11分析化学术语课件

信息检索与文献阅读（化学0701-0702）2010年3月12日信息检索与文献阅读2010年3月12日第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）第三部分信息检索（16学时）第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子、分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学化学术语

第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第一部分化学专业第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶的超声化学合成

第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟

第四章透射Laue法的X射线衍射

第五章销售合同

第六章专利说明书

第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础

第二章超星图书馆

第三章中国期刊网

第四章维普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美国化学文摘（CA）

第七章专利

第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础教材和参考书：

1、魏高原，

化学专业基础英语知识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大学出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自编讲义)。3、

陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。4、

万锡仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注释，

化学专业基础英语（II），

北京大学出版社，2001。

教材和参考书：Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms

第六章

无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语

4、分析化学术语Chapter6第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分课堂教学内容安排第一节课教学要求说明词汇预习课文阅读理解第二节课课文阅读理解（续）答疑布置课后作业词汇和短文翻译（书面练习）课堂教学内容安排第一节课一、教学要求掌握：常用的分析化学的化学术语和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和理解。熟悉：分析化学（中文）。了解：仪器分析的专业英语词汇。

一、教学要求二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressions）analyticalchemicalterm分析化学术语elucidation说明,阐明balance天平,秤quantitativemeasurement定量测量notion概念,观念,想法philosophical哲学的二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressionanalyticalchemicaltermelucidationbalancequantitativemeasurementnotionphilosophicalanalyticalchemicaltermabstraction抽象analyticalmethod分析方法relyupon依赖

aspireto渴望specialization专业化prospective预期的，未来的abstraction抽象abstractionanalyticalmethodrelyuponaspiretospecializationprospectiveabstractionobligedto不得不physician医生bodyfluid体液diagnose诊断indispensable不可缺少的,绝对必要的biochemist生物化学家metabolic新陈代谢的obligedto不得不obligedtophysicianbodyfluiddiagnoseindispensablebiochemistmetabolicobligedtobombardment轰击inestimable无价的,无法估计的article商品commodity日用品automobile小汽车premium奖金,奖赏,保险费ultimate最终bombardment轰击bombardmentinestimablearticlecommodityautomobilepremiumultimatebombardmentendeavor努力，尽力trait特性，特点cultivation培养,教养qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析comprise包含,由...组成province范围sample样品endeavor努力，尽力endeavortraitcultivationqualitativeanalysisquantitativeanalysiscompriseprovincesampleendeavorchemicalanalysis化学分析instrumentalanalysis仪器分析gravimetricanalysis重量分析volumetricanalysis容量分析colorimetricanalysis比色分析electroanalysis电分析ascertain确定,探知chemicalanalysis化学分析chemicalanalysisinstrumentalanalysisgravimetricanalysisvolumetricanalysiscolorimetricanalysiselectroanalysisascertainchemicalanalysissecuring固定mean平均数arithmeticmean数学平均synonymous同义的replicate重复median中值securing固定securingmeanarithmeticmeansynonymousreplicatemediansecuringprecision精密度absolutedeviation绝对偏差relativedeviation相对偏差standarddeviation标准偏差accuracy精确度absoluteerror绝对误差relativeerror相对误差acceptedvalue公认值precision精密度precisionabsolutedeviationrelativedeviationstandarddeviationaccuracyabsoluteerrorrelativeerroracceptedvalueprecisionprecipitationmethod沉淀法volatilizationmethod挥发法constituent要素，

