考研考博-英语-四川信息职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川信息职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

(1)Aswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease.Andespeciallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.Thelineofthoughtinvolvedinthisshiftcanbepursuedfurther.Imagineapersonwhoisabouttherightweight,butdoesnoteatverynutritious(有影响的)foods,whofeelsOKbutexercisesonlyoccasionally,whogoestoworkeveryday,butisnotanoutstandingworker,whodrinksafewbeersathomemostnightsbutdoesnotdrivewhiledrunk,andwhohasnochestpainsorabnormalbloodcounts,butsleepsalotandoftenfeelstired.(2)Thispersonisnotill.Hemaynotevenbeatriskforanyparticulardisease.Butwecanimaginethatthispersoncouldbealothealthier.

(3)Thefieldofmedicinehasnottraditionallydistinguishedbetweensomeonewhoismerely“notill”andsomeonewhoisinexcellenthealthandpaysattentiontothebody’sspecialneeds.Bothtypeshavesimplybeencalled“well”.Inrecentyears,however,somehealthspecialistshavebeguntoapplytheterms“well”and“wellness”onlytothosewhoareactivelystrivingtomaintainandimprovetheirhealth.(4)Peoplewhoarewellareconcernedwithnutritionandexercise,andtheymakeapointofmonitoringtheirbody’scondition.Mostimportant,perhaps,peoplewhoarewelltakeactiveresponsibilityforallmattersrelatedtotheirhealth.Evenpeoplewhohaveaphysicaldiseaseorhandicap(缺陷)maybe“well”,inthisnewsense,iftheymakeanefforttomaintainthebestpossiblehealththeycaninthefaceoftheirphysicallimitations.“Wellness”mayperhapsbestbeviewednotasastatethatpeoplecanachieve,butasanidealthatpeoplecanstrivefor.Peoplewhoarewellarelikelytobebetterabletoresistdiseaseandtofightdiseasewhenitstrikes.(5)Andbyfocusingattentiononhealthywaysofliving,theconceptofwellnesscanhaveabeneficialimpactonthewaysinwhichpeoplefacethechallengesofdailylife.

【答案】1.正如我们所见，如今社会医疗保健的重点已从治疗疾病转向预防疾病。

2.这个人没有生病，甚至可能没有患上任何特定疾病的风险，但是我们可以想象他可以更健康。

3.传统上，医学并没有区分那些仅仅是“没有生病”的人和那些身体非常健康并且注意身体特殊需求的人。

4.健康的人注意营养和运动，他们非常重视关注自身的身体状况。

5.通过关注健康的生活方式和概念可以对人们面对日常生活挑战的方式产生积极影响。

2.单选题

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butonepopularformcontinuestothrive:thatisalphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatthecarsofataxifirmcalledAAAAhaveabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomerslookthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbothasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentsandvice-presidentshavesurnamesstartingwithBandCseparatelyand26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffet,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.SoshortsightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisseldomaskedtheimprovingquestionsbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendeesalltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

11.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

12.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

13.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat_____.

14.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ’’?

15.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.Atypeofconspicuousbias.

B.Akindofoverlookedinequality.

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination.

问题2选项

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareimportanttosuccess.

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

C.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

D.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

问题3选项

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

D.teachersshouldpayequalattentiontoalltheirstudents

问题4选项

A.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

B.Theyaregettingimpatient.

C.Theyfeelinghumiliated.

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

问题5选项

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

B.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.

C.VIPsinthewesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalunfairness.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】11.推理判断题，定位到文章一二句也是文章的中心句Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butonepopularformcontinuestothrive:thatisalphabetism.“在过去的一个世纪里，各种不公平和歧视都受到谴责或被定为非法。但有一种流行的形式仍在蓬勃发展，那就是字母排序”这是文章的主旨句，说的是虽然这个社会反对歧视但是有种歧视却被人忽略了，那就是字母顺序歧视。第二段主要是举例说明这种歧视，所以答案选B“一种被忽视的不平等”；

A选项“一种明显的偏见”，文章没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项“一种个人偏见”，文章没有提到，属于无中生有；

