2018考研英语阅读练习题(附答案)

考研英语阅读练

习题（附答案）-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOnel2018考研英语阅读练习题（附答案）Text1Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennis'D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face;becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutualfundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patienttrendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratJorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseoftheirlimitedvaluetobusinesstheirconnectionwithassetallocationthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingthecontroversyoverauthorization选C.细节推理题。文章第二段首句指出，“准备对商业方法专利进行缩减，而该类专利从其合法化的那天开始就一直充满了争议。”从此得出，现在对其进行缩减必将引起人们的“关注”。WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?ItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.选B.推理题。该题可以采用排除法。A、C、D选项都不符合文意。Theword“about-face”mostprobablymeanslossofgoodwillincreaseofhostilitychangeofattitudeenhancementofdignity选C.词汇题。“about-face"在这里是承前启后的作用，because引导的从句是对于该词所述现象的解释，“当初就是联邦组通过的此类专利……”，而第二段提到了“现在……要缩减商业方法专利”，因此是“态度”的巨大转变。Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsareimmunetolegalchallengesareoftenunnecessarilyissuedlowertheesteemforpatentholdersincreasetheincidenceofrisks选B.假推理题：同义替换。从“toomanypatentswerebeingupheld"中可以找到答案，而其他三个选项在最后两段都没有被提及。Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents选D.主旨题。文章首段介绍了“过去10年”商业方法的专利授予状况，从第二段开始转到“现状”，同时，之后的各段均表述了联邦成员组对“商业方法专利”变化的立场。Text2InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendstoanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsdiscussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideasexemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.选B.推理题。文章开头作者介绍TheTippingPoint这本书的中心思想是“一小部分名人引领了社会潮流”，但是在段末又表示“书作者的想法并不能解释思想是如何传播的”，由此引出对名人在思想传播中作用的讨论。Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”servesasasolutiontomarketingproblemshashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendshaswonsupportfrominfluentialsrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity选D.细节题。第二段的首句作者使用“aplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheory"来修饰“two-step-flowtheory"，同时第三段整段都是对名人思想传播论的否定。whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsinterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediainfluentialshavemor