考研考博-英语-山东杏林科技职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东杏林科技职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提高，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻，很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化，中国政府正在努力推行垃极分类(garbageclassification)的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trashcan)，通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。

【答案】Withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandardsandtheincreaseofconsumptionlevel,thegarbageprobleminChinabecomesincreasinglyurgent.Manycitiesaresurroundedbygarbage.Confrontedwiththegrowinggarbageoutputanddeterioratingenvironment,theChinesegovernmentisimplementingthepolicyofgarbageclassificationwithgreateffort.Garbageclassificationmeansdividinggarbageintorecyclableandunrecyclable,andrequirespeopletoputgarbageintodifferenttrashcanssothatitcanbecomenewresourcesthroughdifferentwaysofcleaning,transportingandrecycling.

2.单选题

Fashionmodelingsoundslikeaneasy,glamorousjob,______onlypatient,perseveringgirlscanstandthestrainofit.

问题1选项

A.but

B.and

C.so

D.as

【答案】A

【解析】考查语言逻辑。A项but“但是”表转折关系，B项and“和”表并列，C项so“因此”表因果，D项as“作为，因为”表方式或者原因。前一句话和后一句话存在意义上的转折关系，此处应填转折连词but，A项符合题意。句意：时装模特听起来像是一份简单、迷人的工作，但只有有耐心、有毅力的女孩才能承受它的压力。因此A项正确。

3.单选题

Atthesametime,theFund,UnitedNationsFundforPopulationActivities,workstochangetheparadigmofmasculinitythatallowsfortheresolutionofconflictthroughviolence.

问题1选项

A.model

B.covenant

C.aspiration

D.hurdle

【答案】A

【解析】句意：与此同时，人口基金，即联合国人口活动基金，正在努力改变男子气概的……，这种……允许通过暴力解决冲突。A选项model“模式”；B选项covenant“契约”；C选项aspiration“抱负”；D选项hurdle“障碍”。由句意可知，“模式”更适合本句语境，因此A选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Onceitwaspossibletodefinemaleandfemaleroleseasilybythedivisionoflabor.Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheirroles.Butbythemiddleofthiscentury,men’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed.

Inthe1950s,economicandsocialsuccesswasthegoalofthetypicalAmerican.Butinthe1960sanewforcedevelopedcalledthecounterculture.Thepeopleinvolvedinthismovementdidnotvaluethemiddle-classAmericangoals.Thecounterculturepresentedmenandwomenwithnewrolechoices.Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.Inaddition,manyAmericansdidnotvaluethetraditionalmaleroleofsoldier.SomeyoungmenrefusedtobedraftedassoldierstofightinthewarinVietnam.

Intermsofnumbers,thecounterculturewasnotaverylargegroupofpeople.ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety.Workingmenofallclassesbegantochangetheireconomicandsocialpatterns.Industrialworkersandbusinessexecutivesalikecutdownon“overtime”worksothattheycouldspendmoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.Somedoctors,lawyers,andteachersturnedawayfromhighpayingsituationstopracticetheirprofessionsinpoorerneighborhoods.

Inthe1970s,thefeministmovement,orwomen’sliberation,producedadditionaleconomicandsocialchanges.Womenofallagesandatalllevelsofsocietywereenteringtheworkforceingreaternumbers.Mostofthemstilltooktraditionalwomen’sjobsaspublicschoolteaching,nursing,andsecretarialwork.Butsomewomenbegantoentertraditionallymaleoccupations:policework,banking,dentistry,andconstructionwork.Womenwereaskingforequalwork,andequalopportunitiesforpromotion.

Todaytheexpertsgenerallyagreethatimportantchangesaretakingplaceintherolesofmenandwomen.Naturally,therearedifficultiesinadjustingtothesetransformations.

1.WhichofthefollowingbestexpressthemainideaofParagraph1?

2.WhichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph2?

3.Inthepassagetheauthorproposesthatthecounterculture（

）.

4.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethat

（

）.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe（

）.

问题1选项

A.Womenusuallyworkedoutsidethehomeforwages.

B.Menandwomen’sroleswereeasilyexchangedinthepast.

C.Men’srolesathomeweremorefirmlyfixedthanwomen’s.

D.Menandwomen’sroleswereusuallyquiteseparatedinthepast.

问题2选项

A.Thefirstsentence.

B.Thesecondandthethirdsentences.

C.Thefourthsentence.

D.Thelastsentence.

