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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川旅游学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theuseofseatbeltsis(

)inmanycountriesintheworld;failuretowearthemmayresultinfines.

问题1选项

A.covert

B.cruel

C.compulsory

D.constrained

【答案】C

【解析】covert隐藏的,隐秘的;cruel残忍的,残酷的;compulsory强制的,义务的;constrained不自然的,过于受约束的。句意:世界上许多国家对安全带的使用是强制性的,不戴可能会被罚款。选项C符合句意。

2.单选题

Theuniverse()weknowitmighthavebegunwithagreatexplosion.

问题1选项

A.as

B.that

C.andwhich

D.and

【答案】A

【解析】考查连词词义辨析。A选项as“正如”;B选项that“那个”;C选项andwhich“大概”;D选项and“并且”。句意:宇宙……我们知道它可能始于一次巨大的爆炸,结合句意,宇宙正如我们所知道的,由此可知A选项正确。

3.单选题

The(

)theyfeltforeachotherwasobvioustoeveryonewhosawthem.

问题1选项

A.affection

B.adherence

C.sensibility

D.sensitivity

【答案】A

【解析】句意:每个看到他们的人都能看出他们互相之间的喜爱之情。

名词辨析。Affection喜爱,钟爱;adherence坚持,遵守;sensibility敏感;sensitivity体贴,体恤。故A符合句意。

4.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Tobereallyhappyandreallysafe,oneoughttohaveatleasttwoorthreehobbies,andtheymustallbereal.Itisnousestartinglateinlifetosay:“Iwilltakeaninterestinthisorthat.”Suchanattemptonlyaggravatesthestrainofmentaleffort.Amanmayacquiregreatknowledgeoftopicsunconnectedwithhisdailywork,andyethardlygetanybenefitorrelief.

Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.Broadlyspeaking,humanbeingsmaybedividedintothreeclasses:thosewhoaretoiledtodeath,thosewhoareworriedtodeath,andthosewhoareboredtodeath.Itisnouseofferingthemanuallaborer,tiredoutwithahardweek'ssweatandeffort,thechanceofplayingagameoffootballorbaseballonSaturdayafternoon.Itisnouseinvitingthepoliticianortheprofessionalorbusinessman,whohasbeenworkingorworryingaboutseriousthingsforsixdays,toworkorworrytriflingthingsattheweekend.

【答案】一个人,为了活的真正开心和踏实,至少要培养两到三项兴趣。而且必须是真正的兴趣。到了晚年才说:“我对这感兴趣,对那也感兴趣”,已经没有什么必要了。这种愿望只能加剧精神紧张。一个人也许在其非工作领域也同样是学富五车,但是,也很难从中得到什么益处或慰藉。

做你喜欢的事一般没有什么用;要学会热爱自己的职业。泛泛讲来,人可以划分为三类:劳累至死的人;忧虑至死的人;厌烦至死的人。让一个体力劳动者在周末下午踢足球或打棒球来放松是毫无意义的,因为一周的辛劳已经令他们精疲力竭了。让那些为大事持续操劳或费心了六天的政界人士、专业人员或商界人士,在周日,继续为鸡毛蒜皮的小事劳神,这也同样也是于事无补的。

5.单选题

I’msureheisuptothejob(

)hewouldgivehismindtoit.

问题1选项

A.ifonly

B.until

C.incase

D.unless

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。A选项ifonly“如果”;B选项until“直到……才”;C选项incase“万一”;D选项unless“除非”。根据从句意思“只要他用心,他是能胜任这份工作的”,可知空格部分表示意思是“假如,如果”,句意为:我相信只要他用心,他是能胜任这份工作的。故正确答案选A。

6.单选题

Loudspeakersarefixedinthehallsothateveryone()anopportunitytohearthespeech.

问题1选项

A.oughttohave

B.musthave

C.mayhave

D.shouldhave

【答案】D

【解析】考查目的状语从句。sothat引导的目的状语从句,从句中常用情态动词can/may。但是本句主句用的是过去时态,所以从句也应该用相应的表示过去的时态,因此C项mayhave应该改为mighthave才正确。A选项oughtto“应该”,强调主观上的应当,含有责任,义务,故排除。B选项musthave“必须要”,语气过于强烈,故排除。只有D选项shouldhave“应该有”符合题意。句意:礼堂里安装了扩音器,以便大家都可以听到演讲。综上所述,本题的正确答案是D选项。

7.单选题

Thehallwassupportedbysixthick(

).

问题1选项

A.torches

B.posts

C.fringes

D.pillars

【答案】D

【解析】torch火炬;post标杆;fringe边缘,穗;pillars柱子。句意:大厅由六根粗大的柱子支撑。只有选项D符合句意。

8.翻译题

发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心,往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来。英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策,就是为了吸引这部分人群。诸多研究表明,发展中国家受过良好教育的人才往往可能有移民倾向。2004年,曾针对印度家庭进行过一次大型调查,结果发现,近40%有移民倾向的人受过中学以上教育,而25岁以上的印度人只有约3.3%受过中学以上教育。"人才流失"问题长期以来一直让发展中国家的决策者很苦恼,他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展,夺去他们紧缺的技术人才,而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教,在他们自己的医院工作,为他们自己的工厂研发新产品。

【答案】Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.AbigsurveyofIndianhouseholdsin2004foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwitharound3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.The"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.

9.单选题

Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.Wewanttoknowwhethercigarettesreallydocauselungcancer.Whatcausesmalnutrition,thedecayofcities,orthedecayofteeth?Weareequallyinterestedineffects:whatistheeffectofleadintheatmosphere,ofstayinguplateonthenightbeforeanexamination.

Causalreasoningmaygofromcausetoeffectorfromeffecttocause.Eitherway,wereasonfromwhatweknowtowhatwewanttofindout.Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.Thus,ifwereasonthatbecausethelightshavegoneout,therefrigeratorwon’twork,wefirstrelatetheeffect(lightsout)tothecause(poweroff)andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect(refrigeratornotworking).Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.Itisquitecommontoreasonthroughanextensivechainofcausalrelations.Whenthelightsgooutwemightreasoninthefollowingcausalchain:lightsout—poweroff—refrigeratornotworking—temperaturewillrise—milkwillsour.Inotherwords,wediagnoseasuccessionofeffectsfromthepowerfailure,eachbecomingthecauseofthenext.

Causesareclassifiedasnecessary,sufficient,orcontributory.Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustion(燃烧)isnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.

1.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,todothe“effecttoeffect”reasoningistoreason________.

3.Anecessarycauseis________.

4.Yourrefrigeratorisnotworkingandyouhavefoundthattheelectricpowerhasbeencutoff.Thepowerfailureisa________.

5.Thispassagemainlydiscusses________.

问题1选项

A.someothercommontypesofreasoning

B.somespecialtypeofreasoning

C.relationshipsbetweencausesandresults

D.classificationofreasoning

问题2选项

A.fromeffecttoeffectandontocause

B.fromeffecttocauseandontoanothereffect

C.fromcausetoeffect

D.fromeffecttocause

问题3选项

A.onethatisenoughtomaketheeffectoccur

B.oneofthecausethatcanproducetheeffect

C.onewithoutwhichitisimpossiblefortheeffecttooccur

D.noneofthem

问题4选项

A.contributorycause

B.sufficientcause

C.necessarycause

D.noneofthem

问题5选项

A.classificationofcauses

B.thecausalprocess

C.causalreasoning

D.varioustypesofreasoning

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.(另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。),可知前面的内容和这一部分的内容属于同一个层面和分类,都是常见的推理方式,A选项“一些其他的常见推理类型”正确。B选项“某种特殊类型的推理”,C选项“原因和结果的关系”和D选项“推理的分类”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三句Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.(有时我们从一个结果推理到一个原因,然后再推理到另一个结果。)和第五句Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.(这种推理,简而言之,叫做效果对效果。),可知效果对效果指的是B选项“从结果到原因,再到另一个结果”。A选项“从结果到结果,再到原因”,C选项“从原因到结果”和D选项“从结果到原因”错误。因此B选项正确。

3.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.(必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在,就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。),可知C选项“没有它就不可能产生解结果”正确。A选项“足以产生结果”,B选项“能导致结果的原因之一”和D选项“都不是”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二句Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.(充分原因是一个可以在没有帮助的情况下产生效果的原因,就像一个空的油箱足以阻止汽车发动一样,尽管可能有不止一个充分的原因。),可知充分原因会导致结果的发生,但不是唯一的原因,电源被切断会导致冰箱停止运转,但其他原因也会让冰箱停止运转,B选项“充分原因”正确。A选项“附带原因,原因之一”:根据文章最后一句Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.(附带原因有助于导致结果,但单独出现不能导致结果,就像闯红灯可能会导致事故,尽管其他因素也必须存在。),可知附带原因是原因之一,需要其他因素才能导致结果的发生,电源被切断这一个因素会导致冰箱停止运转的结果,故错误。C选项“必要原因”:根据第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.(必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在,就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。),可知必要原因是一定需要的因素,电源没有被切断冰箱依然有可能停止运转,故错误。D选项“都不是”:B选项符合题意,故非正确答案。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.(另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。),随后文章围绕这一句话展开讨论,所以本文主要在讲因果的推理,C选项“因果推理”正确。A选项“原因的分类”,B选项“因果过程”和D选项“各种类型的推理”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Thechild’shystericalcrying()thedoctorfromcompletinghisexamination.

问题1选项

A.fostered

B.spurred

C.impeded

D.sustained

【答案】C

【解析】动词词义辨析。foster“培养,养育”;spur“激励,鞭策”;impede“阻碍”;sustain“维持”。句意:那孩子歇斯底里的哭声妨碍了医生完成检查。选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

Neitherofthetwoparties(

)abletosolvetheproblemsofthepoor.

问题1选项

A.are

B.is

C.havebeen

D.willhavebeen

【答案】B

【解析】考查主谓一致。neitherof+复数名词,谓语动词通常用单数形式。此处表示两个政党中没有哪一个能解决穷人的问题,此处是对客观事实的表述,故用一般现在时,因此选B。句意:这两个政党都不能解决穷人的问题。

12.单选题

Contestantswhodonotcomplywiththeregulationswillbedisqualified.

问题1选项

A.cooperatewith

B.observe

C.submitto

D.approve

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项cooperatewith“与……合作”;B选项observe“观察”;C选项submitto“服从”;D选项approve“批准”。句意:不遵守规定的选手将被取消资格。划线部分complywith是遵守的意思。因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

Youshouldhaveputthemilkintotheicebox,Iexpectit______undrinkable.

问题1选项

A.became

B.hadbecome

C.hasbecome

D.becomes

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.became成为了B.hadbecome已经成为

C.hasbecome成为D.becomes成为

【考查点】时态。

【解题思路】根据shouldhavedone可知,此处是虚拟语气,表示本应该做却没做,而牛奶已经变质不能喝了,是过去发生的动作对现在造成影响,所以空格处用现在完成时,故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项时态不符合。

【句意】你本应该把牛奶放进冰箱的,我想它已经不能喝了。

14.不定项选择题

Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshow.

JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof“trashtalk”.Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety’smoralcatastrophe,yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicamentsofotherpeople’slives.

LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual’squalityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweek,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.

ComparedwithOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseverwitha“finalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.

Cleanasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow’smaintargetaudiencesaremiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,money,andstabilitytodealwithlife’stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18to20yearoldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolveloverelationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow’sexploitation.

Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday,bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkShowworld.

1.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshowsare______.

2.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience______.

3.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?

4.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth______.

5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows______.

