考研考博-英语-安徽体育运动职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽体育运动职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

Passage1

肝脏是人体最大的腺体,它位于右上腹部。肝脏表面光滑,因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。肝脏有许多重要的功能：1)营养物(蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪)、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。2)合成蛋白的产生和机体物质的代谢。

Passage2

100多年前,世界上第一辆汽车的诞生让人们感受到速度带来的震撼。然而,汽车在给人类社会带来便捷的同时,消耗了大量的石油,而且每天排放大量污染物,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。因此,研发节能与新能源汽车成为全球汽车业发展的主题。

Passage3

管理是一种社会职能,隐藏在习俗、信念等传统里,以及政府政策和政治制度中,管理也是‘文化'。人与人的关系正代替人与自然或人与物之间的关系成为相互交往的首要方式。人文文化从科学寻找自信心、理智能意念；科学从人文文化吸取朝向人的情感、价值观念。

ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

Theliveristhelargestglandinthebodyandislocatedintherightupperquadrantoftheabdomen.Itisglossyinappearanceanddarkredincolorfromtherichsupplyofbloodflowingthroughit.Approximately25%ofthecardiacoutputflowstotheliver.Itperformsmanyimportantfunctions:First,theuptake,storage,anddisposalofnutrients(protein,carbohydratesandfat),drugs,toxins.Second,theproductionofsyntheticproteinsandthemetabolismofsubstancesproducedbythebody.

Passage2

100yearsago,theworld'sfirstcarwasborntomakepeoplefeelthethrillofspeed.However,thecarbringconveniencetothehumansociety,itconsumesalotofoilatthesametime,anddischargelargequantitiesofpollutantseveryday,causingseriousharmtohumanhealthandecologicalenvironment.Therefore,thedevelopmentofenergy-savingandnewenergyautomobilehasbecomethethemeofglobalautomotiveindustrydevelopment.

Passage3

Managementisakindofsocialfunction,hiddenintraditionalcustom,faith,aswellasthegovernmentpolicyandpoliticalsystem.Managementisalsoa'culture'.Interpersonalrelationshipisreplacingtherelationshipbetweenhumanandthenatureorhumanandmaterialandbecometheprimarymodeofinteraction.Humanisticculturelookingforself-confidence,rationalideasfromscience;scienceabsorbinghumanemotionsandvaluesfromthehumanisticculture.

2.单选题

Heroinaddictiontodayisfoundchieflyamongyoungmenofminoritygroupsinghetto(贫民区)areas.Ofthemorethan60,000knownaddicts,morethanhalfliveinNewYorkState.MostofthemliveinNewYorkCity.Recentfiguresshowthatmorethanhalfoftheaddictsareunder30yearsofage.

Narcotic(麻醉的)addictionintheUnitedStatesisnotlimitedtoheroinusers.Somemiddle-agedandolderpeoplewhotakenarcoticdrugsregularlytorelievepaincanalsobecomeaddicted.Sodosomepeoplewhocangetdrugseasily,suchasdoctors,nurses,andpharmacists.Studiesshowthatthistypeofaddicthaspersonalityandemotionalproblemsverysimilartothoseofotherregularnarcoticusers.

Manyaddictsadmitthatgettingacontinuedsupplyisthemainobjectoftheirlives.Anaddict’sconcentrationongettingdrugsoftenpreventscontinuinganeducationorworkingatajob.Hishealthisoftenpoor.Hemaybesickonedayfromtheeffectsofwithdrawalandsickthenextfromanoverdose.Statisticsshowthatanaddict’slifespanmaybeshortenedby15to20years.Theaddictisusuallyintroublewithhisfamilyandalmostalwaysintroublewiththelaw.

Somestudiessuggestthatmanyoftheknownnarcoticaddictshadsometroublewiththelawbeforetheybecameaddicted.Onceaddicted,theymaybecomeevenmoreinvolvedwithcrimebecauseitcostssomuchtosupporttheheroinhabit.