问题3选项

A.destroyedtheUnitedStates

B.transformedsomeAmericanvalues

C.wasnotimportantintheUnitedStates

D.broughtpeoplemoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies

问题4选项

A.menandwomenwillneversharethesamegoals

B.somemenwillbewillingtoexchangetheirtraditionalmaleroles

C.mostmenwillbehappytosharesomeofthehouseholdresponsibilitieswiththeirwives

D.moreAmericanhouseholdsareheadedbywomenthaneverbefore

问题5选项

A.ResultsofFeministMovements

B.NewinfluenceinAmericanLife

C.CountercultureandItsconsequence

D.TraditionalDivisionofMaleandFemaleRoles

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由文章第一段中Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheirroles.可知过去男女的分工明确，角色相对固定，因此选D。

第2题:主旨大意题。文章第二段主要讲述了反主流文化对男女分工角色的影响，再根据第一段最后一句中Butbythemiddleofthiscentury,men’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed.（但是到了本世纪中叶，男性和女性的角色越来越不固定）可知C选项最符合题意。A选项“在20世纪50年代，经济和社会的成功是典型的美国人的目标”；B选项“但是在20世纪60年代，一支新的力量被称为反文化。参与这场运动的人并不重视美国中产阶级的目标；C选项“反主流文化为男性和女性提供了新的角色选择”；D选项“一些年轻男性拒绝应征当兵参加越南战争”。

第3题:推理判断题。由文章第三段中ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety（但它的影响却蔓延到美国社会的许多方面）可推测反主流文化改变了美国的一些价值观，因此选B。

第4题:推理判断题。由文章第二段中Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.（由于对育儿更感兴趣，男人们开始和妻子分担抚养孩子的任务。事实上，一些年轻男女搬进了公共住宅或农场，在那儿双方共同承担经济和抚养孩子的责任）可推测C选项“大多数男人都很乐意和妻子分担一些家务”符合题意。

第5题:主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了过去社会男女分工明确，角色固定；第二三段讲述了反主流文化以及它的影响；第四段讲述了女权运动给美国社会和经济带来的变化；最后一段简单概括男女地位的变化与转变中的困难。因此B选项“美国生活的新影响”符合题意。

5.单选题

Childrenareoften（）sportsatanearlyage.Astheygetolderandstartschooltheyparticipateinsportsasawaybothtomakenewfriendsandbeactive.

问题1选项

A.exposedto

B.spoiledby

C.indulgedin

D.worriedabout

【答案】A

【解析】动词词组辨析。exposedto接触，暴露于;spoiledby被宠坏;indulgedin沉溺于;worriedabout为...…担心。句意：孩子们经常在很小的时候就接触到运动。随着他们长大开始上学，参加体育运动以此来结交新朋友变得活跃。只有A选项符合语境。

6.单选题

TheBushJuntaisusingthe_______ofHurricaneKatrinatocutthewagesofpeopledesperatelytryingtorebuildtheirlivesandtheircommunities.

问题1选项

A.dismantlement

B.devastation

C.scuttle

D.wreckage

【答案】B

【解析】dismemberment分割，肢解;devastation毁坏；scuttle逃避；wreckage失事。句意：布什政府正利用Katrina飓风带来的破坏，削减那些拼命试图重建生活和社区的人们的工资。选项B符合句意。

7.翻译题

Ifwewanttofosteracultureofconservation,we’llhavetoworkatchangingahostofthings,fromadstozoos,fromhowweputfoodonourplatestohowweimagineourroleintheuniverse.Outofallthesenecessarychanges,Iwishtospeakaboutonethatisclosetomyheartasastoryteller,whichistheneedtorootlanguageoncemoreintheearth.Weneedtorecoverthefertilemeaningsofwordsthatariseoutofourlongevolutionarycontactwithdirtandwind,riversandwoods,animalsandplants.

Attherootoflanguage,weoftenfindanearthywisdom.Taketheword“growth”forexample,whenDonellaMeadowsandhercolleaguepublishedareportin1972ontheprospectsforthecontinuedexpansionofthehumaneconomy,theycalledtheirbookTheLimitstoGrowth.Theverytitleprovokedoutrageinmanycircles,becauseaprimecreedinthetechno-industrialworldisthattherearenolimitstogrowth.Accordingtothiscreed,anyconstraintsimposedbynaturewillbeovercomebytechnicalingenuityorthefreemarket.Mining,drilling,pumping,clearing,plowing,manufacturing,andconsuming—alongwiththehumanpopulationthatdrivesitall—willexpandforever.Politiciansandbusinessleadersspeakofgrowthasunboundedandunambiguouslygood.