问题1选项

A.morefamily-oriented

B.relativelyformal

C.moreprofound

D.unusuallypopular

问题2选项

A.remainfascinatedbythem

B.arereadytofaceuptothem

C.remainindifferenttothem

D.arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem

问题3选项

A.Anewtypeofrobot.

B.Racisthatred.

C.Familybudgetplanning.

D.Streetviolence.

问题4选项

A.ironical

B.sensitive

C.instructive

D.cynical

问题5选项

A.havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuit

B.exploittheweaknessesinhumannature

C.appearatdifferenttimesoftheday

D.aretargetedatdifferentaudiences

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshowsare______.1.与其他电视脱口秀节目相比,无论是杰瑞•施普林格还是奥普拉•温弗瑞的节目都是______。

A.morefamily-orientedA.更多的以家庭为中心的

B.relativelyformalB.相对正式的

C.moreprofoundC.更深刻的

D.unusuallypopularD.异常受欢迎

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段最后一句“但没有哪两个节目在内容上比杰瑞•施普林格和奥普拉•温弗瑞的脱口秀更截然相反,同时又在其他节目中脱颖而出(atthesametimestandingoutabovetherest)”可知,杰瑞•施普林格和奥普拉•温弗瑞的脱口秀节目都是脱颖而出的,即非常受欢迎,该题选择D项“异常受欢迎”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A项“更多的以家庭为中心的”、B项“相对正式的”和C项“更深刻的”并不是杰瑞•施普林格和奥普拉•温弗瑞的脱口秀节目的共同特点,这三项属于无中生有。

2.【选项释义】

2.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience______.2.虽然杰瑞•施普林格谈论的社会问题令人不快,但观众______。

A.remainfascinatedbythemA.保持对它们的兴趣

B.arereadytofaceuptothemB.准备好面对他们

C.remainindifferenttothemC.对他们保持冷漠

D.arewillingtogetinvolvedinthemD.愿意参与其中

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“显然,杰瑞•施普林格的节目是对社会道德灾难的展示和利用,但人们乐于接受别人生活中有趣的困境”理解可知,观众对杰瑞•施普林格的节目中谈论的社会问题保持兴趣,A项“保持对它们的兴趣”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B项“准备好面对他们”和D项“愿意参与其中”没有提到,这两项属于无中生有;

C项“对他们保持冷漠”与原文相反,该项属于反向干扰。

3.【选项释义】

3.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?3.以下哪项可能会成为奥普拉•温弗瑞的节目的话题?

A.Anewtypeofrobot.A.一种新型机器人。

B.Racisthatred.B.种族仇恨。

C.Familybudgetplanning.C.家庭预算计划。

D.Streetviolence.D.街头暴力。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段最后两句“这个节目聚焦于社会和个人生活质量的提高。话题范围从教你的孩子的责任,管理你的工作周,到了解你的邻居。”从中理解可知,奥普拉•温弗瑞的节目主要讨论的话题是关于人们生活质量的提高,C项“家庭预算计划”是属于其中一个方面,故该题选择C项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“一种新型机器人”是属于科技方面的话题,不是奥普拉•温弗瑞的节目可能讨论到的,该项属于无中生有;

B项“种族仇恨”和D项“街头暴力”是杰瑞•施普林格的节目可能讨论到的话题,这两项属于张冠李戴。

4.【选项释义】

4.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth______.4.尽管他们的方式不同,这两个脱口秀节目都是______。

A.ironicalA.讽刺的

B.sensitiveB.敏感的

C.instructiveC.有启发性的

D.cynicalD.愤世嫉俗的

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第二句“这个节目(奥普拉脱口秀)聚焦于社会和个人生活质量的提高”,以及第四段内容“杰瑞总是以‘最后一句话’结尾。他做了一个简短的演讲,总结了整个节目的寓意。希望这是大多数人能学到非常有价值的东西的部分。”可知,奥普拉脱口秀和杰瑞脱口秀同样都传递了有价值的东西给受众群体,可推断,这两个脱口秀都是具有启发意义的,该题选择C项“有启发性的”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A项“讽刺的”、B项“敏感的”和D项“愤世嫉俗的”都不是两个脱口秀的共同特点,这三项属于曲解原文。