Mostauthoritiesagreethattheaddict’sinvolvementwithcrimeisnotadirecteffectofthedrugitself.Turningtocrimeisusuallytheonlywaytogetthatmuchmoney.Theaddicts’crimesarenearlyalwaystheftsorothercrimesagainstproperty.

FederalpenaltiesforillegalnarcoticsusagewereestablishedundertheHarrisonActof1914.TheActprovidesthatillegalpossessionofnarcoticsispunishablebyfinesand/orimprisonment.Sentencescanrangefrom2to10yearsforthefirstoffence,5to20yearsforthesecond,and10to20yearsforfurtheroffenses.

Illegalsaleofnarcoticscanmeanafineof$20,000andasentencefrom20to40yearsforlateroffenses.Apersonwhosellsnarcoticstosomeoneunder18isrefusedparoleandprobation,evenforthefirstoffense.Ifthedrugisheroin,hecanbesentencedtolifeimprisonmentortodeath.

42.Whatisthetopicofthispassage?

43.Accordingtotheauthor,howcantheaddictsgetmoneyfordrugs?

44.Accordingtotheauthor,whocangetnarcoticeasily?

45.Apersonwhosellsherointoakidcanbe（）.

问题1选项

A.Howtocureadrugaddict.

B.Heroinandnarcotic.

C.Theharmofdrugsandtheantidrugmeasurestakenbythegovernment.

D.TheAmericanlaws.

问题2选项

A.Borrowfromtheirfamilies.

B.Byhardworking.

C.Inanillegalway.

D.Theauthordoesn’tmentionit.

问题3选项

A.Government

B.Medicalworkers

C.Theminorities

D.TheJews

问题4选项

A.fined$20,000

B.sentencedto5to20yearsinprison

C.sentencedtodeath

D.sentencedto20to40yearsinprison

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】42.主旨大意题。本文主要阐述了毒品的危害和政府应对毒品问题采取的措施。因此C选项“毒品的危害和政府采取的禁毒措施”正确，符合题意。A选项“如何治愈瘾君子”在文中并未谈及，可排除，B选项“海洛因和麻醉剂”只是小部分内容，不能作为文章的主旨，D选项“美国法”只说了对非法使用麻醉品的联邦惩罚，不能作为文章主旨。故选C。

43.客观细节题。定位在文章的第五段Turningtocrimeisusuallytheonlywaytogetthatmuchmoney.Theaddicts’crimesarenearlyalwaystheftsorothercrimesagainstproperty（犯罪往往是唯一获得那么多钱的途径。瘾君子犯罪总是偷窃或者其他应对贫穷的犯罪。）由此可知瘾君子购买毒品的钱多是通过非法途径获得的，因此C选项“以非法的方式”正确，符合题意。A选项“向家人借钱”，B选项“通过努力工作”，D选项“作者并未提及”均与题意不符，故选C。

44.客观细节题。定位在第二段Sodosomepeoplewhocangetdrugseasily,suchasdoctors,nurses,andpharmacists.（一些能够轻易获得麻醉药物的人，如医生、护士和药剂师，也容易因此而上瘾。）由此可知医务人员可以轻易的获得麻醉药物，因此B选项“医务人员”正确，符合题意。A选项“政府”，C选项“少数民族”，D选项“犹太人”均与题意不符，故选B。

45.推理判断题。定位到文章的最后一段Apersonwhosellsnarcoticstosomeoneunder18isrefusedparoleandprobation,evenforthefirstoffense.Ifthedrugisheroin,hecanbesentencedtolifeimprisonmentortodeath.（向18岁以下的人出售毒品会被拒绝假释和缓刑，即使是初犯。如果毒品是海洛因，他可能被判无期徒刑或死刑。）由此可以推论只要是贩卖海洛因不论对象是谁，最终判罪都只能是无期徒刑或者是死刑。因此C选项“判处死刑”正确，符合题意。A选项“罚款20000美元”，B选项“被判5到20年监禁”，D选项“被判20到40年监禁”均与题意不符，故选C。

3.单选题

“Doyouwanttoseemydriver’slicenseormypassport?”

“Oh,（

）."

问题1选项

A.eitherdoeswell

B.eitheronewilldo

C.eachoneisgood

D.eachwillbefine

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。Either表示“两者中的任何一个”，each表示“两者中的每一个”。因此根据题干可知应该用either,时态应是将来时，所以选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.

问题1选项

A.readily

B.smoothly

C.inevitably

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项readily“容易地；乐意地；无困难地”；B选项smoothly“平稳地；平滑地；顺利地；流畅地；平静地；均匀地”；C选项inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D选项deliberately“故意地；缓慢而谨慎地”。句意：我们___要认识到有更多的人就意味着更低的生活水平。本句表达“不可避免地认识到”，因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Thepovertylineistheminimumincomethatpeopleneedforanacceptablestandardofliving.Peoplewithincomesbelowthepovertylineareconsideredpoor.Economistsstudythecausesofpovertyinordertofindsolutionstotheproblem.

Asthegeneralstandardoflivinginthecountryrises,thepovertylinedoes,too.Therefore,evenwithtoday’srelativelyhighstandardofliving,about10percentofthepeopleintheUnitedStatesarebelowthepovertyline.However,ifthesepeoplehadstablejobs,theycouldhaveanacceptablestandardofliving.Economistssuggestseveralreasonswhypoorpeopledonothavejobs.

Foronething,morethanhalfofthepoorpeopleintheUnitedStatesarenotqualifiedtowork.Over40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.Bylaw,childrenlessthan16yearsoldcannotworkinmanyindustries.Alargenumberofpoorpeopleareold.Manycompaniesdonothirepeopleover65yearsold,thenormalretirementage.

Somepooradultsdonotlookforjobsforavarietyofpersonalreasons:theyaresick,theydonothaveanymotivation,theyhavefamilyproblems,ortheydonotbelievethattheycanfindajob.Otherpoorpeoplelookforajobbutcannotfindone.Manypooradultsneverwenttohighschool.Therefore,whentheylookforjobs,theyhavefewskillsthattheycanoffer.

Atthepresenttime,thegovernmentthinksitcanreducepovertyinthecountryinthefollowingways.

First,ifthenationaleconomygrows,businessesandindustrieshiremoreworkers.Someofthepoorwhoarequalifiedtolookforjobsmayfindemployment.Thentheywillnolongerbebelowthepovertyline.

Second,ifsocietyinvestsinthepoor,thepoorwillbecomemoreproductive.Ifthegovernmentspendsmoneyonsocialprograms,education,andtrainingforpoorpeople,thepoorwillhavetheskillstooffer.Thenitismorelikelythattheycanfindjobs.

Finally,ifthegovernmentdistributessociety’sincomedifferently,itraisessomepoorpeopleabovethepovertyline.Thegovernmentcollectstaxesfromthenon-poorandgivesmoneytothepoor.Thesepaymentstothepoorarecalledwelfare.In1975over18millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesreceivedwelfare.

Someeconomistsarelookingforbettersolutionstothepovertyproblem.However,atthepresenttime,manypeopledependonwelfareforaminimallyacceptablestandardofliving.

1.Theauthor’smainpurposetowritethisarticleis____________.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Morethan40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.Thisismainlybecause____________.

4.MostoftheAmericanpoorpeoplearenotqualifiedforemploymentbecause____________.

5.Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat____________.

问题1选项

A.todefinewhatthepovertylineis

B.toexplainwhyyoungpeoplelivebelowthepovertyline

C.tofindsolutionstotheproblemofpoverty

D.toshowsympathyforthosepoorpeople

问题2选项

A.TenpercentoftheAmericansliveapoorlife.

B.Poorpeoplearethosewholivebelowthepovertyline.

C.Thepovertylinerisesasthegeneralstandardoflivingrises.

D.Thepovertylinetendstobeatthesamelevel.