【答案】【参考译文】如果我们想要培养一种保护文化，那么我们将不得不进行许多改变，从广告到动物园，从食物的加工过程到对自己在宇宙中角色的界定。在这些所有必要的改变中，我想要以一个讲故事的人的身份来谈及一个我最为关心的改变——让语言再次回归本土。在漫长的进化过程中，我们与尘土、风、河流、森林、动物和植物的接触产生了词汇，我们需要恢复这些词汇丰富的含义。

分析语言的本质，我们经常发现朴实的智慧。以“growth”一词为例，当德内拉•梅多斯和她的同事于1972年发表了一份关于人类经济持续发展前景的报告时，她们将其命名为《增长的极限》。正是这一标题在很多领域引起了愤怒，因为技术工业世界的一个主要信条是增长不受限制。根据这个信条，自然施加的任何限制将会因技术创新或自由市场而被克服。采矿、钻探、抽水、清除、耕作、制造、消费（连同作为这些行为实施者的人类）都将会不断发展。政治家和商业领袖说增长是不受控制的而且一定是好的。

8.单选题

Webbrowsers!Interactivesoftware!There'salotofnewtechnologytalkgoingoninpublicrelationsthesedays,andit'scomingfromavarietyofsources,clients,fearfulthattheyaremissingoutonsomemysterious“nextwave”,demandsomekindofwhiz-bang（尖端）demonstrationoftechnologyfromagencies.Industrypublicationscontinuouslytoutthelatestandgreatestelectronicinnovations.Collegekidsenterthemarketplaceaimedwithcomputerliteracycompletelyalientomanyveteranpractitioners.Andinsomecases,membersofthemediademandthatinformationbepackagedtoaccommodatetheirparticulartechnologicalpreferences.

Istechnologynowthetailwaggingdog?Theanswer,unequivocally,isno.Technologyremainswhatithasalwaysbeen,atoolusedbyprofessionalstohelpthemdotheirjobs.Allofthismillenniumtalkhasproducedanunnecessarylevelofanxietyaboutthenecessityoftechnologicalinnovation一theideathatyouarelight-yearsbehindunlessyouarelight-yearsahead.Relax!Thefoundationsofgoodpublicrelationsremainthesame:anticipatingandmeetingtheneedsofclientsandthemedia,andprovidinginformedandusefulcounsel.Solidresearch,strongwritingskills,creativity,andanappreciationforthevaluesofthemediaarethebackboneoftheprofession,regardlessofhowinformationispackaged.

Evenifthespeedofinformationtransmissionisincreasing,hightechisn'tforeveryone.Allclientsdon'tneedindividualwebpagesandsummariesofchatroomactivity.Whenconsideringapplicationsofnewtechnologies,considertheaudiencesforyourclient.Aretheycomfortablewithtechnology?Dotheyhaveaccesstothedistributionsystemsyouareconsidering?Dotheyhavetheskillsandknowledgetousethesesystems?Dotheynavigatetheweb,useCD-ROMorevenownaVCR?

Considertheimageofthecompanyitself.Thedeliverysystemispartofthemessageandcontributestotheoverallimage,sothepractitionershouldconsiderhowthatsystemaffectstheclient,theproduct,andtheaudiences.

Yes,awebpagecanbeacost-efficientcommunicationtoolwhenyouconsidertheminimalmediacost.Butonceit'supandrunning,you'vegottokeepitfresh,andthatmeansacontinualallocationoftimeandspecializedresources.Inthehyper-speedmodelofcommunications,nothingisolderthaninformationthatisbothoutdatedandon-line.Andtoinformationconsumers,yourwebpagewillceasetobeasourceifitisn'tkeptcurrent.Inthelastpresidentialelection,morethanonecandidatehadproblemswiththeirpersonalwebpagesbecausewebmasterswerenotkeptuptodateonchangesincampaignstrategyandmessages.Thegapbetweenwhatthecandidatewassayingandwhatthewebpagewasshowingbecameastoryinitself.Ifyou'regoingtohaveapresenceontheInternet,youhavetobudgetforregularmaintenance.Otherwise,youareputtingasignupthatsays“toocheaptoberelevant”.

1.Therecententhusiasmfornewtechnologyispartlybroughtonby（）.

