九型人格英文百科

TheEnneagram(alsosometimescalledEnneagon)isanine-pointedgeometricfigure.ThederivesfromtwoGreekwords-ennea(nine)andgrammos(somethingwrittenordrawn).TheintroductionoftheEnneagramfigureiscreditedto,whointroduceditinhisteachingsasauniversalsymbolwhichdisplaysthefundamentalcosmiclaws.Gurdjieffdidnotdisclosewherefigureoriginallycamefrombesidesclaimingthatitwastheemblemofsecretsocieties.TheEnneagramfigureisnowusedforvariouspurposesinanumberofdifferentteachingsystems.InmorerecentyearsthefigurehasmostlycomeintoprominencebecauseofitsusewithwhatisoftencalledtheEnneagramofPersonality.ThefundamentalconceptsoftheEnneagramofPersonalityareattributedtoOscarIchazo.EnneagramsshownassequentialstellationsInanenneagramisaregularnine-sided,usingthesamepointsastheregularbutconnectedinfixedsteps.Ithastwoforms:{9/2}and{9/4}connectingevery2ndandevery4thpointsrespective!y.Thereisalsoastarfigure,{9/3},madefromtheregularenneagonpointsbutconnectedasacompoundofthreeequilateraltrianglesThemodernuseoftheEnneagramfigureisgenerallycreditedtoandhisteachingtradition.HisteachingsconcerningthefigureandwhatitrepresentsdoesnothaveanydirectconnectiontotheteachingsbyOscarIchazoandothersconcerningego-fixationsorpersonalitytypes.Theenneagramfigureisacirclewithninepoints.Inscribedwithinthecircleisatriangletakinginpoints9,3and6.Theinscribedfigureresemblingaweblinkstheothersixpointsinacyclicfigure1-4-2-8-5-7.Therulesofthemagicnumbercanbeappliedtotheenneagram'sexplanationsofprocesses・AccordingtoGurdjief,theenneagramisthesymbolofthe"lawofseveheldfthree**combined(thetwofundamentallawswhichgoverntheuniverse),andthereforetheenneagrambeusedtodescribeanynaturalwholephenomenon,cosmos,processinlife,oranyotherpieceofknowledge・AbasicexampleofthepossibleusageoftheenneagramisthatitcanbeusedtoillustrateGurdjieffsconceptoftheevolutionofthethreetypesof'food'necessaryforaman:ordinaryfood,airandimpressions.Eachpointontheenneagraminthiscasewouldrepresentthestageandthepossibilityfurtherevolutionoffoodatacertainstageinthehumanbody.Mostprocessesontheenneagramarerepresentedthroughoctaveswherethepointsserveasthenotes;aconceptwhichisderivedfromGurdjieffsideaofthelawofseven.Inanoctavethedevelopingprocesscomestoacriticalpoint(oneofthetrianglepoints)atwhichhelpfromoutsideisneededforittorightlycontinue.Thisconceptisbestillustratedonthekeysofthepianowhereeverywhitekeywouldrepresentanenneagramwebpoint.Theadjacentwhitekeyswhicharemissingablackkey(halfnote)inbetweenrepresenttheenneagramwebpointswhichhaveatrianglepointinbetween.Inorderthatthispointwouldpassontothenext,anexternalpushisrequired.Intheenneagramaprocessisdepictedasgoingrightaroundthecirclebeginningat9(theendingpointofapreviousprocess).Theprocesscancontinueuntilitreachespoint3.Atpointthreeanexternalaidisneededinorderthattheprocesscontinues.Ifitdoesn*treceivethe'hel：theprocesswillstopevolvingandwilldevolvebackintotheformfromwhichitevolved.Theprocesscontinuesuntilpoint6,andlaterwhereasimilar”sneeded.Iftheprocesspassespointftheinitialprocesswillend,whilegivingbirthtoanewone.ThelineofdevelopmentassociatedwiththeFourthWaydevelopedfromthewritingsofGurdjieff'sstudents-principally,,and.TheydevelopedGurdjieffsideasandlefttheirownaccounts.ThereisextensivebibliographydevotedtotheGurdjieff-Ouspenskytradition.AGurdjiefffoundationexistswhichclaimsanauthoritybasedonalineofsuccessiondirectlythroughMrGurdjieff.ThefoundationpreservesGurdjieffsmusicandmovementsandcontinuesitsownworkwiththeEnneagramfigure.Theenneagramasastructuredprocesswasstudiedbyandhisassociates.BennettshowedhowitappliedtosomethingasmundaneasarestaurantaswellastosomethingasspiritualastheBeatitudes・Itiscurrentlybeingusedtoexplicatetheideaofself-organizationinmanagement.TheEnneagramofPersonalityisderivedfrom(establishedin・Court970F.2d1067,1075.2ndCircuit,1992)partialunderstandingsoftheinsightsofOscarIchazo.,theBolivia・bornfounderofthe(establishedin1968).Noevideneehasappearedbeforelchazo*sofferingsforusingtheEnneagramfigurewithconceptssuchas”egofixationsorHpersonalitytypesorindeedinanywaywhereeachpointisdescribedinawaythatcanbeviewedasatypology.AllhistoricaldocumentationofthiskindofterminologyappearsonlyafterIchazo'soriginalteachings.Ichazoclaimsthatsometimeinthe1950shereceivedinsightintohowcertainmechanisticandrepetitivethoughtandbehaviorpatternscanbeunderstoodinconnectionwiththeEnneagramfigureandwithwhathecalledTrialecticlogicaspartofacompleteandintegratedmodelofthehumanpsyche.ThepurposeofIchazo'steachingswastohelppeopletranscendtheirideratificationwith-thesufferingcausedby-theirownmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatterns.Thetheorywasfoundeduponthebasicpremisethatalllifeseekstocontinueandperpetuateitselfandthehumanpsychemustfollowthesamecommonlawsofrealityassuch.Fromthis,Ichazodefinedthreebasichumaninstinctsforsurvival(Conservation,RelationsandAdaptation)andtwopolesofattractiontoself-perpetuation(SexualandSpiritual).Withabaselineofapsycheinastateofunityasaprototypicalmodel,theFixationsweredefinedasaberrationsfromthisbaseline,muchastheDSMisanobservationallybasedtoolforrecognizingpersonalitydisorders.Infact,IchazohasrelatedtheFixationswiththeDSMcategoriestoshowthatFixationsaretheprecursortomentalillness.EachFixationisdiagnosedfromtheparticularexperieneeofpsychologicaltraumaachildsufferswhenthechild*sexpectationsarenotmetineachrespectiveInstinct.Sinceachildiscompletelyself-centereditsexpectationitisinevitablethatthechildwillexperiencedisappointmentofexpectationviewedbythechildasamatterofoneofthethreefundamentalattitudes(attracted,unattractedordisinterestedaretheonlypossibleattitudes),andthusexperiencetraumaandbegintoformmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatternsinanattempttoprotectitselffromexperiencingrecurreneeofthetrauma.Thisbasic,irrefutableunderstandingofthreefundamentalInstinctsandthreepossibleattitudeswiththeunderstandingthatahumanbeingcanbeinastateofunity,analyzedwithTrialecticlogicformsasolidfoundationuponwhichthetheoryofFixationsisbased.Assuch,thetheoryofegoFixationshasaparticularfoundationwhichcanbetested.TheideaofTersonalityTypes"isaninventionofintuitionwithoutanyparticularfoundationbeyondthetheoryofegoFixations,andassuchcanbeinterpretedtomeanwhateveranyoftheEnneagramofPersonalityproponentschoosesittomeanwhenevertheychoosetosointerpretit.Thusweunderstandwhythereisnospecific,solidagreementamongthevariousproponentsof”Personality”assomethingobjectiveandanythingmorethanapropositiontoobfuscatehumansuffering.Byunderstandingone'sFixationsandthroughselfobservation,theholdonthemind,andsufferingcausedbytheFixations,isreducedandeventranscended.TherewasneveranintentionorpurposeinIchazo'soriginalworktousethisknowledgetoreinforceormanipulatewhatisessentiallyasourceofhumansuffering.ThereforealmostalllaterinterpretationsoftheEnneagramofPersonalityareviewedbyIchazoasunfoundedandthereforemisguidedandpsychologicallyharmfulaswellasspirituallyharmful(inthesenseofcomingtoseeone'sprocessassuch)inlightofhisoriginalintentions.Inotherwords,theEnneagramMovementcanbeconsidered,inmostcases,toactuallybepromotingthestrengtheningofthebasisforthepersonalitydisorderswefindexpositionsofintheDSM.Fromthe1970sIchazo'spartialandmisunderstoodEnneagramteachingswereadaptedanddevelopedbyanumberofothers,firstbytheChilearvbompsychiatrist,,whowasamemberofatrainingprograminArica,ChilewithIchazoforsomemonthsin1969.NaranjotaughthisunderstandingoftheEnneagramofPersonalitytoanumberofhisAmericanstudents,ineludingsomeJesuitpriestswhothentaughtittoseminarians.ItisbelievedbyEnneagramtheoriststhatthepointsoftheEnneagramfigureindicateanumberofwaysinwhichnineprincipalego-archetypalformsortypesofhumanpersonality(alsooftencalled"Enneatypes*')arepsychologicallyconnected.TheseninetypesareoftengivennamesthatindicatesomeoftheirmoredistinctivelytypicalcharacteristicsSuchnamesareinsufficienttocapturethecomplexitiesandnuancesofthetypeswhichrequirestudyandobservationtounderstandin・SomebriefdescriptionsoftheEnneatypesareasfollows::Reformer,Critic,Perfectionist・Thistypefocusesonintegrity.Onescanbewise,discerningandinspiringintheirquestforthetruth.Theyalsotendtodissociatethemselvesfromtheirflawsorwhattheybelieveareflaws(suchasnegativeemotions)andcanbecomehypocriticalandhyper-criticalofothers,seekingtheillusionofvirtuetohidetheirownvices.TheOne'sgreatestfearistobeflawedandtheirultimategoalisperfect!on.Thecorresponding”deadlysin”OnesisAngerandtheirHholyidea**oresseneeisHolyPerfectionUnderstressOnesexpressqualitiesofFoursandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofSevens.:Helper,Giver,Caretaker・Twos,attheirbest,arecompassionate,thoughtfulandastonishinglygenerous;theycanalsobepronetobehavior,clinginessandmanipulation.Twoswant,aboveall,tolovedandneededandfearbeingunworthyoflove.ThecorrespondindeadlysirTofTwosiPrideandtheir"holyidea*1oressenceisHolyWill.UnderstressTwosexpressqualitiesofEightsandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofFours・:Achiever,Performer,Succeeder-Highlyadaptableandchangeable.Somewalktheworldwithconfideneeandunstintingauthenticity;otherswearaseriesofpublicmasks,actingthewaytheythinkwillbringthemapprovalandlosingtrackoftheirtrueself.Threesaremotivatedbytheneedtosucceedtobeseenassuccessful.Thecorresponding”deadlysin”ofThreesisDeceitandtheirHholyidea**oresseneeisHolyLaw.UnderstressThreesexpressqualitiesofNinesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofSixes.:Romantic,IndividualistArtist・ Drivenbyadesiretounderstandthemselvesandfindaplaceintheworldtheyoftenfearthattheyhavenoidentityorpersonalsignificanee.Foursembraceindividualismandareoftenprofoundlycreativeandintuitive.However,theyhaveahabitofwithdrawingtointernalize,searchingdesperatelysidethemselvesforsomethingtheyneverfindandcreatingaspiralofdepression.Thecorresponding"deadlysin”ofFoursisEnvyandtheirHholyidea”oresseneeisHolyOrigin.UnderstressFoursexpressqualitiesofTwosandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofOnes.:Observer,Thinker,InvestigatorFivesaremotivatedbythedesiretounderstandtheworldaroundthem,specificallyintermsoffacts.Believingtheyareonlyworthwhattheycontribute,Fiveshavelearnedtowithdraw,towatchwithkeeneyesandspeakonlywhentheycanshaketheworldwiththeirobservations.Sometimestheydojustthat.However,someFivesareknowntowithdrawfromtheworld,becomingreclusivehermitsandfendingoffsocialcontactwithabrasivecynicism.Fivesfearincompetencyoruselessnessandwanttobecapableandknowledgeableaboveallelse.Thecorresponding“deadlysirfoftheFiveisandtheirnholyidea”oresseneeisHolyOmniscience.UnderstressFivesexpressqualitiesofSevensandwhenrelaxedqualitiesof・:LoyalistDevil'sAdvocate,DefenderSixeslongforstabilityaboveallelse.Theyexhibitunwaveringloyaltyandresponsibility,butoncebetrayed,theyareslowtotrustagain.Theyarepronetoextremeanxietyandbehavior.Theirgreatestfearistolacksupportandguidanee.Thecorrespondingdeadlysin”oftheSixisCowardiceandtheirMholyideaoresseneeisHolyFaithandStrengthUnderstressSixesexpressqualitiesofThreesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofNines.Therearetwokindsof・phobicandcounterphobicPhobicSixeshaveatendencytorunorhidefromthingstheyfearwhilecounterphobicSixesaremorelikelytoconfronttheirfears.:Enthusiast,Adventurer,Materialist,EpicureSevensareadventurous,andbusywithmanyactivitieswithalltheenergyandenthusiasmoftheAttheirbesttheyembracelifeforitsvariedjoysandwondersandtrulyliveinthemoment;butattheirworsttheydashfranticallyfromonenewexperieneetoanother,tooscaredofdisappointmenttoactuallyenjoythemselves.Sevensfearbeingunabletoprovideforthemselvesortoexperieneelifeinallofitsrichness.Thecorresponding“deadlysin*'ofSevensisGluttonyandtheirHholyidea**oresseneeisHolyWisdom19.UnderstressSevensexpressqualitiesofOnesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofFives.:Leader,Protector,ChallengerEightsvaluepersonalstrengthandtheydesiretobepowerfulandcontrol.Theyconcernthemselveswithself-preservation.Theyarenaturalleaders,whocanbeeitherfriendlyandcharitableordictatoriallymanipulative,ruthless,andwillingtodestroyanythingintheirEightsseekcontrolovertheirownlivesanddestinies,andfearbeingharmedorcontrolledbyothers.Thecorresponding“deadlysirToftheEightisLustandtheirHholyidea”oresseneeisHolyTruth.UnderstressEightsexpressqualitiesofFivesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofTwos・:Mediator,Peacemaker,PreservationisNinesareruledbytheirempathy.Attheirbesttheyareperceptive,receptive,gentie,calmingandatpeacewiththeworld.Ontheotherhand,theyprefertodissociatefromconflicts;theyindifferentlygoalongwithothers*wishes,orsimplywithdraw,actinginaction.Theyfeartheconflictcausedbytheirabilitytosimultaneouslyunderstandopposingpointsofviewandseekpeaceofmindaboveallelse.Thecorresponding“deadlysin"oftheNineisSlothandtheirHholyidea”oresseneeisHolyLove.UnderstressNinesexpressqualitiesofSixesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofThrees・WhilstapersorfsEnneatypeisdeterminedbyonlyoneoftheego-fixations,theirpersonalitycharacteristicsarealsoinflueneedandmodifiedindifferentwaysbyalloftheothereightfixationsaswell.MostEnneagramteachersandtheoristsbelievethatoneoftheprincipalkindsofinfluenceandmodificationcomefromthetwopointsoneithersideoftheirEnneatype.Thesetwopointsareknownthe'Wings*.Observationseemstoindicate,forexample,thatOneswilltendtomanifestsomecharacteristicsofbothNinesandTwos.SomeEnneagramtheoristsbelievethatoneoftheWingswillalwayshaveamoredominantinfluenceonanindividuaPspersonality,whileothersbelievethateitherWingcanbedominantatanyparticulartimedependingontheperson'scircumstancesanddevelopment.ThisaspectofEnneagramtheorywasoriginallysuggestedbyClaudioNaranjoandthenfurtherdevelopedbysomeoftheJesuitteachers・Thelinesofthetriangleandhexagonarebelievedtoindicatepsychologicaldynamicsbetweenthepointsconnecteddependingonwhetherapersonisinamorestressedorsecureandrelaxedstate.Thereforetheconnectingpointsonthelinesareusuallycalledthe'StressPoints*and'SecurityPoints'.InDonRiso'steachingstheselinesarealsocalledthe'DirectionsofIntegration*andDirectionsofDisintegration*ashebelievesthatthesecuritypointsalsoindicatesthedirection*towardsgreaterpsychologicalwellbeingandthestresspointstowardspsychologicalbreakdown.Themoretraditionalunderstandingofthestressandsecuritypointsisthatwhenpeopleareinamoresecureorrelaxedstatetheywilltendtoexpressaspectsofthe'security*or*integratiorftypeassociatedwiththeirmaintypeandaspectsoftheotherdirectionwhenstressed.RelaxedorsecureOnes,forinstance,willtendtomanifestsomemorepositiveaspectsoftheSevenpersonalitytype,Onestendingtobehighlyself-inhibitorywhereasSevensgivethemselvespermissiontoenjoythemoment.Ontheotherhand,stressedOneswillexpresssomemorenegativeaspectsoftheFourpersonality,particularlytheobsessiveintrospection;theyalsoshareacertainamountofself-loathingandself-inhibition.Anotheremergingbeliefabouttheseconnectionsbetweenpointsisthatpeoplemayaccessandexpressthepositiveandnegativeaspectsofbothpointsdependingontheirparticularcircumstances.TheconnectingpointsareoftenindicatedonEnneagramfiguresbytheuseofarrowsandaresometimesalsocalled'ArrowPoints*.Thesequeneeofstresspointsis1-4-2-8-5-7-1forthehexagand9-6-3-9forthetriangle.Thesecuritypointssequeneeisintheoppositedirection(and9-3-6-9).Thesesequencesarefoundintherepeatingdecimalsresultingfromdivisionby7and3,respectively,bothofthosenumbersbeingimportantto*s・(1/7…；1/32/3…,3/3.)