组分insoluble不（未）溶的volatility挥发性weightloss重量减轻，失重interference干扰precipitationmethod沉淀法precipitationmethodvolatilizationmethodconstituentinsolublevolatilityweightlossinterferenceprecipitationmethodcalibration校准widespread分布广泛的,普遍的gravimetricmethod重量分析法volumetricmethod容量法concentration浓度titration滴定back-titration反滴定calibration校准calibrationwidespreadgravimetricmethodvolumetricmethodconcentrationtitrationback-titrationcalibrationstandardsolution标准溶液primarystandard基准物standardization标定endpoint终点titrationerror滴定误差indicator指示剂

wherein在其中standardsolution标准溶液standardsolutionprimarystandardstandardizationendpointtitrationerrorindicatorwhereinstandardsolutionreagent反应物,试剂judge判断dilute稀释purify纯化，使纯净referencematerial参比物质,标准材料whereby由此reagent反应物,试剂reagentjudgedilutepurifyreferencematerialwherebyreagentequivalencepoint当量点sulfuricacid硫酸sodiumhydroxide氢氧化钠manifest表明,证明inadequacy不充分supplementary附助的,附加的equivalencepoint当量点equivalencepointsulfuricacidsodiumhydroxidemanifestinadequacysupplementaryequivalencepoint三、课文的阅读理解学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。三、课文的阅读理解学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教Chapter11AnalyticalChemicalTerms1.

TheImportanceofAnalyticalChemistryChapter11

Historically,analyticalchemistryhasalwaysoccupiedavitalpositioninthedevelopmentofchemistry.Thesuccessfulelucidation说明,阐明oftheprocessofcombustionbyLavoisier(拉瓦锡(AntoineLaurent,1743-1794,法国化学家,氧发现者))wasduemainlytohisemploymentofabalanceinhisinvestigations;Historically,analyticahewasamongthefirsttorecognizetheimmensepower巨大的动力ofquantitativemeasurementsinchemicalresearch.hewasamongthefirsttoreco

TheatomicconceptofmatterdatesbackatleasttoancientGreece,andcertainlywasnotoriginalwithJohnDalton'scontribution.Dalton'scontribution,aboveall,wastointroduceaquantitativeaspecttothisnotion概念,观念,想法---anaspectthatwasverifiablebyactualexperiment.Theatomicconceptofma

Inaveryrealsense,then,chemicalanalysisprovidedthesupportnecessarytoconverttheatomictheoryfromaphilosophical哲学的abstraction抽象intosomethingofphysicalsignificance.Inaveryrealsense,then,

Earlychemistrywasprincipallyanalyticalinnature.Onlyasthebody（大量）ofexperimentalfactincreaseddiditbecomepossibleforthechemisttospecialize-accordingtohisinterests-inotherfields.

Earlychemistrywasprin

Irrespectiveofchoice,however,hecontinuedtorelyheavilyuponanalyticalmethodsandtechniquestoprovidehimwithexperimentalinformation.Irrespectiveofchoice,hoAnalyticalchemistrythusassumedthesupportingroleofanindispensable（不可缺少的）toolinadvancing（推进）thestateofknowledgeinthefieldsofinorganic,organic,andphysicalchemistry.Analyticalchemistrythusassu

Thissituationisasapplicabletothechemistryoftodayastothatofthepast;everyexperimentalinvestigationrelies,toanextent,upontheresultsofanalyticalmeasurements.ThissituationisasappAthoroughbackgroundinanalyticalchemistryisthusavitalnecessityforallwhoaspireto渴望bechemists,regardlessoftheirfieldofspecialization.Athoroughbackgroundinan

Norneedtheseremarksbelimitedtoprospectivechemists.Investigatorsinvirtually事实上allofthephysicalandbiologicalsciencesareobligedto不得不makeuseofanalyticaldatainthecourseoftheirwork.NorneedtheseremarksThephysician医生reliesheavilyupontheresultsofanalysisofbodyfluids（体液）inmakinghisdiagnoses.

