快速学好英语必备-5听力文段逻辑

·Tableof使用说 Level 练习说 Howtogaincontrolofyourfree Whatmakesagoodlife?Lessonsfromthelongeststudyon Howlanguageshapesthewaywe Level 练习说 WhyWeHaveTooFewWomen ThePowerof AHealthyEconomyShouldBeDesignedToThrive,Not Level 练习说 IsTheWorldGettingBetterOrWorse?ALookAt WhyYouShouldMakeUseless IsOurUniverseTheOnly 组成|度|本|「·文段训练」由两部分组成：「练习册」和「答案「·文段训练」分三个阶段，难度依次递增LevelI：逐句听记训LevelIILevelIII：速记训文段精选：选自十篇Ted，内容涵盖时间管理、语言习得、良善生活音资源附于单个练习部分的页Level（逐句听记训练不同于纯粹的辨音训练，逐句听记的目的在于对信息输入的处理，将输入的信息处理为自己熟悉的具有画面感的信息并输出记录。以此提高输入时信息处理的速度。原文：WhenpeoplefindoutIwriteabouttimemanagement,theyassumetwothings听记填写(参考)：当人们发现我写时间管理文章时，they假设2(如下图逐句听记的过程中，需要组织自己的语言记录对当句的理解。可以使用英文、中文，甚至交织各种自己书写速记的符号，只需保证自己回溯时能够理解即Howtogaincontrolofyourfree地 /talks/lauravanderkamhowtogaincontrolofyourfreetiWhenpeoplefindoutIwriteabouttimemanagement,theyassumetwothings.当人们发现我写时间管理文章时theyOneisthatI'malwaysontime,andI'm一是我准时，但我并不Ihavefoursmallchildren,andIwouldliketoblamethemformyoccasionaltardiness,butsometimesit'sjustnottheirIwasoncelatetomyownspeechontimeWeallhadtojusttakeamomenttogetherandsavorthatirony.ThesecondthingtheyassumeisthatIhavelotsoftipsandtricksforsavingbitsoftimehereandthere.SometimesI'llhearfrommagazinesthatarengastoryalongtheselines,generallyonhowtohelptheirreadersfindanextrahourintheday.Andtheideaisthatwe'llshavebitsoftimeoffeverydayactivities,additup,andwe'llhavetimeforthegoodstuff.Iquestiontheentirepremiseofthispiece,butI'malwaysinterestedinhearingwhatthey'vecomeupwithbeforetheycallme.Someofmyfavorites:ngerrandswhereyouonlyhavetomakeright-handturns--Beingextremelyjudiciousinmicrowaveusage:itsaysthreetothree-and-a-halfminutesonthepackage,we'retotallygettinginonthebottomsideofthat.Andmyalfavorite,whichmakessenseonsomelevel,istoDVRyourfavoriteshowssoyoucanfast-forwardthroughthecommercials.Thatway,yousaveeightminuteseveryhalfhour,sointhecourseoftwohoursofwatchingTV,youfind32minutestoWhichisYouknowanotherwaytofind32minutestoexercise?Don'twatchtwohoursofTVaday,Anyway,theideaiswe'llsavebitsoftimehereandthere,additup,wewillfinallygettoeverythingwewanttodo.Butafterstudyinghowsuccessfulpeoplespendtheirtimeandlookingattheirscheduleshourbyhour,Ithinkthisideahasitcompleybackward.Wedon'tbuildtheliveswewantbysavingtime.Webuildtheliveswewant,andthentimesavesitself.Here'swhatIIrecentlydidatimediaryprojectlookingat1,001daysinthelivesofextremelybusyTheyhaddemandingjobs,sometimestheirownbusinesses,kidstocarefor,maybeparentstocarefor,communitycommitments--busy,busypeople.IhadthemkeeptrackoftheirtimeforaweeksoIcouldadduphowmuchtheyworkedandslept,andIinterviewedthemabouttheirstrategies,formybook.OneofthewomenwhosetimelogIstudiedgoesoutonaWednesdaynightforsomething.Shecomeshometofindthatherwaterheaterhasbroken,andthereisnowwateralloverherbasement.Ifyou'veeverhadanythinglikethishappentoyou,youknowitisahugelydamaging,frightening,sopmess.Soshe'sdealingwiththeimmediateaftermaththatnight,nextdayshe'sgotplumberscomingin,dayafterthat,professionalcleaningcrewdealingwiththeruinedcarpet.AllthisisbeingrecordedonhertimeWindsuptakingsevenhoursofherSevenThat'slikefindinganextrahourintheButI'msureifyouhadaskedheratthestartoftheweek,"Couldyoufindsevenhourstotrainforatriathlon?""Couldyoufindsevenhourstomentorsevenworthypeople?"I'msured'vesaidwhatmostofuswould'vesaid,whichis,"No--can'tyouseehowbusyIam?"Yetwhenshehadtofindsevenhoursbecausethereiswateralloverherbasement,shefoundsevenhours.Andwhatthisshowsusisthattimeishighlyelastic.Wecannotmakemoretime,buttimewillstretchto