2.Whatdoesthewriterthinkoftherecentnewtechnologytalkgoingoninpublicrelations?

3.The“tailwaggingdog”(Para.2)mostprobablymeans（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,theroleofnewtechnologyinpublicrelations（）.

5.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatawebpage（）.

问题1选项

A.electronicinnovations

B.thedevelopmentofnewinteractivesoftware

C.consumers'fearofbeingleftbehindthetide

D.thepopularizationoftheWeb

问题2选项

A.Itindicatesasuddenrealizationofanoncomingradicalchangeinpublicrelations.

B.Itremindsusofthefactthattechnologyremainswhatithasalwaysbeen.

C.Itissuperficialanddoesnotmeanthatweareusheringinanewage.

D.Itisasuresignthatwearemissingoutonsomemysterious“nextwave”.

问题3选项

A.theoverwhelminglypredominantthing

B.thedogthattucksitstailbetweenitslegs

C.thethingtobetamedurgently

D.theproblemtobetackledatonce

问题4选项

A.can'tbetooemphasizedintoday'sworld

B.isunnecessarilyexaggerated

C.isnotfullyrecognizedyet

D.ismoreimportanttothecompanythantotheclient

问题5选项

A.canusuallyprovidetheviewerswiththelatestinformation

B.isnotagoodideaunlessitsinformationisupdatedconstantly

C.maytakemoremoneytobesetupandkeptrunningthanimagined

D.canfindextensiveapplicationsinpresidentialelections

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段“Industrypublicationscontinuouslytoutthelatestandgreatestelectronicinnovations.”行业出版商不断吹捧最新的和最伟大的电子创新。所以，人们对新技术的热情，有一部分是来源于电子创新。选项A正确。

2.根据第二段第二句“Theanswer,unequivocally,isno.Technologyremainswhatithasalwaysbeen,atoolusedbyprofessionalstohelpthemdotheirjobs.”技术一直是专业人士用来帮助他们工作的工具。选项B符合原文。

3.根据第二段的内容可知，技术一直是专业人士用来帮助他们工作的工具。建立良好公共关系的基础与过去一样，依旧是：预测和满足客户和媒体的需求,并提供有用的信息和建议。也就是说新技术并不是公共关系中起关键作用的主流事物。所以“tailwaggingdog”指具有压倒性优势的事物，选项A正确。

4.根据第二段的第五句“Thefoundationsofgoodpublicrelationsremainthesame:anticipatingandmeetingtheneedsofclientsandthemedia,andprovidinginformedandusefulcounsel.”建立良好公共关系的基础与过去一样，依旧是：预测和满足客户和媒体的需求,并提供有用的信息和建议。所以说没必要夸大新技术在公共关系中的作用。选项B符合原文。

5.根据最后一段的内容可知，网页一旦启用，就需要一直的保持新鲜感，也就是说，信息需要不断的更新。选项B符合原文。

9.单选题

Inthe1970s,SaudiArabiaandotheroil-richstates

vastsumsofmoneythroughthesaleofoil.

问题1选项

A.assembled

B.accommodated

C.accumulated

D.appreciated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。assembled“装配，组合”；accommodated“安排，为……提供住宿”；accumulated“积累”；appreciated“欣赏”。句意：上世纪70年代，沙特阿拉伯和其他富油国家通过出售石油获得了巨额财富。选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

（）wehadnotmadeanymistakesin

thecalculations!

问题1选项

A.Butfor

B.Ifonly

C.Let

D.Without

【答案】B

【解析】句意：要是我们的计算没有出错就好了！

Ifonly此处指要是……就好了,表达愿望。butfor指要不是。

11.单选题

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidizethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalizationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

1.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares（

）.

2.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor（

）.

3.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators（

）.

4.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

问题1选项

A.willeasetrainoperation'sburden

B.haskeptpacewithinflation

C.isabigsurprisetocommuters

D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure

问题2选项

A.cardrivers

B.railtravelers

C.localinvestors

D.ordinarytaxpayers

问题3选项

A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters

B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions

C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice

D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes

问题4选项

A.thelossofinvestment

B.thecollapseofoperations

C.areductionofrevenue

D.achangeofownership

问题5选项

A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

C.CanNationalizationBringHope?

D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

12.单选题

Thelatterisnolessimportantthantheformer,andifbibliographicaldecisionsaremadewrongly,noamountoflogisticinformationcan（

）thesituation.

问题1选项

A.envisage

B.disperse

C.diffuse

D.redeem

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项envisage“正视，面对”；B选项disperse“分散，分开，使传播”；C选项diffuse“扩散”；D选项redeem“赎回，挽救”。根据句意‘后者比前者更重要，并且如果最终书目决定错了，即使再多的逻辑信息也无法挽救这个局面。’D选项正确。

13.单选题

Thefactisthatmotherhoodmakestheheaviestdemandsin（）heareasofleastexperience.

问题1选项

A.thatitmightbecalled

B.whatmightbecalled

C.whichmightbecalled

D.itmightbecalled

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法知识。空格处所填词在介词in的宾语从句中充当主语的成分，因此只有B选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Ifweacquiesce,we’llbeborrowing（）forthefuture.

问题1选项

A.pit

B.trouble

C.pitfall

D.storm

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项pit“矿井，深坑，陷阱”；B选项trouble“麻烦，烦恼，故障，动乱”；C选项pitfall“陷阱，圈套，缺陷，诱惑”；D选项storm“暴风雨，大动荡”。句意：如果我们默许，那么我们将在未来陷入到借贷麻烦中。因此B选项正确。

15.单选题

Duringhertwo-weekstayinBeijing,Elizabethnever（）achrome(chance)topracticeherChinese.

问题1选项

A.passedby

B.passedon

C.passedout

D.passedup

【答案】D

【解析】passby经过，走过；passon去世，传递；passout昏倒，失去知觉；passup拒绝，错过。passupachancetodosth.错过或放弃做某事的机会。句意：在北京逗留的两周中，Elizabeth从未错过任何一个练习汉语的机会。选项D符合句意。

16.单选题

Inthemid-nineteenth,theUnitedStateshadtremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry.Mostoftherawmaterialsthatarevaluableinthemanufactureofmachinery,transportationfacilities,andconsumergoodslayreadytobeworkedintowealth.Iron,coal,andoil—thebasicingredientsofindustrialgrowth—wereplentifulandneededonlytheapplicationoftechnicalexpertise,organizationalskill,andlabor.

Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.Therailroadscontributedtotheindustrialgrowthnotonlybyconnectingthesemajorcenters,butalsobythemselvesconsumingenormousamountsoffuel,iron,andcoal.

Manyfactorsinfluencedtheemergingmodesofproduction.Forexample,machinetools,thetoolsusedtomakegoods,weresteadilyimprovedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury—alwayswithaneyetospeedierproductionandlowerunitcosts.Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.

ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.EuropenowbegantosendtidesofimmigrantsfromeasternandsouthernEurope—mostofwhomwereoriginallypoorfarmersbutwhosettledinAmericanindustrialcities.ThemoneytofinancethistremendousexpansionoftheAmericaneconomystillcamefromEuropeanfinanciersforthemostpart,buttheAmericanswereapproachingthedaywhentheirexpansioncouldbefinancedintheirown“moneymarket”.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”inPara.2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofUnitedStatesfarmersinthenineteenthcentury?

问题1选项

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury

问题2选项

A.Toemphasizetherailroad’sconsumptionofoilandcoal.

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.

问题3选项

A.Railwayworkers

B.Farmers

C.Europeans

D.Citydwellers

问题4选项

A.Theylostsomejobsbecauseofmechanization.

B.Theyraisedtheirproductivitybyusingnewmachinery.

C.TheysoldfoodtoEuropeancountries.

D.Theywereunabletoproducesufficientfoodforurbanareas.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。定位在第二段中Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.（在美国工业化的过程中一个关键的发展是铁路的发展。）以及全文都在介绍影响美国工业化的因素（如铁、煤和石油等原材料、劳动力等）综合而知，C选项“影响美国工业化的因素”正确，符合题意。A选项“美国的铁路发展史”，B选项“美国主要的工业中心”及D选项“农业在19世纪的角色”在文中均未提及，可排除。故选C。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在第二段中TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.（铁路网迅速扩张，直到美国的铁路地图看起来像一张蜘蛛网，这些钢铁丝状物将原材料产地，原材料的生产和配送中心连在一起。）由此可知，美国的铁路路线多，且像蜘蛛网一样结构复杂。因此B选项“去描述铁路系统的复杂结构”正确，符合题意。A选项“去强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗”，C选项“去解释铁路扩张带来的问题”，D选项“去描述原材料配送中涉及的困难”均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】客观细节题。定位到文章的第三段Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.（工厂的这些产品很快被居住了工人和批发商的城市所消耗。）工厂产品的最大消费者是居住在那里的人。因此D选项“城市居住者”正确，符合题意。A选项“铁路工人”，B选项“农民”，C选项“欧洲人”，均不符合题意，可排除。故选D。

