即将来临的；instantaneous即时的；simultaneous同时的。句意：当乌云在头顶聚集时,一场暴风雨即将到来。选项B符合句意。

9.单选题

Whenyoutakemedicine,becarefulnotto___thatamountprintedonthebottle.

问题1选项

A.exceed

B.substitute

C.exert

D.surpass

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项exceed“超过；胜过（超过什么数量或者超过法律、命令等的限制）”；B选项substitute“替代”；C选项exert“运用，发挥；施以影响”；D选项surpass“超越（比某人或某事物做得更好）；胜过，优于；非……所能办到或理解”。句意：当你服药时，注意不要___瓶子上印着的量。本句表达“超过印的数量”，因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

Childrenmaynotenjoytoeatsweetsafteramealsomuchasatothertimes,butitishealthier

A

B

C

forthemtodoso.

D

问题1选项

A.toeat

B.somuchas

C.at

D.todo

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。enjoydoingsth.意为“喜欢做某事”。

试题答案：A;eating

11.单选题

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholders.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbossespaytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance.

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.

Inshort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage一whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

1.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

2.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggest?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

问题1选项

A.Todiversifythebusinessofcorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

问题2选项

A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.

B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.

C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.

D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms.

问题3选项

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

问题4选项

A.Doubtful.

B.Optimistic.

C.Positive.

D.Approving.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?1.大企业把外来者招进董事会的目的是什么？

A.Todiversifythebusinessofcorporation.A.使公司业务多样化。

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.B.加强高级管理人员与董事会之间的合作。

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.C.对企业管理进行有效改革。

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.D.保护股东利益。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第一段的内容“美国公司一直在努力寻找方法来阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价来牟取私利。最受欢迎的三项改革是：招募更多的外部董事以使董事会更加独立……”，可知，招募外来者进董事会的目的是阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价来牟取私利，即保护股东的利益，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“使公司业务多样化”是韦斯特法尔的研究发现，与题干无关，属于张冠李戴；

B项“加强高级管理人员与董事会之间的合作”根据解题思路可知，该项曲解原文；

C项“对企业管理进行有效改革”，根据第二段最后两句“但这些改革真的有效吗？本周在波士顿召开的管理学会年会上提交的三篇论文表明，答案是否定的。”可知，把外来者招进董事会的这种改革是没有作用的，该项属于反向干扰。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggest?2.詹姆斯•韦斯特法尔教授的研究表明了什么？

A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.A.董事会改革未能达到预期效果。

B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.B.外部董事往往更独立。

C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.C.在董事会里挤满了局外人的情况下，高级经理们工作起来会更加认真。

D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms.D.高层管理人员和董事会之间的合作受到了改革的影响。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词ProfessorJamesWestphal定位到第三段，最后一句提到“JamesWestphal教授发现董事会里全是外部人士的老板们花了很多时间来建立联盟，牟取私利，以及取悦外部人士”，潜在意思是说，董事会改革并没有达到预期效果。选项A符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

B项“外部董事往往更独立”和D项“高层管理人员和董事会之间的合作受到了改革的影响”没有体现，属于无中生有；

C项“在董事会里挤满了局外人的情况下，高级经理们工作起来会更加认真”，根据第三段第二和第三句“从表面上，将老板的心腹赶出董事会，并由外部人士取代他们，似乎是让高级管理人员更负责任的完美方法。但这并不是JamesWestphal教授的一项研究的结论。”可知，该项并不是詹姆斯•韦斯特法尔教授的研究结果，该项属于反向干扰。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?3.下列哪一项是正确的？

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.A.一般来说，公司高管们的高薪是值得的。

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.B.公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比。

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.C.公司高管们往往利用他们的职位来牟利。

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.D.公司高管的业绩对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句“董事会里全是外部人士的老板们花了很多时间来建立联盟，牟取私利，以及取悦外部人士”可推断，公司高管利用自己的职位之便来取悦外部人士，以牟取私利，C项“公司高管们往往利用他们的职位来牟利”符合题意。故该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“一般来说，公司高管们的高薪是值得的”，根据第四段最后一句“这类公司将业务多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬与业绩之间的联系（increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance）”可知，董事会改革削弱了薪酬和业绩之间的关系，虽然高管薪酬增加了，但可以推断，高管并不值得这么高的薪酬，该项属于反向干扰；

B项“公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比”，原文中没有提到公司利润和公司高管收入的比较，属于无中生有；

D项“公司高管的业绩对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响”文中也没有提到，无中生有。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?4.作者如何看待控制高级管理人员的努力？

A.Doubtful.A.怀疑的。

B.Optimistic.B.乐观的。

C.Positive.C.积极的。

D.Approving.D.赞许的。

【考查点】观点态度题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，作者所述的三项改革举措并未收到预期的效果，反而适得其反，事与愿违，由此我们可以判断作者对其最终的结果显然持怀疑的态度，所以A项“怀疑的”正确。

【干扰项排除】B项“乐观的”、C项“积极的”和D项“赞许的”根据解题思路可知，属于反向干扰。

12.单选题

Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe（）us,Ithinkit’shightimewe（）strongactionsagainsthim.