modatewhatwechoosetoputintoit.Andsothekeytotimemanagementistreatingourprioritiesastheequivalentofthatbrokenwaterheater.Togetatthis,IliketouselanguagefromoneofthebusiestpeopleIeverBybusy,Imeanshewasrunningasmallbusinesswith12peopleonthepayroll,shehadsixchildreninhersparetime.Iwasgettingintouchwithhertosetupaninterviewonhowshe"haditall"--thatIrememberitwasaThursdaymorning,andshewasnotavailabletospeakwithme.Ofcourse,Butthereasonshewasunavailabletospeakwithmeisthatshewasoutforahike,becauseitwasabeautifulspringmorning,andshewantedtogoforahike.Soofcoursethismakesmeevenmoreintrigued,andwhenIfinallydocatchupwithher,sheexplainsitlikethis.Shesays,"ListenLaura,everythingIdo,everyminuteIspend,ismychoice."Andratherthansay,"Idon'thavetimetodox,yorz,"she'dsay,"Idon'tdox,yorzbecauseit'snotapriority.""Idon'thavetime,"oftenmeans"It'snotaIfyouthinkaboutit,that'sreallymoreIcouldlyouIdon'thavetimetodustmyblinds,butthat'snottrue.Ifyouofferedtopayme$100,000todustmyblinds,Iwouldgettoitprettyquickly.Sincethatisnotgoingtohappen,Icanacknowledgethisisnotamatteroflackingtime;it'sthatIdon'twanttot.Usingthislanguageremindsusthattimeisachoice.Andgranted,theremaybehorribleconsequencesformakingdifferentchoices,Iwillgiveyouthat.Butwearesmartpeople,andcertainlyoverthelongrun,wehavethepowertofillourliveswiththethingsthatdeservetobethere.SohowdowedoHowdowetreatourprioritiesastheequivalentofthatbrokenwaterWell,weneedtofigureoutwhattheyIwanttogiveyoutwostrategiesforthinkingaboutthis.The,ontheprofessionalside:I'msuremanypeoplecominguptooftheyeararegivingorgettingannualperformancereviews.Youlookbackoveryoursuccessesovertheyear,your"opportunitiesforgrowth."Andthisservesitspurpose,butIfindit'smoreeffectivetodothislookingSoIwantyoutopretendit'sofnextyear.You'regivingyourselfaperformancereview,andithasbeenanabsoluyamazingyearforyouprofessionally.Whatthreetofivethingsdidyoudothatmadeitsoamazing?Soyoucanwritenextyear'sperformancereviewnow.Andyoucandothisforyourallife,I'msuremanyofyou,likeme,comeDecember,getcardsthatcontainthesefoldedupsheetsofcoloredpaper,onwhichiswrittenwhatisknownasthefamilyholidayletter.Bitofawretchedgenreofliterature,really,goingonabouthowamazingeveryoneinthehouseholdis,orevenmorescintillating,howbusyeveryoneinthehouseholdis.Buttheselettersserveapurpose,whichisthattheylyourfriendsandfamilywhatyoudidinyourallifethatmatteredtoyouovertheyear.Sothisyear'skindofdone,butIwantyoutopretendit'sofnextyear,andhasbeenanabsoluyamazingyearforyouandthepeopleyoucareabout.Whatthreetofivethingsdidyoudothatmadeitsoamazing?Soyoucanwritenextyear'sfamilyholidayletternow. dPlease, dButyoucanwriteAndnow,betweentheperformancereviewandthefamilyholidayletter,wehavealistofsixtotengoalswecanworkoninthenextyear.Andnowweneedtobreakthesedownintodoablesteps.Somaybeyouwanttowriteafamily,youcanreadsomeotherfamilyhistories,getasenseforthestyle.Thenmaybethinkaboutthequestionsyouwanttoaskyourrelatives,setupappointmentstointerviewthem.OrmaybeyouwanttorunaSoyouneedtofindaraceandsignup,figureoutatrainingplan,anddigthoseshoesoutofthebackofthecloset.Andthen--thisiskey--wetreatoutprioritiesastheequivalentofthatbrokenwaterheater,byputtingthemintoourschedules.Wedothisbythinkingthroughourweeksbeforeweareinthem.IfindareallygoodtimetodothisisFridayafternoons.Fridayafternooniswhataneconomistmightcalla"lowopportunitycost"MostofusarenotsittingthereonFridayafternoonssaying,"Iamexcitedtomakeprgresstowardmyalandprofessionalprioritiesrightnow."Butwearewillingtothinkaboutwhatthoseshouldbe.SotakealittlebitoftimeFridayafternoon,makeyourselfathree-categoryprioritylist:career,relationships,self.Makingathree-categorylistremindsusthatthereshouldbesomethinginallthreeCareer,wethinkabout;relationships,--notsoButanyway,justashortlist,twotothreeitemsineach.Thenlookoutoverthewholeofthenextweek,andseewhereyoucanplanthemin.Whereyouplantheminisupto complicatedforsomepeoplethanothers.Imean,somepeople'slivesarejustharderthanothers.Itisnotgoingtobeeasytofindtimetotakethatpoetryclassifyouarecaringformultiplechildrenonyourown.IgetAndIdon'twanttominimizeanyone'sButIdothinkthatthenumbersIamabouttolyouareempowering.Thereare168hoursinaTwenty-fourtimessevenis168ThatisalotofIfyouareworkingafull-timejob,so40hoursaweek,sleeeighthoursanight,so56hoursaweek--thatleaves72hoursforotherthings.ThatisalotofYousayyou'reworking50hoursaweek,maybeamainjobandasidehustle.Well,thatleaves62hoursforotherYousayyou'reworking60Well,thatleaves52hoursforotherYousayyou'reworkingmorethan60Well,areyouTherewasonceastudycomparingpeople'sestimatedworkweekswithtimeTheyfoundthatpeopleclaiming75-plus-hourworkweekswereoffbyabout25Youcanguessinwhichdirection,Anyway,in168hoursaweek,Ithinkwecanfindtimeforwhatmatterstoyou.Ifyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourkids,youwanttostudymoreforatestyou'retaking,youwanttoexerciseforthreehoursandvolunteerfortwo,youAndthat'sevenifyou'reworkingwaymorethanfull-timehours.Sowehaveplentyoftime,whichisgreat,becauseguesswhat?Wedon'tevenneedthatmuchtimetodoamazingthings.Butwhenmostofushavebitsoftime,whatdowedo?Pulloutthephone,StartdeletingOtherwise,we'reputteringaroundthehouseorwatchin.ButsmallmomentscanhavegreatYoucanuseyourbitsoftimeforbitsofMaybeit'schoosingtoreadsomethingwonderfulonthebusonthewaytowork.IknowwhenIhadajobthatrequiredtwobusridesandasubwayrideeverymorning,Iusedtogotothelibraryonweekendstogetstufftoread.Itmadethewholeexperiencealmost,almost,enjoyable.Breaksatworkcanbeusedformediatingorpraying.Iffamilydinnerisoutbecauseofyourcrazyworkschedule,maybefamilybreakfastcouldbeagoodsustitute.It'saboutlookingatthewholeofone'stimeandseeingwherethegoodstuffcanItrulybelieveThereisEvenifwearebusy,wehavetimeforwhatmatters.Andwhenwefocusonwhatmatters,wecanbuildtheliveswewantinthetimewe'vegot.ThankWhatmakesagoodlife?Lessonsfromthelongeststudyonhappiness地址 /talks/robertwaldingerwhatmakesagoodlifelessonsfromthelongeststudyonhappiness?referrer=playlist-themostpopulartalksofallWhatkeepsushealthyandhappyaswegothroughlife?Ifyouweregoingtoinvestnowinyourfuturebestself,wherewouldyouputyourtimeandyourenergy?Therewasarecentsurveyofmillennialsaskingthemwhattheirmostimportantlifegoalswere,andover80percentsaidthatamajorlifegoalforthemwastogetAndanother50percentofthosesameyoungadultssaidthatanothermajorlifegoalwasto efamous.Andwe'reconstantlytoldtoleanintowork,topushharderandachievemore.We'regiventheimpressionthatthesearethethingsthatweneedtogoafterinordertohaveagoodlife.Picturesofentirelives,ofthechoicesthatpeoplemakeandhowthosechoicesworkoutforthem,thosepicturesarealmostimpossibletoget.Mostofwhatweknowabouthumanlifeweknowfromaskingpeopletorememberthepast,andasweknow,hindsightisanythingbut20/20.Weforgetvastamountsofwhathappenstousinlife,andsometimesmemoryisdownrightcreative.Butwhatifwecouldwatchentirelivesastheyunfoldthroughtime?Whatifwecouldstudypeoplefromthetimethattheywereteenagersallthewayintooldagetoseewhatreallykeepspeoplehappyandhealthy?WedidTheHarvardStudyofAduevelopmentmaybethelongeststudyofadultlifethat'severbeendone.For75years,we'vetrackedthelivesof724men,yearafteryear,askingabouttheirwork,theirhomelives,theirhealth,andofcourseaskingallalongthewaywithoutknowinghowtheirlifestoriesweregoingtoturnout.StudieslikethisareexceedinglyAlmostallprojectsofthiskindfallapartwithinadecadebecausetoomanypeopledropoutofthestudy,orfundingfortheresearchdriesup,ortheresearchersgetdistracted,ortheydie,andnobodymovestheballfurtherdownthefield.Butthroughacombinationofluckandthepersistenceofseveralgenerationsofresearchers,thisstudyhassurvived.About60ofouroriginal724menarestillalive,stillparticipatinginthestudy,mostofthemintheir90s.Andwearenowbeginningtostudythemorethan2,000childrenofthesemen.AndI'mthefourthdirectoroftheSince1938,we'vetrackedthelivesoftwogroupsofmen.ThegroupstartedinthestudywhentheyweresophomoresatHarvardTheyallfinishedcollegeduringWorldWarII,andthenmostwentofftoserveinthewar.Andthesecondgroupthatwe'vefollowedwasagroupofboysfromBoston'spoorestneighborhoods,boyswhowerechosenforthestudyspecificallybecausetheywerefromsomeofthemosttroubledanddisadvantagedfamiliesintheBostonofthe1930s.Mostlivedintenements,manywithouthotandcoldrunningwater.Whentheyenteredthestudy,alloftheseteenagerswereinterviewed.Theyweregivenmedical interviewedtheirparents.Andthentheseteenagersgrewupintoadultswhoenteredallwalksoflife.Theybecamefactoryworkersandlawyersandbricklayersanddoctors,oneoftheUnitedStates.SomedevelopedAfewdevelopedSomeclimbedthesocialladderfromthebottomallthewaytotheverytop,andsomemadethatjourneyintheoppositeThefoundersofthisstudywouldneverintheirwildestdreamshaveimaginedthatIwouldbestandingheretoday,75yearslater,lingyouthatthestudystillEverytwoyears,ourpatientanddedicatedresearchstaffcallsupourmenandasksthemifwecansendthemyetonemoresetofquestionsabouttheirlives.ManyoftheinnercityBostonmenaskus,"Whydoyoukeepwantingtostudyme?Mylifejustisn'tinteresting."TheHarvardmenneveraskthatquestion.Togettheclearestpictureoftheselives,wedon'tjus dthemquestionnaires.WeinterviewthemintheirlivingWegettheirmedicalrecordsfromtheirWedrawtheirblood,wescantheirbrains,wetalktotheirchildren.Wetapethemtalkingwiththeirwivesabouttheirdeepestconcerns.Andwhen,aboutadecadeago,wefinallyaskedthewivesiftheywouldjoinusasmembersofthestudy,manyofthewomansaid,"Youknow,it'sabouttime."SowhathaveweWhatarethelessonsthatcomefromthetensofthousandsofpagesofinformationthatwe'vegeneratedontheselives?Well,thelessonsaren'taboutwealthorfameorworkingharderandharder.Theclearestmessagethatwegetfromthis75-yearstudyisthis:Goodrelationshipskeepushappierandhealthier.We'velearnedthreebiglessonsaboutTheisthatsocialconnectionsarereallygoodforus,andthatlonelinesskills.Itturnsoutthatpeoplewhoaremoresociallyconnectedtofamily,tofriends,tocommunity,arehappier,they'rephysicallyhealthier,andtheylivelongerthanpeoplewhoarelesswellconnected.Andtheexperienceoflonelinessturnsouttobetoxic.Peoplewhoaremoreisolatedthantheywanttobefromothersfindthattheyarelesshappy,theirhealthdeclinesearlierinmidlife,theirbrainfunctioningdeclinessoonerandtheyliveshorterlivesthanpeoplewhoarenotlonely.Andthesadfactisthatatanygiventime,morethanoneinfiveAmericanswillreportthatthey'relonely.Andweknowthatyoucanbelonelyinacrowdandyoucanbelonelyinamarriage,sothesecondbiglessonthatwelearnisthatit'snotjustthenumberoffriendsyouhave,andit'snotwhetherornotyou'reinacommittedrelationship,butit'sthequalityofyourcloserelationshipsthatmatters.Itturnsoutthatlivinginthemidstofisreallybadforourhealth.High-marriages,forexample,withoutmuchaffection,turnouttobeverybadforourhealth,perhapsworsethangettingdivorced.Andlivinginthemidstofgood,warmrelationshipisprotective.Oncewehadfollowedourmenallthewayintotheir80s,wewantedtolookbackatthematmidlifeandtoseeifwecouldpredictwhowasgoingtogrowintoahappy,healthyoctogenarianandwhoAndwhenwegatheredtogethereverythingweknewaboutthematage50,itwasn'ttheirmiddleagecholesterollevelsthatpredictedhowtheyweregoingtogrowold.ItwashowsatisfiedtheywereintheirThepeoplewhowerethemostsatisfiedintheirrelationshipsatage50werethehealthiestatage80.Andgood,closerelationshipsseemtobufferusfromsomeoftheslingsandarrowsofgettingold.Ourmosthappilypartneredmenandwomenreported,intheir80s,thatonthedayswhentheyhadmorephysicalpain,theirmoodstayedjustashappy.Butthepeoplewhowereinunhappyrelationships,onthedayswhentheyreportedmorephysicalpain,itwasmagnifiedbymoreemotionalpain.Andthethirdbiglessonthatwelearnedaboutrelationshipsandourhealthisthatgoodrelationshipsdon'tjustprotectourbodies,theyprotectourbrains.Itturnsoutthatbeinginasecurelyattachedrelationshipswheretheyreallyfeeltheycancountontheotherintimesofneed,thosepeople'smemoriesstaysharperlonger.Andthepeopleinrelationshipswheretheyfeeltheyreallycan'tcountontheotherone,thosearethepeoplewhoexperienceearliermemorydecline.Andthosegoodrelationships,theydon'thavetobesmoothallthetime.Someofouroctogenariancouplescouldbickerwitheachotherdayinanddayout,butaslongastheyfeltthattheycouldreallycountontheotherwhenthegoinggottough,thoseargumentsdidn'ttakeatollontheirmemories.Sothismessage,thatgood,closerelationshipsaregoodforourhealthandwell-being,thisiswisdomthat'sasoldasthehills.WhyisthissohardtogetandsoeasytoWell,we'reWhatwe'dreallylikeisaquickfix,somethingwecangetthat'llmakeourlivesgoodandkeepthemthatway.Relationshipsaremessyandthey'recomplicatedandthehardworkoftendingtofamilyandfriends,it'snotsexyorIt'salsoItneverThepeopleinour75-yearstudywhowerewhohadactivelyworkedtoreplaceworkmateswithnewplaymates.Justlikethemillennialsinthatrecentsurvey,manyofourmenwhentheywerestartingoutasyoungadultsreallybelievedthatfameandwealthandhighachievementwerewhattheyneededtogoaftertohaveagoodlife.Butoverandover,overthese75years,ourstudyhasshownthatthepeoplewhofaredthebestwerethepeoplewholeanedintorelationships,withfamily,withfriend,withcommunity.SowhataboutLet'ssayyou're25,oryou're40,oryou'reWhatmightleaningintorelationshipsevenlooklike?Well,thepossibilitiesarepracticallyItmightbesomethingassimpleasreplacingscreentimewithpeopletimeorliveningupastalerelationshipbyngsomethingnewtogether,longwalksordatenights,orreachingouttothatfamilymemberwhoyouhaven'tspokentoinyears,becausethose familyfeudstakeaterribletollonthepeoplewhoholdthegrudges.I'dliketoclosewithaquotefromMarkMorethanacenturyago,hewaslookingbackonhislife,andhewrotethis:"Thereisn'ttime,sobriefislife,forbickerings,apologies,heartburnings,callingstoaccount.Thereisonlytimeforloving,andbutaninstant,sotospeak,forthat." ThankHowlanguageshapesthewaywe地址 /talks/leraboroditskyhowlanguageshapesthewaywethi原文（听句时请遮住此列So,I'llbespeakingtoyouusinglanguage...becauseIcan.Thisisonethesemagicalabilitiesthatwehumanshave.Wecantransmitreallycomplicatedthoughtstooneanother.SowhatI'mngrightnowis,I'mmakingsoundswithmymouthasI'mI'mmakingtonesandhissesandpuffs,andthosearecreatingairvibrationsintheair.Thoseairvibrationsaretravelingtoyou,they're eardrums,andthenyourbraintakesthosevibrationsfromyoureardrumsandtransformsthemintothoughts.Ihope.Ihopethat'sSobecauseofthisability,wehumansareabletotransmitourideasacrossvastreachesofspaceandtime.We'reabletotransmitknowledgeacrossminds.Icanputabizarrenewideainyourmindrightnow.Icouldsay,"Imagineajellyfishwaltzinginalibrarywhilethinkingaboutquantummechanics."Now,ifeverythinghasgonerelativelywellinyourlifesofar,youprobablyhaven'thadthatthoughtbefore.ButnowI'vejustmadeyouthinkit,throughlanguage.Nowofcourse,thereisn'tjustonelanguageintheworld,thereareabout7,000languagesspokenaroundtheAndallthelanguagesdifferfromoneanotherinallkindsofways.Somelanguageshavedifferentsounds,they vocabularies,andtheyalsohave importantly,differentstructures.Thatbegsthequestion:DoesthelanguagewespeakshapethewayweNow,thisisanancientPeoplehavebeenspeculatingaboutthisquestionforever.Charlemagne,HolyRomanemperor,said,"Tohaveasecondlanguageistohaveasecondsoul"--strongstatementthatlanguagecraftsreality.Butontheotherhand,ShakespearehasJulietsay,"What'sinaname?Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet." languagedoesn'tcraftreality.Theseargumentshavegonebackandforthforthousandsofyears.Butuntilrecently,therehasn'tbeenanydatatohelpusdecideeitherway.Recently,inmylabandotherlabsaroundtheworld,we'vestartedngresearch,andnowwehaveactualscientificdatatoweighinonthisSoletmelyouaboutsomeofmyfavoriteexamples.I'llstartwithanexamplefroman AustraliathatIhadthechancetoworkThesearetheKuukThaayorreTheyliveinPormpuraawattheverywestedgeofCapeYork.What'scoolaboutKuukThaayorreis,inKuukThaayorre,theydon'tusewordslike"left"and"right,"andinstead,everythingisincardinaldirections:north,south,eastandwest.AndwhenIsayeverything,Ireallymeaneverything.Youwouldsaysomethinglike,"Oh,there'sanantonyoursouthwestOr,"Moveyourcuptothenorth-northeastalittlebit."Infact,thewaythatyousay"o"inKuukThaayorreisyousay,"Whichwayareyougoing?"Andtheanswershouldbe,"North-northeastinthefardistance.Howaboutyou?"Soimagineasyou'rewalkingaroundyourday,everyyougreet,youhavetoreportyourheadingdirection.Butthatwouldactuallygetyouorientedprettyfast,right?Becauseyouliterallycouldn'tgetpast"o,"ifyoudidn'tknowwhichwayyouweregoing.Infact,peoplewhospeaklanguageslikethisstayorientedreallywell.Theystayorientedbetterthanweusedtothinkhumanscould.Weusedtothinkthathumanswereworsethanothercreaturesbecauseofsomebiologicalexcuse:"Oh,wedon'thavemagnetsinourbeaksorinourNo;ifyourlanguageandyourculturetrainsyoutot,actually,youcandoTherearehumansaroundtheworldwhostayorientedreallywell.Andjusttogetusinagreementabouthowdifferentthisisfromthewaywet,IwantyoualltocloseyoureyesforasecondandpointKeepyoureyesclosed.OK,soyoucanopenyourIseeyouguyspointingthere,there,there,there,there...Idon'tknowwhichwayitismyself--YouhavenotbeenalotofSolet'sjustsaytheaccuracyinthisroomwasnotveryhigh.Thisisabigdifferenceincognitiveabilityacrosslanguages,right?Whereonegroup--verydistinguishedgrouplikeyouguys--doesn'tknowwhichwayiswhich,butinanothergroup,Icouldaskafive-year-oldandtheywouldknow.Therearealsoreallybigdifferencesinhowpeoplethinkabouttime. grandfatheratdifferentages.AndifIaskanEnglishspeakertoorganizetime,theymightlayitoutthisway,fromlefttoright.ThishastodowithwritingIfyouwereaspeakerofHebreworArabic,youmightdoitgoingintheoppositedirection,fromrighttoleft.ButhowwouldtheKuukThaayorre,thisAboriginalgroupIjusttoldyouabout,t?Theydon'tusewordslike"left"andLetmegiveyouWhenwesatpeoplefacingsouth,theyorganizedtimefromlefttoright.Whenwesatthemfacingnorth,theyorganizedtimefromrighttoleft.Whenwesatthemfacingeast,timecametowardsthebody.What'stheEasttowest,Soforthem,timedoesn'tactuallygetlockedonthebodyatall,itgetslockedonthelandscape.Soforme,ifI'mfacingthisway,thentimegoesthisway,andifI'mfacingthisway,thentimegoesthisway.I'mfacingthisway,timegoesthis--veryegocentricofmetohavethedirectionoftimechasemearoundeverytimeIturnmybody.FortheKuukThaayorre,timeislockedonthelandscape.It'sadramaticallydifferentwayofthinkingabouttime.Here'sanotherreallysmarthumanSupposeIaskyouhowmanypenguinsarethere.Well,IbetIknowhowyou'dsolvethatproblemifyousolvedit.Youwent,"One,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight."YoucountedYounamedeachonewithanumber,andthelastnumberyousaidwasthenumberofpenguins.Thisisalittletrickthatyou'retaughttouseaskids.Youlearnthenumberlistandyoulearnhowtoapplyit.AlittlelinguisticWell,somelanguagesdon'tdothis,becausesomelanguagesdon'thaveexactnumberwords.They'relanguagesthatdon'thaveawordlike"seven"orawordlikeInfact,peoplewhospeaktheselanguagesdon'tcount,andtheyhavetroublekeetrackofSo,forexample,ifIaskyoutomatchthisnumberofpenguinstothesamenumberofducks,youwouldbeabletodothatbycounting.Butfolkswhodon'thavethatlinguistictrickcan'tdothat.Languagesalsodifferinhowtheydivideupthecolorspectrum--thevisualworld.Somelanguageshavelotsofwordsforcolors,somehaveonlyacouplewords,"light"and"dark."Andlanguagesdifferinwheretheyputboundariesbetweencolors.So,forexample,inEnglish,there'sawordforbluethatcoversallofthecolorsthatyoucanseeonthescreen,butinRussian,thereisn'tasingleword.Instead,Russianspeakershavetodifferentiatebetweenlightblue,"goluboy,"anddarkblue,"siniy."SoRussianshavethislifetimeof language,distinguishingthesetwoWhenwetestpeople'sabilitytoperceptuallydiscriminatethesecolors,whatwefindisthatRussianspeakersarefasteracrossthislinguisticThey'refastertobeabletolthedifferencebetweenalightanddarkAndwhenyoulookatpeople'sbrainsasthey'relookingatcolors--sayyouhavecolorsshiftingslowlyfromlighttodarkblue--thebrainsofpeoplewhousedifferentwordsforlightanddarkbluewillgiveasurprisedreactionasthecolorsshiftfromlighttodark.Asif,"Ooh,somethinghascategoricallychanged,"whereasthebrainsofEnglishspeakers,forexample,thatdon'tmakethiscategoricaldistinction,don'tgivethatsurprise,because categ