5.【选项释义】

5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows______.5.我们可以从文章中得知这两个脱口秀______。

A.havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitA.垄断了脱口秀的线路

B.exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureB.利用人性中的弱点

C.appearatdifferenttimesofthedayC.出现在一天的不同时间

D.aretargetedatdifferentaudiencesD.针对不同的受众

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段内容“虽然这两个节目有着天壤之别,但它们都主宰了脱口秀圈多年。每一个脱口秀都迎合了不同的受众群体,但都拥有庞大的粉丝群体。具有讽刺意味的是,两人都被认为是脱口秀领域的先驱。”可知,这两个脱口秀面对的是不同的受众群体,D项“针对不同的受众”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“垄断了脱口秀的线路”,这两个脱口秀是脱口秀领域的先驱,但这不意味着垄断,该项属于曲解原文;

B项“利用人性中的弱点”和C项“出现在一天的不同时间”没有提到,这两项属于无中生有。

15.案例题

Numeration

Oneofthefirstgreatintellectualfeatsofayoungchildislearninghowtotalk,closelyfollowedbylearninghowtocount.Fromearliestchildhoodwearesoboundupwithoursystemofnumerationthatitisafeatofimaginationtoconsidertheproblemsfacedbyearlyhumanswhohadnotyetdevelopedthisfacility.Carefulconsiderationofoursystemofnumerationleadstotheconvictionthat,ratherthanbeingafacilitythatcomesnaturallytoaperson,itisoneofthegreatandremarkableachievementsofthehumanrace.

Itisimpossibletolearnthesequenceofeventsthatledtoourdevelopingtheconceptofnumber.Eventheearliestoftribeshadasystemofnumerationthat,ifnotadvancedwassufficientforthetasksthattheyhadtoperform.Ourancestorshadlittleuseforactualnumbers;insteadtheirconsiderationswouldhavebeenmoreofthekindIsthisenough?Ratherthanhowmany?Whentheywereengagedinfoodgathering,forexample.However,whenearlyhumansfirstbegantoreflectonthenatureofthingsaroundthem,theydiscoveredthattheyneededanideaofnumbersimplytokeeptheirthoughtsinorder.Astheybegantosettle,growplantsandherdanimals,theneedforasophisticatednumbersystembecameparamount.Itwillneverbeknownhowandwhenthisnumerationabilitydeveloped,butitiscertainthatnumerationwaswelldevelopedbythetimehumanshadformedevensemi-permanentsettlements.

Evidenceofearlystagesofarithmeticandnumerationcanbereadilyfound.TheindigenouspeoplesofTasmaniawereonlyabletocountone,two,many;thoseofSouthAfricacountedone,two,twoandone,twotwos,twotwosandone,andsoon.Butinrealsituationsthenumberandwordsareoftenaccompaniedbygesturestohelpresolveanyconfusion.Forexample,whenusingtheone,two,manytypeofsystem,thewordmanywouldmean.LookatmyhandsandseehowmanyfingersIamshowingyou.Thisbasicapproachislimitedintherangeofnumbersthatitcanexpress,butthisrangewillgenerallysufficewhendealingwiththesimpleraspectsofhumanexistence.

Thelackofabilityofsomeculturestodealwithlargenumbersisnotreallysurprising.Europeanlanguages,whentracedbacktotheirearlierversion,areverypoorinnumberwordsandexpressions.TheancientGothicwordforten,tachund,isusedtoexpressthenumber100astachundtachund.Bytheseventhcentury,thewordteonhadbecomeinterchangeablewiththetachundorhundoftheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,andso100wasdenotedashundteontig,ortentimesten.TheaveragepersonintheseventhcenturyinEuropewasnotasfamiliarwithnumbersaswearetoday.Infact,toqualifyasawitnessinacourtoflawamanhadtobeabletocounttonine!

Perhapsthemostfundamentalstepindevelopingasenseofnumberisnottheabilitytocount,butrathertoseethatanumberisreallyanabstractideainsteadofasimpleattachmenttoagroupofparticularobjects.Itmusthavebeenwithinthegraspoftheearliesthumanstoconceivethatfourbirdsaredistinctfromtwobirds;however,itisnotanelementarysteptoassociatethenumber4,asconnectedwithfourbirds,tothenumber4,asconnectedwithfourrocks.Associatinganumberasoneofthequalitiesofaspecificobjectisagreathindrancetothedevelopmentofatruenumbersense.Whenthenumber4canberegisteredinthemindasaspecificword,independentoftheobjectbeingreferenced,theindividualisreadytotakethefirststeptowardthedevelopmentofanotationalsystemfornumbersand,fromthere,toarithmetic.

Tracesoftheveryfirststagesinthedevelopmentofnumerationcanbeseeninseverallivinglanguagestoday.ThenumerationsystemoftheTsimshianlanguageinBritishColumbiacontainssevendistinctsetsofwordsfornumbersaccordingtotheclassoftheitembeingcounted:forcountingflatobjectsandanimals,forroundobjectsandtime,forpeople,forlongobjectsandtrees,forcanoes,formeasures,andforcountingwhennoparticularobjectisbeingnumerated.Itseemsthatthelastisalaterdevelopmentwhilethefirstsixgroupsshowtherelicsofanoldersystem.ThisdiversityofnumbernamescanalsobefoundinsomewidelyusedlanguagessuchasJapanese.

Intermixedwiththedevelopmentofanumbersenseisthedevelopmentofanabilitytocount.Countingisnotdirectlyrelatedtotheformationofanumberconceptbecauseitispossibletocountbymatchingtheitemsbeingcountedagainstagroupofpebbles,grainsofcorn,orthecounter’sfingers.Theseaidswouldhavebeenindispensabletoveryearlypeoplewhowouldhavefoundtheprocessimpossiblewithoutsomeformofmechanicalaid.Suchaids,whiledifferent,arestillusedevenbythemosteducatedintoday’ssocietyduetotheirconvenience.Allcountingultimatelyinvolvesreferencetosomethingotherthanthethingsbeingcounted.Atfirstitmayhavebeengrainsorpebblesbutnowitisamemorisedsequenceofwordsthathappentobethenamesofthenumbers.

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes28-35onyourAnswerSheet.

T(true)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

F(false)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NG(notgiven)ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

1.Fortheearliesttribestheconceptofsufficiencywasmoreimportantthantheconceptofquantity.

2.IndigenousTasmaniansusedonlyfourtermstoindicatenumbersofobjects.

3.Somepeopleswithsimplenumbersystemsusebodylanguagetopreventmisunderstandingofexpressionsofnumber.

4.Allcultureshavebeenabletoexpresslargenumbersclearly.

5.Theword“thousand”hasAnglo-Saxonorigins.

6.Ingeneral,peopleinseventh-centuryEuropehadpoorcountingability.

7.IntheTsimshianlanguage,thenumberforlongobjectsandcanoesisexpressedwiththesameword.

8.TheTsimshianlanguagecontainsbotholderandnewersystemsofcounting.

【答案】1.T

2.F

3.T

4.F

5.NG

6.T

7.F

8.T

【解析】1.根据文章第二段,“Ourancestorshadlittleuseforactualnumbers;insteadtheirconsiderationswouldhavebeenmoreofthekindIsthisenough?Ratherthanhowmany?”,可知我们的祖先很少使用实际的数字;相反,他们考虑的更多的是足够了吗?而不是有多少。可判断出在早期社会,充分性的概念比数量的概念更为重要。所以表述正确。

2.根据文章第三段,“TheindigenouspeoplesofTasmaniawereonlyabletocountone,two,many;”,可知塔斯马尼亚的土著居民只用一、二和许多来计数,可判断出表述“塔斯马尼亚土著人只使用四个词来表示物体的数”是错误的。

3.根据文章第三段,“Butinrealsituationsthenumberandwordsareoftenaccompaniedbygesturestohelpresolveanyconfusion.”,可知但在实际情况中,数字和单词往往伴随着手势,以帮助解决困惑。可判断出“一些拥有简单数字概念的人使用肢体语言来避免对数字表达的误解”“”表述正确。

4.根据文章第四段,“Thelackofabilityofsomeculturestodealwithlargenumbersisnotreallysurprising.”,可知有些文化缺乏处理大量数字的能力。可判断出表述错误。

5.根据文章第四段,“thewordteonhadbecomeinterchangeablewiththetachundorhundoftheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,andso100wasdenotedashundteontig,ortentimesten.”,可知teon这个词在盎格鲁撒克逊语中已经和tachund或hund互换了,所以100被表示为hundteontig,或者十乘以十。文中并没有提到千的表达,所以相关表述文章并没给出。

6.根据文章第四段,“TheaveragepersonintheseventhcenturyinEuropewasnotasfamiliarwithnumbersaswearetoday.”,可知七世纪欧洲的普通人对数字并不像我们今天这样熟悉。可判断出总的来说,七世纪的欧洲人的计算能力很差。表述正确。

7.根据文章第六段,“ThenumerationsystemoftheTsimshianlanguageinBritishColumbiacontainssevendistinctsetsofwordsfornumbersaccordingtotheclassoftheitembeingcounted:forcountingflatobjectsandanimals,forroundobjectsandtime,forpeople,forlongobjectsandtrees,forcanoes,formeasures,…”,可知Tsimshian语言的记数系统包含7组不同的单词,根据被计数物品的类别来表示数字:用于计数扁平物体和动物、圆形物体和时间、人、长物体和树木、独木舟和度量等,可判断出对于长物和独木舟并不是用同一个数字表示的,表述错误。

8.根据文章第六段,“Itseemsthatthelastisalaterdevelopmentwhilethefirstsixgroupsshowtherelicsofanoldersystem.”,可知最后一组似乎是后来的发展,而前六组则体现了一个更古老系统的痕迹。可判断出Tsimshian语言包含了旧的和新的计数系统。表述正确。

16.写作题

Inthepastfewyears,severalplagiarism(抄袭,剽窃)caseshavebeenexposedinChina.Someinvolveprofessorsandfamousscholarswhilesomeothersinvolvegraduatestudentswhoareworkingasresearchers.Pleasewriteacompositionofnolessthan200wordsonyourattitudetowardsplagiarism.Youmayalsoillustrateyouropiniononacademicintegrity(正直)andgivesuggestionsonhowtopreserveitintheacademicworld.

【答案】Plagiarism17.单选题

Somesociologistsareworriedaboutthe()throughoutthewholesociety.

问题1选项

A.fraudulent

B.generous

C.dynamic

D.compulsive

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。fraudulent“欺诈的”;generous“慷慨的”;dynamic“动态的”;compulsive“极有趣的”。句意:一些社会学家担心整个社会的欺诈问题。选项A符合题意。

18.单选题

Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulace,scientistsimmediatelygettowork,tryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimes,successisachieved,asmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasite,germorcellthatcausestheprob-lemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcases,inwhichtheen-tirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraverisk,itisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccination,soastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.

Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat,ifitisencountered,onecanwarditoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthis,asmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment,sothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnatural-ly,inwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat,shouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblem,hisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithit,havingalreadydonesobefore.

Therearedangersinherentintheprocess,however.Onoccasion,eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandle,resultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbing,and,therefore,thepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine,designedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopula-tionandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10,000peoplewhoreceivesthevac-cinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Thus,iftheentirepopula-tionoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday,30000Americanswouldbeleftdead.

Fortunately,thesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970s,endingthemanda-toryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofareintroductionofthedisease,however,mandatoryvaccinationsmay

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