问题1选项

A.betrayed...take

B.hadbetrayed...took

C.hasbetrayed...took

D.hasbetrayed...take

【答案】B

【解析】语法题——考查过去完成时态。Itis/wasthefirsttimethat+完成时表示这是第一次做某事，在这句话中，用完成时主要是为了强调表示过去的某一个动作或行为的影响，所以必须用完成时态。而本句的谓语动词为“was”，所以该动作是发生在过去的过去，要使用过去完成时态。it’shightime后面接虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式，可排除A、D项。句意：这已经不是他第一次背叛我们了，我想是时候对他采取强硬行动了。因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Asanimportant（）forouremotionsandideas,musiccanplayahugeroleinourlife.

问题1选项

A.vessel

B.vest

C.venture

D.vehicle

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项vessel“船，器皿”，B项vest“背心，汗衫”，C项venture“冒险旅行”，D项vehicle“车辆，交通工具，运载工具”。后文提到“音乐在生活中发挥重要作用”，根据前文的ouremotionandideas（我们的情感和思想）可知空格处表示“载体”。句意：作为情感和思想的重要载体，音乐在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色。因此，该题D项正确。

14.单选题

Insomeculturestheessenceofmagicisitstraditionalintegrity;itcanbeefficientonlyifithasbeen（）withoutlossfromprimevaltimestothepresentpractitioner.

问题1选项

A.conventionalized

B.manipulated

C.transmitted

D.aggrandized

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项conventionalized“使习俗化；使样式化”；B选项manipulated“操作”；C选项transmitted“传输；传送”；D选项aggrandize“增加；夸大；强化”。句意：在一些文化中，魔术的精华是它传统的完整性；只有当它从古代到今天都完整地传递下来时它才有效果。因此C选项正确。

15.单选题

It’snogood______him.Heisalwaysindifferenttowardsothers’matters.

问题1选项

A.toturnto

B.turningto

C.turnto

D.turnedto

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.toturnto求助于B.turningto求助于

C.turnto求助于D.turnedto求助于

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】由nogood可知，it’snogooddoingsth.是固定搭配，表示“做某事是没用的”，故该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合固定搭配。

【句意】求助于他是没有用的。他对别人的事总是漠不关心。

16.单选题

ContrarytothesuggestionmadelastweekbyEliotSpitzer,theNewYorkStateattorneyGeneral,long-termmutualfundinvestorsarenotsignificantlyworseoffbecauseofshort-termtradingbymarkertimers.Buttradinginforeignstockmutualfundsconstitutesamajorexceptiontothisgeneralrule.

Spitzer’scommentscameonWednesday,whenhesaidthatsomefundcompanieshadallowedfavoredclientstobuyorselltheirfundsafterthestockmarketclose.Notonlywouldthisbeillegal,butitwouldalsoviolateinvestors’trustthatmutual,fundsputtheindividualandinstitutionalinvestorsonanequalfooting.

Mr.Spitzerannouncedthathehadreacheda$40millionsettlementwithEdwardJ.Stemandhishedgefund,CanaryCapitalPartners,whichdidnotadmitwrongdoing.Theattorneygeneralsaidfurtherinvestigationsofthemutualfundindustrywereunderway.

Hedidnotallegethatmarkettimingfrequentswitchingbetweenfundsandcash,generallytosidestepmarketdeclineswasitselfillegal.Buthehintedthatbecausemarkettimingsometimeshadadetrimentaleffectonlongtermfundinvestors,fundsmighthaveviolatedtheirfiduciaryresponsibilitiestoshareholdersbyallowingit.

Itiseasytounderstandhowthismaybeso.Thelargecashflowsthatresultfrommarkettimers’frequenttradingcanleadtosignificanttransactioncosts,whicharebornebyallshareholders,notjustbythetradersthemselves.

Thisiswhy,accordingtoJeffreyC.Keil,avicepresidentatLipperInc.almostallfundsincludelanguageintheirprospectusesreservingtherighttorejectsharepurchasefrominvestorsdeemedtobemarkettimers.Inpractice,however,accordingtoKeil,fewfundsactuallyprohibitsomeonefrominvestinginthem,thoughmanyimposefeesthatdiscourageshort-termtrading.

Onereasonthatfewfundscompletelyclosethedoortomarkettimersmaybethatthecostsimposedbymarkettimersinmostcasesareinsignific