问题3选项

A.theydonothaveenoughmotivation

B.theyaresoyoungthattheyaredeprivedofchancestowork

C.theyfailtogetenougheducation

D.theyareverypoorinhealth

问题4选项

A.theydonothaveanymotivationtowork

B.theyarenotveryself-confident

C.theyaretooyoungortoooldtowork

D.theyhavephysicalandfamilyproblems

问题5选项

A.bettersolutionstothepovertyproblemarenotyetfound

B.welfarewillenablepeopletoberich

C.poorpeopleareboundtogooutofthepovertylineiftheyhavechancestodobusiness

D.employmentisthebestsolutiontothepovertyproblem

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.作者意图题。根据第一段最后一句Economistsstudythecausesofpovertyinordertofindsolutionstotheproblem.（经济学家研究贫困的原因是为了找到解决问题的办法。），结合后文提到贫困的原因以及解决的方法，可知本文主要在寻找解决贫困的方法，故C选项“寻找解决贫困问题的方法”正确。A选项“定义贫困线”：在文章第一句提出，后面没有进一步再解释，故错误。B选项“解释为什么年轻人生活在贫困线以下”：文章有提到，但这只是文章内容的一部分，故错误。D选项“对穷人表示同情”：不是文章主要表达的内容，故错误。没有提到。因此C选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据，A选项“百分之十的美国人过着贫困的生活”：根据第二段第二句about10percentofthepeopleintheUnitedStatesarebelowthepovertyline（10%的美国人生活在贫困线以下），可知A选项错误。B选项“穷人是那些生活在贫困线以下的人”：Peoplewithincomesbelowthepovertylineareconsideredpoor.（收入在贫困线以下的人被认为是穷人。），可知B选项错误。C选项“贫困线随着总体生活水平的提高而提高”：根据第二段第一句Asthegeneralstandardoflivinginthecountryrises,thepovertylinedoes,too.（随着国家总体生活水平的提高，贫困线也在提高。），可知贫困线不会一成不变，故D选项“贫困线往往在同一水平”正确，B选项错误。因此D选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据第三段第二、三句Over40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.Bylaw,childrenlessthan16yearsoldcannotworkinmanyindustries.（超过40%的穷人是儿童。根据法律规定，16岁以下的儿童不能在许多行业工作。），可知儿童没有钱的原因是不能工作，故B选项“他们太年轻了，还不能工作”正确。A选项“他们没有足够的积极性”和D选项“他们的健康状况很差”是一些成年人找不到工作的原因，故错误。C选项“他们没有得到足够的教育”：这是穷人普遍找不到工作的原因，故错误。因此B选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据第三段第二句Over40percentofthepoorpeoplearechildren.（超过40%的穷人是儿童。）和第四句Alargenumberofpoorpeopleareold.（大量的穷人是老人），可知年龄太小或太大而不能工作的儿童和老人是穷人中没有就业资格的主要人群，故C选项“他们太年轻或太老而不能工作”正确。A选项“他们没有工作的动力”，B选项“他们不是很自信”和D选项“他们有身体和家庭问题”：这些是少部分贫困成年人没有工作的原因。因此C选项正确。

5.观点态度题。根据第九段第一句Someeconomistsarelookingforbettersolutionstothepovertyproblem.（一些经济学家正在寻找解决贫困问题的更好办法），可知A选项“还没有找到更好的解决贫困问题的办法”正确。B选项“福利将使人们变得富有”：In1975over18millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesreceivedwelfare.（1975年，美国有超过1800万人得到了社会福利），得到福利的人这么多，依然那么多人处于贫困，故错误。C选项“如果穷人有机会做生意，他们一定会走出贫困线”：根据第七段ifsocietyinvestsinthepoor…Thenitismorelikelythattheycanfindjobs.（如果社会对穷人进行投资……这样他们就更有可能找到工作），可知穷人有机会做生意不代表一定会脱离贫困，故错误。D选项“就业是解决贫困问题的最好办法”：根据上文，儿童和老人是贫困的主要人群，而他们没有工作能力，所以就业不是解决贫困的最好方法，故错误。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Thefacultyofthecollegehesitatesaboutabolishingthephysicaleducationrequirement.

问题1选项

A.improving

B.canceling

C.concluding

D.reporting

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项improving“提高”；B选项canceling“取消”；C选项concluding“结束”；D选项reporting“报告”。句意：那所大学的教员对取消体育课的要求犹豫不决。划线部分abolishing是取消的意思。因此B选项正确。

7.单选题

Somepeoplecomplaindoctorsfor

toomanymedicinesforminorillnesses.