D选项“一种品牌歧视”，文章没有提到，属于无中生有。

12.主旨大意题，分析文章前三段的行文结构，文章是总分结构，第一段提出生活中有种歧视被我们忽视了，那就是“字母顺序歧视”这一观点，第二三段都是在举例，说明这种现象不是凭空捏造而是真实存在着的，所以答案选C选项“某种形式的歧视太微妙而无法识别”；

A选项“在东方和西方，名字对成功都很重要”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项“ZoeZysman的失败要归咎于字母表”定位到第二段第二句LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbothasinlifeoverZoeZysman.（不太为人所知的是，亚当•阿伯特(AdamAbbot)在生活中比佐伊•兹斯曼(ZoeZysman)有优势）从这里可以看出名字的字母顺序只是让排在名字字母前面的人比排在后面的人有优势而已，不能把叫ZoeZysman的人的失败全部归结于字母，这里属于理解过度；

D选项“顾客经常很注意公司的名字”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

13.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第四段第一句Canthismerelybecoincidence?“这仅仅是巧合吗？”，从这个反问句就可以看出作者认为名字字母靠后的学生难以获得成就并非巧合，第二步，寻找上下文线索，第四段描述的是一个作者的推想，就是那些字母排在后面的人小时候因为老师为了省事所以按照名字字母顺序被排在了后面，结果因为老师的忽略没有发现某些名字字母排后面的学生有近视，坐后面就导致每次问问题也轮不到他，所以他错过了很多成长的机会，然而还觉得幸好没有叫到我，从这里就可以知道作者其实是通过摆事实的手法来建议教师不应该这么简单粗暴地通过名字字母来排座位，应该一视同仁，所以D选项“教师应该对所有的学生给予同等的关注”正确；

A选项“问题经常被问给更聪明的学生”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项“字母顺序不好的学生经常逃课”文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“学生应根据自己的视力选择座位”，文章讲述这件事情是希望老师最好不要因为方便自己记忆而按照字母顺序排座位，而是希望按照学生的实际情况来排座位，也就是希望老师多多关注学生，而不是让学生自己排座位，所以C选项错误，属于张冠李戴。

14.判断推理题，定位到第五段第二句话Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.“在大学毕业典礼上，ABC是名字首字母的学生自豪地第一个获奖；当轮到Zysmans同学的时候，（）。”文章前面连接的信息是名字以ABC字母开头的人很早就拿到首先就很骄傲的拿到了自己的毕业证，但是名字是Zysmans的人可能因为等待的时间太久了已经睡着了，所以答案选A选项“他们鼾声大作”；

B选项“他们开始不耐烦了”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“他们感到羞辱”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“他们忙于字谜”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

15.判断推理题，由文章第四段可知老师会按照字母顺序排位置，没有人会觉得不合理，但是在不知不觉中对那些字母顺序在后面的人造成了一种危害，所以答案选D。

A选项定位到第二段第二句LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbothasinlifeoverZoeZysman.（不太为人所知的是，亚当•阿伯特(AdamAbbot)在生活中比佐伊•兹斯曼(ZoeZysman)有优势）从这里可知名字字母排前面的人只是相对排后面的人有优势，并没有说到名字字母排后面的人受到了不好的对待，A选项属于无中生有；

文章没有提到该怎么纠正这种鲜为人知的歧视，所以也无从知道纠正这件事是不是任重道远，属于无中生有，所以B选项不选；

C选项定位到文章第三段，文章第三段只是说西方重要人士的字母排在前面以此来佐证字母歧视是存在的，但是没有说这些人因为名字字母顺序排在前面得到了多少优势，所以C选项属于过度解读。

3.单选题

NewYorkprobablyhasthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguage（）intheworld.

问题1选项

A.neighborhoods

B.communities

C.clusters

D.assemblies

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项neighborhood“街坊，街区”，B项community“社区，共同体，团体”，C项cluster“群，簇”，D项assembly“装配，集合”；根据空格前面的differentlanguage（不同的语言），结合句子的语境，只有B项符合。句意：纽约可能是世界上不同语言社区数量最多的城市。因此，该题选择B项正确。

4.单选题

Ourjourneywasslowbecausethetrainstopped（

）atdifferentvillages.