Thephysician医生reliesheavily

Analyticaltechniquesareindispensableinthebiochemist'sstudyoflivingmatteranditsmetabolic新陈代谢的processes.Theclassificationofamineralisincompletewithoutknowledgeofitschemicalcomposition。

Analyticaltechniquesa

Analyticaltechniquesareemployedbythephysicistindentifyingtheproductsofhigh-energybombardments轰击。

Acataloguesuchasthiscanbeextendedvirtuallywithoutlimit.Analyticaltechniquesare

Theemploymentofanalyticalchemistryinmodernindustryisofinestimableimportance.Itisdifficulttoimagineanarticle商品ofpresent-daycommercewhoserawmaterialshavenot,atsomestage,beensubjectedtoanalyticalcontrol.Theemploymentofanalyt

Theuniformqualityofthepaperuponwhichthesewordsareprintedisdueinparttocarefulanalysisduringthevariousphases阶段ofitsproduction;hundredsofanalysesareperformeduponthematerialsthatgointoascomplexacommodity日用品asanautomobile.Theuniformqualityofthe

Finally,asidefromthesehighlypracticalconsiderations,astudyofquantitativeanalysisisofbenefitinthatitplacesthehighestpremium奖金,奖赏uponcareful,orderlyworkandintellectuallyhonestobservation;Finally,asidefromtheseregardlessofone'sultimate最终fieldofendeavor努力，thesearetraits特性，特点worthyofcultivation培养.regardlessofone'sultimat2.analyticalchemistry,qualitativeorquantitativeanalysis

Analyticalchemistrycomprisesthetechniquesandmethodsthatprovideanswerstothequestions"What?"and"Howmuch?"withrespecttothechemicalcompositionofasampleofmatter.

2.analyticalchemistry,quali

Theformeristheprovince（范围）ofqualitativeanalysis.Quantitativeanalysisisconcernedwiththeproblemsattendingthedeterminationoftheamountofspeciespresentinagivensample.Theformeristheprovince3.chemicalanalysis,instrumentalanalysis

Chemicalanalysisisbasedonchemicalreactionswhileinstrumentalanalysisreliesuponoptical,electrochemical,andotherphysicalorphysicochemicalpropertiesofsamplesolutions.3.chemicalanalysis,instrume4.gravimetricanalysis,volumetricanalysis,colorimetricanalysis,electroanalysis（称重法分析，容量分析(法)，比色分析,电分析）4.gravimetricanalysis,volum

Theultimate最终的aimofaquantitativeanalysisistoascertainhowmuchofagivenspeciesispresentinasampleofmatter;dependingupontheprocedureemployed,thismaybeaccomplisheddirectlyorveryindirectly.

Theultimate最终的aimofa

Regardlessofhowitisdone,however,afinalmeasurementofsomesortisinherent固有的,内在的ineverydeterminationandfromthis,thequantityofthespeciesinquestionisderived.

Regardlessofhowiti

Itisconvenienttoclassifythemethodsofquantitativeanalysisaccordingtothenatureofthisfinalmeasurement.ItisconvenienttoclasThusifthisconsistsofsecuring得到theweightofasolid,themethodisclassifiedasagravimetricanalysis-wherethefinalmeasurementinvolvesdeterminationofavolume,themethodiscalledavolumetricanalysis;Thusifthisconsistsofsecur

iftheabsorptionoflightismeasured,theprocedureissometimestermedacolorimetricanalysis;andwhereanelectricalpropertyisdetermined,themethodcanbeclassifiedaselectroanalytical.iftheabsorptionofligh5.mean(arithmeticmean,average),median（平均值（数学平均，平均数）,中值

）

5.mean(arithmeticmean,averThemean,arithmeticmean,andaveragearesynonymous同义的termsthatrefertothenumericalvalueobtainedbydividingthesumofasetofreplicate重复measurementsbythenumberofindividualresultsintheset.

Themean,arithmeticmean,and

Themedianofasetisthatvalueaboutwhichallothersareequallydistributed,halfbeingnumericallygreaterandhalfbeingnumericallysmaller.

Ifthesetconsistsofanoddnumberofmeasurements,selectionofthemedianmaybemadedirectly;Themedianofasetistforasetcontaininganevennumber偶数ofmeasurements,theaveragevalueofthecentralpairistakenasthemedian.Weshallseethatintheidealcasethemeanandmedianarenumericallyequal;thisfailstobetruemoreoftenthannot,however,whenonlyasmallsetofmeasurementshasbeentaken.forasetcontaininganevenn6.precision,absolutedeviation,relativedeviation,standarddeviation（精密度，绝对偏差，相对偏差，标准偏差）

Thetermprecisionisfrequentlyusedtodescribethereproducibilityofresults.Itcanbedefinedastheagreementbetweenthenumericalvaluesoftwoormoremeasurementsthathavebeenmadeinanidenticalfashion.

6.precision,absolutedeviati

Absolutedeviationissimplythedifferencebetweenanexperimentalvalueandthat(of)whichistakenasthebestfortheset(usuallythearithmeticmean).Absolutedeviationiss

Relativedeviationisdefinedasaverageabsolutedeviationdividedbythemean.Thestandarddeviationisequaltothesquarerootofthequantityobtainedbythedivisionofthesumofthesquaresofabsolutedeviationsbythenumberoftimesofmeasurementsminusone.Relativedeviationisdefi7.accuracy,absoluteerror,relativeerror（精确度，绝对误差，相对误差）Thetermaccuracydenotesthenearnessofameasurementtoitsacceptedvalueandisexpressedintermsoferror.Absoluteerroristhedifferencebetweentheobservedvalueandtheacceptedvalue,whilerelativeerrorthedivisionoftheabsoluteerrorbytheacceptedvalue.7.accuracy,absoluteerror,r8.precipitationmethod,volatilizationmethod（沉淀法,挥发法）

8.precipitationmethod,volatTwogeneraltypesofgravimetricanalysesareprecipitationmethodandvolatilizationmethod.Intheformer,thesubstancetobedeterminedisisolatedfromtheotherconstituentsinthesamplebyformationofaninsolubleprecipitate;Twogeneraltypesofgravimetr

theanalysisiscompletedbydeterminingtheweightofthisprecipitate,orofsomesubstanceformedfromit,bysuitabletreatment.theanalysisiscompletedbThelattertakesadvantageofthepropertyofvolatility;herethesubstancetobedeterminedisisolatedbydistillation.Thelattertakesadvantageof

Theproductmayeitherbecollectedandweighed,ortheweightlossinthesampleas(因为)aresultofthedistillationmaybemeasured.

Ofthetwo,precipitationmethodsarethewidelyused.Terference（干扰）

Compoundsorelementsthatpreventthedirectmeasurementofthespecies

erference（干扰）10.calibration（校准）

Probablythesimplestmethodofcalibrationofanalyticalweightsinvolvesadirectcomparisonofeachweightinasetwithonewhosevalueisknownwithcertainty.10.calibration（校准）11.gravimetricmethod,volumetricmethod（

重量分析法和容量法）

11.gravimetricmethod,volumeAgravimetricmethodisoneinwhichtheanalysisiscompletedbyaweighingoperation.Avolumetricmethodisoneinwhichtheanalysisiscompletedbymeasuringthevolumeofasolutionofestablishedconcentrationneededtoreactcompletelywiththesubstancebeingdetermined.

Agravimetricmethodisonein

Ordinarily,volumetricmethodsareequivalentinaccuracytogravimetricproceduresand(they)aremorerapidandconvenient;theiruseiswidespread.Ordinarily,volumetricmet12.titration,back-titration,standardsolution,primarystandard,standardization,endpoint,titrationerror,indicators滴定，反滴定，标准溶液，基准物，标定，滴定终点，滴定误差，指示剂12.titration,back-titration,

Atitrationisaprocesswherein在其中thecapacity（能力）ofasubstancetocombinewithareagentisquantitativelymeasured.AtitrationisaprocesOrdinarilythisisaccomplishedbythecontrolledadditionofareagentofknownconcentrationtoasolutionofthesubstanceuntilreactionbetweenthetwoisjudged判断tobecomplete;thevolumeofreagentisthenmeasured.Ordinarilythisisaccomplishe