・EachtypealsohasthreemaininstinctualsubtypestheSelf-Preservation,SexualandSocialsubtypes.Becauseeachpointisdifferent,itmaybeperceivedashavingatendencytowardonesubtypeoranother.ItrequireskeenobservationandunderstandingtodiscoverapersorTstendencytowardaparticularsubtype・Self-Preservationsubtypespaymostattentiontophysicalsurvival・Sexualsubtypesfocusmostonintimacyandone-to-onerelationships.Socialsubtypescaremostaboutothers,ingroupsandcommunities.Theseareverysimilartothe"needareas'*ofthe-Binstrument,calledHlnclusion'1"Control”and"Affection：exceptthatthescoreineachareacarriesequalweightinthepersorfsoveralpersonality,andthereisnoHtendency”towardsoneoranother.SurfaceDirection-*DeepDirection!+Towards(Approval—Against(confronting)0Away(withdraw!+Towardsng)(embracing)396TheEnneagramtypeshavealsomappedto*s"ThreeTrends”Against,Awayfrom),intwodimensionsof"SurfaceDirection"and"DeepDirection1'(whichalsoroughlyparallelFIRO*s”Expressed”and”Wanted”behavior).Eachtypeonthesurfacemovesoneway,butunderneathcanSurfaceDirection-*DeepDirection!+Towards(Approval—Against(confronting)0Away(withdraw!+Towardsng)(embracing)396Sevenofthe

Seeking)0Away 1 4 7(IdealSeeking)—Against 8 5 2(PowerSeeking)Mins；deceit*and'fear；arealsoineluded.OneasthefrustrationthatcomesfromOnesworkinghardtodothingsrightwhiletherestoftheworlddoesn'tcareaboutdoingthingsrightandnotappreciatingthesacrificesandeffortsOnesmade.Two一asself-inflationoftheego,inthesenseofTwosseeingthemselvesasindispensabletoothersandtohavingnoneedswhilstalsobeingneededbyothers.Threeinthemisrepresentationofselfbymarketingandpresentinganimagevaluedbyothersratherthanpresent!nganauthentic・FourofsomeoneelseremindsFoursthattheycanneverbewhatanotherpersonis,reawakeningtheirsenseofself-defectiveness.Five一asthehoardingofresourcesinanattempttominimizetheirneedsinthefaceofaworldthattakesmorethanitgives;thusisolatingFivesfromtheworld.Six一oftenintheformofageneralizedanxietythatcan'tfindanactualsourceoffear.Sixesmaywronglyidentifyasourceoffearthroughprojection,possiblyseeingenemiesanddangerswherearenone.Sevennotinthesenseofeatingtoomuchbut,rather,ofsamplingeveryth!ngtheworldhastooffer(breadth)andnottakingthetimeforricherexperienee(depth). EightinthesenseofwantingmoreofwhatEightsfindstimulating,toapointbeyondwhichmostpeoplewouldfeeloverwhelmedandstop.Nine-,orlazinessindiscoveringapersonalagendaandinsteadchoosingthelessproblematicstrategyofjustgoingalongwithotherpeople'sagendas.BecauseofdifferencesamongteachersintheirunderstandingofthepersonalitycharacteristicsoftheninetypesandmoretheoreticalaspectsofEnneagramdynamicssomeskepticsarguethatmoreresearchneedstobedonetotesttheEnneagramasanempiricallyvalidtypology.WhilesomebelievethatdoesnotsupporttheEnneagram'svalidity(especiallyregardingtheconceptsofWingsandtheStressandSecurityPoints),othersbelievethatbecauseofitscomplexand'spirituarnaturetheEnneagramtypologycannotbeaccuratelyevaluatedbyconventionalempiricalmethods.Recentlypublishedresearch(2005)basedonatypeindicatorquestionnairedevelopedbyDonRisoRussHudsonclaimstohavedemonstratedthatthenineEnneagramtypesare”realandobjective*1.KatherineChernickFauvrealsoclaimstohavestatisticallyvalidatedresearchthatindicatesthattheInstinctualSubtypesarerealandobjective.Concerningthebrain,atleastthreedifferentmodelshavebeenproposedforidentif