问题1选项

A.constantly

B.continually

C.continuously

D.gradually

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项constantly“不断地，时常地”，侧重于事件发生的稳定性和持续性以及经久不变的状态；B选项continually“不停地，持续地，频繁地”，侧重于一段时间内多次发生、时断时续或中断时间很短而又接连发生的状态；C选项continuously“连续不断地”，侧重在时间、物质或广度上没有间断的；D选项gradually“逐步地，渐渐地”。由“我们的行程很慢，因为火车_____在不同的村中停靠”可知这种停靠是在“我们的行程中”发生的，是在一段时间内发生的，因此B选项符合语境。句意：我们的行程很慢，因为火车频繁地在不同的村中停靠。

5.单选题

Becauseitwasverycontagious,everyoneinthefamilywasverymuchworried.

问题1选项

A.superfluous

B.paternal

C.infectious

D.sanitary

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。contagious表示“感染性的，会蔓延的”；A项superfluous“多余的，不必要的，奢侈的”，B项paternal“父亲的，得自父亲的”，C项infectious“传染的，传染性的”，D项sanitary“卫生的，清洁的”。句意：因为它的传染性很强，家里的每个人都很担心。根据句意可知，C项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择C项正确。

6.单选题

MyfriendPaulwasbadlytakeninwhenhepaid$1000forthatsecond-handcar,itwasnotworth（）

问题1选项

A.thatallmuch

B.allthatmuch

C.thatmuchall

D.muchallthat

【答案】B

【解析】考查修饰语。thatmuch通常用于口语中，用all修饰，进一步加强语气。所以本题选B。

7.单选题

Themorningnewssaysaschoolbus（

）withatrainatthejunctionandagroupofpolicemenweresentthereimmediately.

问题1选项

A.crashed

B.collided

C.bumped

D.struck

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。crash“坠毁、撞坏”；collide“碰撞、抵触、冲突”，常与with搭配；bump“碰撞、撞击”，常与into连用；strike“打击、罢工、猛击”。句意：据新闻报道，一辆校车在交叉路口与一列火车相撞，警察立即抵达事故现场。B项能与with搭配，故答案B

8.单选题

Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeorfourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thus,amostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.

Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-day“outlook”whichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelwhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,frontsandstorms.

Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellites,enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.

1.OnecharacteristicofweathermapsNOTmentionedbytheauthorinthispassageis（

）.

2.The30-dayforecastisdeterminedbyexamining

（

）.

3.Theobservationofweatherconditionsbysatellitesisadvantageousbecauseit

（

）.

4.Atthepresenttime,experimentsarebeingconductedin（

）.

5.Aweathermapissynopticbecauseit（

）.

问题1选项

A.fronts

B.changesintemperature

C.frost

D.windspeed

问题2选项

A.dailyweathermaps

B.upperairlevels

C.satellitereports

D.changingfronts

问题3选项

A.ismodernandprofitableforthecompaniesinvolved

B.useselectronicinstrumentstomeasuretheweatheronadailybasis

C.enablesmantoeasilyaltertheweathertohisadvantageandprofit

D.givesthescientistsinformationnotobtainedreadilyotherwise

问题4选项

A.manipulatingweather

B.determiningdensityofpressuregroups

C.satellites

D.controllingstorms

问题5选项

A.summarizesagreatdealofinformation

B.appearsdaily

C.showschangingfronts

D.canbeinterpretedaccurately

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题目问的是“以下选项中哪个没在文章中被提到？”文章第一段提到“天气预报员可以确定气团和气锋……”（Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts...）；文章第二段提到“美国国家气象局通常发布有关即将到来的暴风雨、洪水、霜冻、干旱和所有气候情况的信息”（heUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral），由此可知，只有选项B没有被提及，符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。题目问的是“30天的预报是由什么决定的？”文章第二段最后一句话提到“这三十天的天气预报建立在对上层空气分析的基础上，而上层空气经常为气团、气锋和暴风雨的发展创造条件”（These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelwhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,frontsandstorms），由此可知选项B“上层空气”符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。题目问的是“卫星来观测天气的优势是什么？”文章最后一段提到“通过电子仪器和地球卫星，人们近年来在识别和跟踪仅有少量气象站的地区的暴风雨方面取得了很大的收获”（Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellites,enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations），选项D“提供给科学家们在其他方面不容易获得的信息”符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。题目问的是“实验正在哪些方面操作？”文章最后一段最后一句话提到“大量实验正在为了气象改造而被进行着”（Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies），因此选项A“操纵天气”符合题意。

第5题:细节事实题。题目问的是“为什么说气象图是气象学？”文章第二段提到“气象图包含着大量关于天气情况的信息，这些天气情况在观察时间存在于一个大的地理区域上”（Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea），选项A“包含很多信息”符合题意。

9.单选题

Springfieldfirefightersquickly（）aburningSUVinaparkinglotinForestPark.Thecauseremainsunderinvestigation.

问题1选项

A.extinguished

B.excluded

C.exceeded

D.exposed

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。extinguish熄灭，压制；exclude排斥；exceed超过，expose暴露。由firefighter可推知消防员将火扑灭了。故A项正确。句意：斯普林菲尔德消防员迅速熄灭了在森林公园的一个停车场燃烧的SUV。事故原因仍在调查中。

10.单选题

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andplexiglassweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources,thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructureandthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor（）.

4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

5.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

问题1选项

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

问题2选项

A.sometimesadverselyaffectourstandardoflivinganddiminishournaturalresources

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

问题3选项

A.haslittleconfidenceintheabilityofmonopolisticindustrytoproducetheimportantinventionsofthefuture

B.wouldratherseethefederalgovernmentspendmoneyonsocialservicesthanonthedefenseestablishment

C.favorsaconservativeapproachtoinnovationandplacestrustinconglomeratestoprovideefficientproduction

D.feelsthatpriceshouldstillbethedominantvariableinthecompetitiveprocess

问题4选项

A.Theindependentinventorcannotaffordtoundertaketheresearchneededtoimproveourstandardofliving.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmall-shareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

问题5选项

A.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbelifted,andgovernmentfundingshouldbemadeavailabletolargecorporationswishingtoengageinresearch.

B.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbetightened,andgovernmentfundingshouldbemadeavailabletosmallcorporationsandindependentindividualswishingtoengageinresearch.

C.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbetightened,andnogovernmentfundingshouldbeprovidedtoanycorporationsorindividualswishingtoengageinresearch.

D.Theamountthegovernmentspendsonmilitaryresearchshouldbedecreased,andtheamountitspendstoimprovethestandardoflivingshouldbeincreased.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要提到了人们普遍认为，伴随着巨型工业的出现，工业研究也开始激增。第二段用实例对观点进行了否定。第三段主要提到相比大型工业，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。第四段主要提到一些大型企业在面临竞争的时候，也会大量投入进行创新。由此可知，本篇文章的主要目的在于指出了一个普遍存在的错误观点：工业研究的范围与工业垄断势力的增长之间的关系，即大型垄断企业的增长会带来工业研究和创新的激增。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”，最近一项关于世纪初以来重要发明的研究显示，超过一半的发明是来自于独立发明家，这些发明家独立于有组织的工业研究团队。可判断出二十世纪的重要发明一半来自独立发明家，一半来自研究团队。选项C符合题意。

3.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.”，大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境中获得更舒适的经营环境，他们的管理机构倾向于维持现状，抵制变革中隐含的威胁。此外，在某些情况下，一些工业巨头面临很少的工业竞争，所以他们试图通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失。可判断作者对垄断行业生产的发明和创新能力没有信心。选项A符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章第三段最后一句，“Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.”，相比大型企业，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。可判断出市场份额较小的公司积极追求创新，因为他们没有被固定在资本设备投资上。选项D符合题意。

5.判断推理题，文章第三段提到大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境中获得更舒适的经营环境，他们的管理机构倾向于维持现状，抵制变革中隐含的威胁。相比大型企业，小型企业往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。可判断出作者的态度可能是积极支持小型企业的创新，多投资于更有需求的小型企业。选项B符合题意。

11.翻译题

Normal

0

7.8磅

0

2

false

false

false

EN-US

ZH-CN

X-NONE

世界与宇宙的本质是什么？这是中国哲学的基本问题。春秋时期的思想家老子是第一个尝试进行阐释的中国哲学家，老子认为“道”乃宇宙及世界之源。道无始终，“道”即“天”，“天”即“道”。老子主张“道法自然”。这个观点揭示了一个平凡但深刻的真理：天、地、人及世间的一切都有着自然的属性，人类作为自然的一部分应当遵循自然的法则，而不应无节制地向自然索取。

【答案】Whatistheessenceoftheworldanduniverse?ThisisabasicprobleminChinesephilosophy.LaoTzeofspringandautumnperiodattemptedtoexplainChinesephilosophyfirstly.Hethoughthat“Tao”isthesourceofourworldoruniverse.“Tao”hasnoendorbeginning.AndtheuniverseisTao,andTaoisuniverse.LaoTzeadvocatedthetheoryof“theruleisconsistentwithnature”,whichshowsusasimplebutprofoundtruth:Allthingsintheworld,includinguniverse,earthandhumanhavenaturalattributes.Asapartofnature,humanbeingsshouldn’taskthenatureforresourcesimmoderatelyandneedtoobeythenature’srules.

12.单选题

（

）sermonsretainedtheirpreeminenceinreligiouslifeduringmostofthetwentiethcentury,theyaregraduallylosingthatcentralplacesaschurchesdevotemoreenergytosocialactivities.

问题1选项

A.For

B.Although

C.As

D.Since

【答案】B

【解析】考查连词辨析。A选项for“因为，由于”；B选项thought“虽然，尽管”；C选项as“当……时，随着，照……方式，因为，由于”；D选项since“自……以来，由于，既然”。

由sermonsretainedtheirpreeminence（布道保留了它们的优势地位）与theyaregraduallylosingthatcentralplaces（它们逐渐失去了中心位置）可知前后两句之间表示转折让步关系，因此选B。句意：尽管布道在20世纪的大部分时间里仍然在宗教生活中占据着主导地位，但随着教会将更多的精力投入到社会活动中，布道逐渐失去了中心位置。

13.单选题

In1896,WilliamJenningsBryan,athree-timecandidatefortheAmericanpresidency,gaveaspeechonarelativelydryfinancialtopic,criticizingthegoldstandard.Buthisrhetoricwasfortheages:“Youshallnotpressdownuponthebrowoflaborthiscrownofthorns;youshallnotcrucifymankinduponacrossgold!”

JustoverahundredyearslaterSamBrownback,arguingforwaragainstIraqinaspeechtotheAmericanSenate,said,“WegoatIraqanditsaystocountriesthatsupportterrorists,thereremainsixintheworldthatareasourdefinitionstatesponsorsofterrorists,yousaytothosecountries:4Weareseriousaboutterrorism,weareseriousaboutyounotsupportingterrorismonyourownsoil.”’

Whathappenedoverthe20lhcentury?Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinoratoryorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandflair.Norsotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.JohnMcWhorter,alinguist,seesthetriumphof1960scountercultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanotherpassageagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”，forexample,tobenaturalandnomorelamentablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofBcowulf-earEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”，hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonalgenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealvibrancy.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthanMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshouldcare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallybemoaningthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,but,probablyaninevitable.

1.ThesentencesofWilliamandSamarequotedinthefirsttwoparagraphstoshow（

）.

2.JohnMcWhorterattributesthedeclineofformalEnglishto

（

）.

3.JohnMcWhorter’sattitudetowardstheloss“whom”seemstobe

（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat

（

）.

5.By“wenowtakeourEnglish‘onpaperplate’insteadofchina”，thelinguistmostprobablymeansthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.thegreatsocialchangesthathavetakenplaceinacentury

B.theobviousdeclineo