Occasionally（偶尔，有时）itisconvenientornecessarytocarryoutavolumetricanalysisbyaddinganexcessofthereagentandthendeterminingtheexcessbytitrationwithasecondreagentofknownconcentration.Thesecondtitrationiscalledaback-titration回滴定,反滴定(法).Occasionally（偶尔，有时）itis

Thereagentofexactlyknowncompositionusedinatitrationiscalledastandardsolution.Theaccuracywithwhichitsconcentrationisknownsetsadefinitelimitupontheaccuracyofthemethod;Thereagentofexactlykforthisreason,muchcareistakeninthepreparationofstandardsolutions.

Commonlytheconcentrationofastandardsolutionisarrivedineitheroftwoways:forthisreason,muchcareis

(1)acarefullymeasuredquantityofapurecompoundistitratedwiththereagentandtheconcentration(is)calculatedfromtheweightandvolumemeasurements;(1)acarefullymeasuredq

or(2)thestandardsolutionispreparedbydissolvingacarefullyweighedquantityofthepurereagentitselfinthesolvent;thisisthendilutedtoanexactlyknownvolume.

or(2)thestandardsolu

Ineithermethod,ahighlypurifiedchemicalcompound-calledaprimarystandard基准物--isrequiredasthereferencematerial.Ineithermethod,ahighlTheprocesswhereby由此theconcentrationofastandardsolutionisdeterminedbytitrationofaprimarystandardiscalledastandardization标定.

Theprocesswhereby由此theconce

Thegoalofeverytitrationistheadditionofstandardsolutioninsuchamountastobechemicallyequivalenttothesubstancewithwhichitreacts.Thisconditionisachievedattheequivalencepoint.

Thegoalofeverytitrat

Forexample,theequivalencepointinthetitrationofsodiumchloridewithsilvernitrateisattained获得whenexactlyoneformulaweightofsilverionhasbeenintroducedforeachformulaweightofchlorideionpresentinthesample.Forexample,theequivale

Inthetitrationofsulfuricacidwithsodiumhydroxide,theequivalencepointoccurswhentwoformulaweightsofthelatterhavebeenintroducedforeachformulaweightsoftheformer.Inthetitrationofsulfur

Theequivalencepointinatitrationisatheoreticalconcept.Inactualfactwecanonlyestimateitspositionbyobservingphysicalchangesassociatedwithitinthesolution.

Theequivalencepointin

Thepointintitrationwheresuchchangesmanifest表明,证明themselvesiscalledtheendpoint,itistobehopedthatthevolumedifferencebetweentheendpointandtheequivalencepointwillbesmall.Thepointintitration

Differencesdoarise,however,owingtoinadequacies不充分inthephysicalchangesandourabilitytoobservethem.Thisresultsinananalyticalerrorcalledatitrationerror.

Differencesdoarise,ho

Oneofthecommonmethodsofend-pointdetectionemployedinvolumetricanalysisinvolvestheuseofsupplementarychemicalcompoundsthatexhibitchangesincolorasaresultofconcentrationchangesoccuringneartheequivalencepoint.Suchsubstancesarecalledindicators.Oneofthecommonmethods四、答疑一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。四、答疑一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行1.TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2.TranslatethistextintoChinese.