4.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】客观细节题。根据第三段中AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.（美国的农业生产赶得上美国城市的需求，且仍然有剩余以销售到欧洲的工业中心。）可知D选项“他们不能为城市生产足够的食物”错误，与原文不符。也能够知道C选项“他们将食物销售到欧洲国家”正确，与原文相符。由第三段中的倒数第二句Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.（城市人口的增加得益于农业生产的增加，反过来，农业生产因新的农业机械的使用而变得更多产）可知B选项“他们通过使用新机械而提高了生产力”正确，与原文相符。由最后一段中ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.（工厂运行和铁路建设的劳动力部分来自美国的农村地区，那里的人正被农业机械所取代，一部分来自于亚洲，一部分来自欧洲。）可知A选项“他们由于机械化而失去了一些工作”，正确，与原文相符。故选D。

17.单选题

Tomcomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages（

）fromthedictionary.

问题1选项

A.losing

B.lost

C.missing

D.missed

【答案】C

【解析】句意:汤姆向书商抱怨这本字典缺了几页。

语法题。考查后置定语。分析题干跟选项可知空格处为动词的现在分词形式作后置定语修饰severalpages,表示“丢失了的”。四个选项中,losing失败的,使受损失的;lost失去的,丧失的,迷路的。这两项一般不放在被修饰词后作定语。Missing丢失的,下落不明的。Missed感到思念的。因此C符合句意。

18.翻译题

(1)StanBelin(斯坦•贝林)wasborninthe1930stoanurbanfamilylockedinthegripoftheGreatDepression.Hiswasafracturedfamily,oneinwhichhisparentsfoughtconstantly.Ilivedwithafeelingofimpendingdoom,hesays.Thisfeardrovehimtobeamodelchild.

Stanhasavividmemoryofonceleaningagainstabridgerailingasaboyandgazingatahandsomepartyboatpassingbelow.Hecouldseepeopleondeckenjoyingtheirouting.(2)Itwasasceneofcomfortandluxuryhecouldhardlyhaveimagined.Thatmentalpictureinfluencedtheboy’sideaofsuccess.Hisgoalsbecamemoney,power,andprestige.

Standidwellinschool.Hefoundhisgreatestacademicsuccessinhissciencecourses.Buthelackedtheconfidencetopursueamedicalcareerandturnedtodentistryasaquickerroutetohislife’sgoals.

(3)Hemarriedayoungwomanhehadknownsincehighschool,andforover20yearsStanandJanelivedalifethatmanypeoplewouldenvy.Hisreputationspread,themoneystartedrollinginandhewasappointedtoaprestigiouspositionbyhisstategovernment.Twohealthychildrenwereborn.

(4)Thefamilyhadamagnificenthouse,expensiveautomobilesandtookexoticvacations.

ThecrowningtouchforStancamewhenheboughtaluxuryyachtandsailedtothebridgewhere,asachild,hehadfirstglimpsedwhathehopedwouldbehisfuture.“ItoldJanethestory,”hesays.(5)“AsIspoke,Irealizedthatsomethingwasallwrong.IpossessedeverythingIhadeverdreamedof,butIfeltverysadandhopeless.Whatwasworse,Iknewitwouldneverchange.”

Thenintheearly1980s,adoctorfriendinvitedStantodinner.Thefriendsaidhehadbeenusingcocaineasanantidepressant.Hedescribeditasamarvelousnoaddictivedrug.Standecidedthedrugmightbejustrightforhisowndepression.

【答案】1.斯坦•贝林出生于20世纪30年代一个陷入经济大萧条困境之中的城市家庭。

2.这种舒适与奢侈的情景是他无法想象的。这一情景铭刻在他的脑海里，影响着他对成功的看法。

3.他娶了一位中学时代就认识的女子为妻，20多年来，他和妻子简过着令人称羡的生活。

4.他们有华丽的住宅和昂贵的汽车，还常常出国度假。

5.说话时，我忽然意识到情况很不对劲。我已拥有曾经梦寐以求的一切，但却感到悲伤无望。更糟糕的是，我知道这种状况将永远不会改变。

19.单选题

Earlyresearchonattitudesassumedthattheywerecasuallyrelatedtobehavior;thatis,the