问题1选项

A.advising

B.delivering

C.ordering

D.prescribing

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。Advise“建议”；deliver“交付；递送”；order“命令”；prescribe“开药方”。句意：一些人抱怨医生总是给小病开很多药。选项D符合题意。

8.单选题

Dr.HowardMartingavefataldosesofpainkillerstoterminallyillpatientsoutof（

）andactedintheirbestinterests.

问题1选项

A.suspicion

B.curiosity

C.compassion

D.prejudice

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。suspicion“怀疑，猜疑”；curiosity“好奇”；compassion“同情，怜悯”；prejudice“偏见，损害”。句意：霍华德•马丁医生给绝症晚期的病人服用致命剂量的止痛剂是出于同情，是为病人最佳利益考虑而采取的行动。选项C符合句意。

9.单选题

Itissometimesdifficultto（）ahappymediuminlife.

问题1选项

A.adopt

B.make

C.reach

D.strike

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项adopt“采取；接受；收养；正式通过”；B选项make“使得；进行；布置，准备，整理；制造；认为；获得；形成”；C选项reach“达到；延伸；伸出手；传开；范围；延伸；河段；横风行驶”；D选项strike“撞击；打；踢（球等）；突击；罢工；使打动；侵袭；罢工；抗拒；袭击；殴打”。根据固定搭配strikeahappymedium“采取折中的办法；采取中庸之道”可知该题选strike。句意：生活中有时很难找到折中的办法。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Theidealcompanionmachine-thecomputer-wouldnotonlylook,feel,andsoundfriendlybutwouldalsobeprogrammedtobehaveinapleasantmanner.Thosequalitiesthatmakeinteractioncomfortable,andyetthemachinewouldremainslightlyunpredictableandthereforeinteresting.Initsfirstencounteritmightbesomewhathesitant,butasitcametoknowtheuseritwouldprogresstoamorerelaxedandintimatestyle.Themachinewouldnotbeapassiveparticipantbutwouldadditsownsuggestions,information,andopinions;itwouldsometimestaketheinitiativeindevelopingorchangingthetopicandwouldhaveapersonalityofitsown.

Friendshipsarenotmadeinaday,andthecomputerwouldbemoreacceptableasafriendifitimitatedthegradualchangesthatoccurwhenonepersonisgettingtoknowanother.Atanappropriatetimeitmightalsoexpressthekindofaffectionthatstimulatesattachmentandintimacy.Thewholeprocesswouldbeaccomplishedinasubtlewaytoavoidgivinganimpressionofover-familiaritythatwouldbelikelytoproduceirritation.Afterexperiencingawealthofpowerful,well-timedfriendshipindicators,theuserwouldbeverylikelytoacceptthecomputerasfarmorethanamachineandmightwellcometoregarditasafriend.

Anartificialrelationshipofthistypewouldprovidemanyofthebenefitsthatcouldcontinuefrompreviousdiscussions.Itwouldhaveafamiliaritywiththeuser'slifeasrevealedinearliercontact,anditwouldbeunderstandingandgood-humored.Thecomputer’sownpersonalitywouldbelivelyandimpressive,anditwoulddevelopinresponsetothatoftheuser.Withfeaturessuchasthese,themachinemightindeedbecomeaveryattractivesocialpartner.

1.Whichofthefollowingisnotafeatureoftheidealcompanionmachine?

2.Thecomputerwoulddevelopfriendshipswithhumansina(n)-way（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingaspectsisnotmentionedwhenthepassagediscussesthebenefitsofartificialrelationships?

4.Throughoutthepassage,theauthorisinhisattitudetowardthecomputer（

）.

5.Whichmightbethemostappropriatetitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Activeincommunication

B.Attractiveinpersonality.

C.enjoyableinperformance

D.unpredictableinbehavior

问题2选项

A.Quick

B.unpredictable

C.productive

D.inconspicuous.

问题3选项

A.Beingabletopickupaninterestingconversation.