五、课后作业1.Translatethetechnicalter六、课堂练习1、词汇翻译六、课堂练习1、词汇翻译物理化学术语蒸发蒸发升华冷凝液化11分析化学术语课件熔点熔化沸点过热的临界温度临界压力熔点临界点过冷的三相点标准凝固点沉积平衡临界点相图粘度

表面张力反抗,抵抗流动性相图膜使膨胀,扩张结晶固体无定形的固体晶体重复的不重复的膜糖盐焦油相交,交叉相交周期性糖六方密堆积立方密堆积

配位数顺序六方密堆积层空间点阵晶体结构单胞素单胞复单胞层理论密度粒子取向顶点，角多晶型的半径比理论密度同晶型的,同形的(TiO2)阳阴离子半径比孔,空隙非化学计量化合物同晶型的,同形的插入,合并点缺陷间隙位置组成方铁体,维氏体,铁酸盐,Fe<1O插入,合并饱和溶液溶解度（性）不饱和溶液过饱和溶液不溶解的,未溶解的互溶性饱和溶液无限互溶的不互溶的理想溶液溶质亨利定律独立的，无关的溶剂无限互溶的physicalchemicaltermevaporationvaporizationsublimationcondensationliquefactionphysicalchemicaltermmeltingpointfusionboilingpointsuperheatedcriticaltemperaturecriticalpressuremeltingpointcriticalpointsupercooledtriplepointnormalfreezingpointdepositionequilibriumcriticalpointphasediagramviscositysurfacetensionresistancefluidityphasediagrammembraneexpandcrystallinesolidamorphoussolidcrystalrepetitivenonrepetitivemembranesugarsalttarintersectintersectingperiodicallysugarhexagonalclosestpackingcubicclosestpackingcoordinationnumbersequencehexagonalclosestpackinglayerspacelatticecrystalstructureunitcellprimitiveunitcellmultipleunitcelllayertheoreticaldensityparticleorientationcornerpolymorphousradiusratiotheoreticaldensityisomorphoustitaniumdioxideratioofcationtoanionradiiholenon-stoichiometriccompoundisomorphousincorporatepointdefectinterstitialsitecompositionwustiteincorporatesaturatedsolutionsolubilityunsaturatedsolutionsupersaturatedsolutionundissolvedmiscibilitysaturatedsolutioninfinitelymiscibleimmiscibleidealsolutionsoluteHenry'slawindependentsolventinfinitelymiscible2、将下列英语短文翻译成中文：2、将下列英语短文翻译成中文：

Evaporationistheescapeofmoleculesfromaliquidinanopencontainertothegasphase.Vaporizationisthemoregeneraltermforescapeofmoleculesfromtheliquidorsolidphasetothegasphase.

Evaporationistheesc

Sublimationisthevaporizationofasolid(thereversetransition,fromthegasphasedirectlytothesolidphase,iscalled"deposition沉积").Condensationisthemovementofmoleculesfromthegaseousphasetotheliquidphase.

Sublimationisthevapo

Wealsospeakofthetransformationofagasintoaliquidasliquefaction.(Notetheeinliquefaction--touseiinitsplaceiswrong.)Themeltingpointofasolidisthetemperatureatwhichthesolidandliquidphasesofasubstanceareatequilibrium.Wealsospeakofthetra

Fusionisatermalsousedinscientificpublicationstomeanmelting.

(Rememberthat"fusion"meansmelting,notsolidification.)Theboilingpointisthetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureofaliquidequalsthepressureofthegasesabovetheliquidandbubblesofvaporformthroughouttheliquid.

Fusionisatermalsous

Thenormalboilingpointistheboilingpointat760Torr,theatomsphericpressureatsealevel.Itispossibleforaliquidtobesuperheated-heatedtoatemperatureabovetheboilingpointwithouttheoccurrenceofboiling.Thenormalboilingpoin

Superheatingoccurswhenitisdifficultformoleculeswithenoughkineticenergytogettogethertoformabubble.Thecriticaltemperatureisthetemperatureabovewhichasubstancecannotexistasaliquidnomatterhowgreatthepressure.Superheatingoccurswhen

Thecriticalpressureisthepressurethatwillcauseliquefactionofagasatthecriticaltemperature.Thevapor-liquidequilibriumcurveterminatesatthecriticalpoint,atwhichthedensitiesoftheliquidandthevaporhavebecomeequal,andtheboundarybetweenthephasesdisappears.

Thecriticalpressureis

Aliquidcanbesupercooled-cooledbelowitsfreezingpointwithouttheoccurenceoffreezing.Atthepointwherethreelinesintersect相交,交叉inaphasediagram--calledatriplepoint--threephasesareinequilibrium.

Aliquidcanbesuperco

Thenormalfreezingpointofaliquidisthetemperatureatwhichtheliquidfreezesat760Torrpressure,thatis,thetemperatureatwhichsolidandliquidareinequilibriumat760Torrpressure.Thetemperaturesofthenormalfreezingpointandthetriplepointareusuallynotthesame.Thenormalfreezingpoint2.viscosity,surfacetension

Theresistanceofasubstancetoflowisviscosity--theoppositeoffluidity流动性.Surfacetensionisthepropertyofasurfacethatimparts给予membrane-likebehaviortothesurface;itisformally形式上definedastheamountofenergyrequiredtoexpandthesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea.2.viscosity,surfacetension3.crystallinesolid,amorphoussolid,crystal

Acrystallinesolid,alsocalledatruesolid,isasubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshaveacharacteristic,regular,andrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.Sugarandsaltarecrystallinesolids.3.crystallinesolid,amorphou

Anamorphoussolidisasubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshavearandomandnonrepetitive不重复的three-dimensionalarrangement.

Tar焦油isanamorphoussolid.Acrystalisasolidthathasashapeboundedbyplanesurfacesintersectingatfixedangles.Anamorphoussolidisa

Toachemist,acrystalisanarrayofatoms,molecules,orionsinwhichastructuralpatternisrepeatedperiodicallyinthreedimensions.Toachemist,acrystalis4.hexagonalorcubicclosestpacking,coordinationnumber(crystal)

4.hexagonalorcubicclosestInthearrangementcalledhexagonal(cubic)closestpacking,closestpackedlayersofatomsarearrangedinanABABAB....(ABCABCABC...)sequence顺序.Inbothhexagonalandcubicpacking,eachspheretouchessixotherspheresinitsownlayer,plusthreeinthelayeraboveandthreeinthelayerbelow.Inthearrangementcalledhexa

Thisgiveseachspheretwelvenearestneighbors.Thecoordinationnumberofanatom,ion,ormoleculeinaparticularcrystalstructureisthenumberofnearestneighborsofthatatom,ion,ormolecule.Thisgiveseachspheretwel5.spacelattice,crystalstructure,unitcell,primitiveunitcell,multipleunitcells,theoreticaldensity

5.spacelattice,crystalstruAspacelatticeisasystemofpointsrepresentingsiteswithidenticalenviromentsinthesameorientationinacrystal.Thecrystalstructureofasubstanceisthecompletegeometricalarrangementoftheparticlesthatoccupythespacelattice.Aspacelatticeisasystemof

Aunitcellisthemostconvenientsmallpartofaspacelatticethat,ifrepeatedinthreedimensions,willgeneratetheentirelattice.Aprimitiveunitcellisaunitcellinwhichonlythecornersareoccupied.Aunitcellisthemost

Insomecases,unitcellsarechosenthatcontainotherlatticepointsinadditiontothoseatthecorners;thesearecalledmultipleunitcells.Themassoftheunitcellofametal

dividedbythevolumeoftheunitcell

givesthedensityofthemetal,sometimescalledthetheoreticaldensity.Insomecases,unitcells6.polymorphous多晶型的,radiusratio,isomorphous同晶型的Titaniumdioxide(TiO2)isanexampleofacompoundthatispolymorphousabletocrystallizeinmorethanonecrystalstructure.Theradiusratio--theratioofcationtoanionradii--neededforaniontofitintoaspecifictypeofholecanbecalculatedfromsimplegeometry.6.polymorphous多晶型的,radiusra

Substance