B.Beingsensitivetoearliercontact.

C.Beingreadytolearnabouttheperson'slife

D.Havingapleasantandadaptablepersonality.

问题4选项

A.favorable

B.critical

C.vague

D.hesitant

问题5选项

A.Artificialrelationships.

B.Howtoformintimaterelationships

C.Theaffectionatemachine

D.Humansandcomputers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出:machinewouldremainslightlyunpredictable(机器有一点不可预测),因此D项与原文不符。

2.细节题。第二段:Thewholeprocesswouldbeaccomplishedinasubtlewaytoavoidgivinganimpressionofover-familiaritythatwouldbelikelytoproduceirritation(整个过程将以一种微妙的方式完成，以避免给人一种过于熟悉的印象，这可能会引起不安)。表明这种电脑与人类建立关系的过程是'inasubtleway,故选D项(不显眼的，不引人注意的)。

3.细节题。第一段:itwouldsometimestaketheinitiativeindevelopingorchangingthetopicandwouldhaveapersonalityofitsown(它有时会主动发展或改变话题，并拥有自己的个性),可以看出A跟D项有提到,butasitcametoknowtheuseritwouldprogresstoamorerelaxedandintimatestyle(但当它逐渐了解用户时，它会发展成一种更轻松、更贴心的风格),可以看出C项有提到。而B选项(对早起的接触很敏感)与"Initsfirstencounteritmightbesomewhathesitant"不符,故选B。

4.态度方向。形容这种电脑作者用到的词汇有:comfortable、interesting等,不难看出作者对这种电脑的态度是"favorable"赞赏的。

5.主旨大意题。作者介绍了这种“仿真交际”电脑与人类如何建立关系，并围绕这种电脑的各项特点来介绍它是具有人情味、人性化的,因此C项作标题最合适。

11.单选题

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckdifferentpopulationsmakesthisoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;otherexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshave“density-independent”growthparameters,withvital,ratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronethingnopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproduce“noise”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

58.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

59.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedinparagraph2tobe______.

60.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsexcept______.

问题1选项

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizesandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswers

问题2选项

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.useful,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

问题3选项

A.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,doublingthenumberofobservationsmadewillprobablyresultintheisolationofdensity-dependenteffects.

B.Density-dependenteffectsonpopulationdynamicsdonotoccurasfrequentlyasdodensity-independenteffects.

C.Atpresent,ecologistsdonotunderstandanyoftheunderlyingcausesofthedensity-dependenteffectstheyobserveinpopulationdynamics.

D.Itissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-dependentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativemechanism.

问题4选项

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.increasefromrelativelyhighvalues

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】58.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】中心主旨题。题干意思是“在这篇文章中，作者主要关注……”。文章首先提出物种增长的现象，随即提出二分法并对其进行讨论，最后对这个二分法进行评估，因此在这篇文章中，作者主要关注的是讨论控制人口增长的两类因素以及他们的重要性，所以A项“讨论控制人口增长的两类因素，并评估它们的相对重要性”符合题意。B项“描述自然种群的增长率如何随时间波动，并解释这些变化发生的原因”、C项“提出关于人口规模的假设，并提出检验它的方法”和D项“提出一个关于人口增长中环境因素的基本问题，并提出一些目前公认的答案”都是文章中的一部分，不够全面。因此，该题选择A项正确。

59.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，作者认为第2段讨论的二分法是……”。第二段提到二分法，即therelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters（相对稳定的种群具有“密度依赖”的生长参数），并解释了“密度依赖”和“密度独立”，接着第三段阐述了二分法的局限性，倒数第二句和第三句提到Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.（换句话说，一个种群中99%的死亡可能是由密度独立的原因造成的，只有1%是由随密度变化的因素造成的。构成这百分之一的因素可能看起来不重要，它们的原因可能相应地很难确定。），最后第三段总结所有的种群都受到不同比例的密度依赖和密度独立的交叉影响，所以可以推断，作者认为第二段中讨论的二分法有局限性，但是仍然是有用的，所以B项“有用的，但只有当它的局限性被承认的时候”符合题意，也可知D项“一个完整和充分的方法来解释观察到的现象”错误。A项“只适用于不稳定的人口”和C项“在大多数情况下是危险的误导”没提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。

60.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“下面哪个陈述可以从最后一段推断出来？”。根据题干定位到文章最后一段，由倒数第三句Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.（对于那些保持相对恒定的种群，或者那些在重复周期中振荡的种群，即使引起生物学机制的原因可能仍然未知，也可以相当容易地描述信号的特征和它的影响。）可知，即使在不了解机制原因的情况下，信号的特征和它的影响也很容易描述，而这个信号就是密度依赖对生长参数的影响，所以D项“在不了解其成因机制的情况下，有时可能推断出控制人口增长的密度依赖因素的存在”正确。倒数第二句提到Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.（对于不规则波动的种群，我们可能由于观测结果太少而难以从大量噪声中提取信号。）可知，对于不规则波动的种群，因为观测结果太少所以没有办法提取信号，文中没有提到这个结果和观测次数有直接关系，A项“对于不规则波动的种群，将观测次数翻倍可能会导致密度依赖效应的隔离”不正确。B项“密度依赖效应对种群动态的影响不像密度独立效应那样频繁发生”和C项“目前，生态学家们还不了解他们在种群动态中观察到的密度依赖效应的任何潜在原因”在最后一段中没有相关信息能够推理。因此，该题选择D项正确。

61.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，除了……以外，以下所有行为都在不同的人群中表现出来了”。文章第一段指出somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;otherexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.（一些种群年复一年保持大致不变；其他表现出丰富和匮乏的规律周期；其他的情况差别很大，疾病的爆发和交通事故在某些情况下与天气明显相关，而在另一些情况下则不是。），由此可知，对于不同的种群，数量的变化不是一直不变的，或者是有增加或减少的规律，而且有些种群会受到天气相关因素的影响，而有些则不会，所以A项“每年大致不变的人口水平”、B项“在数量上增加和减少的规律循环”和C项“与天气相关的不规则增长”均排除。在第一段第一句提到allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.（所有的物种似乎都有一种与生俱来的能力，可以一代又一代地增加它们的数量），可知D项“从相对较高的值增加”是符合题意的。因此，该题选择D项正确。

12.单选题

Despiterepeated（

）byeducationalauthoritiesforconcretemeasurestoreducestudents’burdens，littlehaschanged.

问题1选项

A.directions

B.recommendations

C.advice

D.calls

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管教务部再三呼吁减轻学生负担，但是几乎没有改变。direction“指示”；recommendation“推荐；建议”；advice“建议”；calls“呼吁”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

I’msureyourresearchhas______thisdisease.

问题1选项

A.contributedtounderstandingof

B.contributedtounderstandof

C.beencontributedtounderstandof

D.beencontributedtounderstandingof

【答案】A

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我相信你的研究有助于了解这种疾病。I’msure(that)+宾语从句，根据contribute的动作发生在过去、对现在有影响，确定用现在完成时；根据contribute的动作是主动发生，确定用主动语态；根据of所属结构确定用名词性的understanding，A选项contributedtounderstandingof符合题意。B选项understand是动词词性，C选项和D选项中hasbeendone是被动语态。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

strophysicistswrestlingwiththestudyofanewkindofstar,theflat,“two-dimensional”configurationsknownasaccretiondiskshaverecentlygainednewinsightsintothebehaviorofthesestars.Accretiondisksexistinavarietyofsituationswheremattersswirlaroundacompactstarsuchasawhitedwarfstaroraneutronstar.Accretiondisksarealsosuspectedofplayingapartinmoreexoticsituations,inwhichthecentralobjectisimaginedtobeasupermassiveblackhole,theultimateformofcollapsedmatter,ratherthanacompactstar.Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.Similarly,thebasicphysicsofthepowerbywhichaccretiondisksradiate,thoughttooriginateinaformofturbulentfriction,isknownonlyatthecrudestlevel.

AccretiondiskswerefirstdefinedinthecontextofCataclysmicvariables.Inthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalin