2017年12月商志四级全程系统-讲义01选词填空

商志老师四级课程讲阅读理解之四级考试中的阅读理解部分需要40分钟做完。共分为3部分，共计248.5分：SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowing4级练习题1（2016年12月多题多卷之一Manymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathatthereare“male”and“female”brains,believingthatexplainsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthesexes.Anewstudy（26）thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.Inthestudy,AvivUniversityresearchers（27）forsexdifferencesthroughouttheentirehumanbrain.Andwhatdidtheyfind?Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor（28）brainsas“male”or“female,”researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightintheDaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender-based（29）,manydifferenttypesofbraincan’talwaysbedistinguishedbygender.Whilethe“average”maleand“average”femalebrainswere（30）different,youcouldn’tlitbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall（31）ofpeoplehad“all-male”or“all-female”LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist(神经科学家),saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoagrowingbodyofresearchquestioning（32）beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,（33）ofgender.“There’samountainofevidence（34）theimportanceofsexinfluencesatalllevelsofbrainfunction,”hetoldTheSeattleTimes.Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy（35）thatgenderplaysaveryimportantroleinthebrain—“evenwhenwearenotclearexactlyhow.”4级练习题 （2016年12月多题多卷之一Theoceanisheatingup.That’stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth’soceansnow26heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.Aroundhalfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakenplacesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.Warmingwatersareknownto27tocoralbleaching（珊瑚白化)andtheytakeupmorespacethancoolerwaters,raisingsea28.Whilethetopoftheoceaniswellstudied,itsdepthsaremoredifficultto29.Theresearchersgathered150yearsofoceantemperaturedatainordertogetabetter30ofheatabsorptionfromsurfacetoseabed.Theygatheredtogethertemperaturereadingscollectedbyeverythingfroma19thcentury31ofBritishnavalshipstomodernautomatedoceanprobes.Theextensivedatasources,32withcomputersimulations(计算机模拟),createdatimelineofoceantemperaturechanges,includingcoolingfromvolcanicoutbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuel33.About35percentoftheheattakeninbytheoceansduringtheindustrialeranowresidesat34ofmorethan700meters,theresearchersfound.Theysaythey’re35whetherthedeep-seawarmingcanceledoutwarmingatthesea’ssurface.4级练习题3（2016年12月多题多卷之一Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes—animalfighting—things outthatway.Dogfightingvictimsare andkilledforprofitand“sport,”yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation(缓刑).Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution()ofanimalfighters.ButjudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30.TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwe’dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheAlongwiththiseffort,we’reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakers anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.4级练习题4（2016年6月多题多卷之一Physicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere’sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown,26tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina27of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic28,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,29inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto30onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S.31inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheplayground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe32exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood33tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare34tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove35andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey’rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.4级练习题Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Moreover,mostadultchildren26everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe“goodolddays”,andmostolderpeopledonotfeel27.About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andabout90%ofthem28contactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlyparentswhodon’tgotonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneoftheirchildren.However,29havingcontactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteehappinessinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Thisresearaybe30,however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore31andtherebyincreasescontactwithfamilymembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhealth,notjustfamilyinvolvement,32spirits.Increasingly,researchershavebeguntolookatthequalityofrelationships,ratherthanatthefrequencyofcontact,betweentheelderlyandtheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrenshareinterestsandvaluesandagreeonchildrearingpracticesandreligious33,theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother’scompany.Disagreementsonsuatterscan34causeproblems.Ifparentsareangeredbytheirdaughter’sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,anddisapproveofhowsheisraisingtheirgrandchildren,35arethattheyarenotgoingtoenjoyhervisits. 4级练习题6（2016年6月多题多卷之一Signsbarringuseareafamiliarsighttoanyonewhohaseversatinahospitalwaitingroom.Butthe26 popularityofelectronicmedicalrecordshasforcedhospital-baseddoctorsto oncomputersthroughouttheday,anddesktops—whichkeepdoctorsfrombedsides—are28givingwaytowirelessdevices.Asclericalloadsincreased,“somethinghadto29,andthatwasalwaysfacetimewithpatients,”saysDr.BhaktiPa,aformerchiefresidentintheUniversityofChicago’sinternal-medicineprogram.Infall2010,shehelped30pilotprojectinChicagotoseeiftheiPadcouldimproveworkingconditionsandpatientcare.Theexperimentwasso31thatallinternal-medicineresidentsattheuniversitynowgetiPadswhentheybegintheprogram.JohnHopkins’internal-medicineprogramadoptedthesame32in2011.MedicalschoolsatYaleandStanfordnowhavepaperless,iPad-basedcurriculums.“You’llwantaniPadjustsoyoucanwearthis”isthesloganforoneofthenewlabcoats33withlargepockets modatetabletcomputers.AstudyoftheUniversityofChicagoiPadprojectfoundthat4级练习题7（2015年12月多题多卷之一Scholarsoftheinformationsocietyaredividedoverwhethersocialinequalitydecreasesorincreasesinaninformation-basedsociety.However,theygenerallyagreewiththeideathatinequalityintheinformationsocietyis36differentfromthatofanindustrialsociety.Asinformatizationprogressinsociety,thecauseandstructuralnatureofsocialinequalitychangesasItseemsthattheinformationsociety37thetyofinformationavailabletothemembersofasocietybyrevolutionizingthewaysofusingandexchanginginformation.Butsuchaviewasa38ysisbasedonthetyofinformationdbyvariousformsofthemassmedia.Adifferent39ispossiblewhentheactualamountofinformation40bytheuseristakenintoaccount.Infact,themoreinformation41throughouttheentiresociety,thewiderthegap esbetween"informationhaves"and"informationhave-nots,"leadingtodigitaldivide.Accordingtorecentstudies,digitaldividehasbeencausedbythreemajor42:class,sex,andgeneration.Intermsofclass,digitaldivideexistsamongdifferenttypesofworkersandbetweentheupperandmiddleclassesandthelowerclass.With43tosex,digitaldivideexistsbetweenmenandwomen.Thegreatestgap,however,isbetweentheNet-generation,44with alcomputersandtheInternet,andtheoldergeneration,45toanindustrialsociety.4级练习题 （2015年12月多题多卷之一Childrendonotthinkthewayadultsdo.Formostofthefirstyearoflife,ifsomethingisoutofsight,it’soutofmind.Ifyoucoverababy’s36toywithapieceofcloth,thebabythinksthetoyhasdisappearedandstopslookingforit.A4-year-oldmay37thatasisterhasmorefruitjuicewhenitisonlytheshapesoftheglassesthatdiffer,notthe38ofjuice.Yetchildrenaresmartintheirownway.Likegoodlittlescientists,childrenarealwaystestingtheirchild-sized39abouthowthingswork.Whenyourchildthrowsherspoononthefloorforthesixthtimeasyoutrytofeedher,andyousay,“Thaough!Iwillnotpickupyourspoonagain!”thechildwill40testyourclaim.Areyouserious?Areyouangry?Whatwillhappenifshethrowsthespoonagain?Sheisnotngthistodriveyou41;rather,sheislearningthatherdesiresandyourscandiffer,andthatsometimesthose42areimportantandsometimestheyarenot. Howandwhydoeschildren’sthinkingchange?Inthe1920s,SwisspsychologistJeanPiagetproposedthatchildren’scognitive认知的）abilitiesunfold43likethebloomingofaflower,almostindependentofwhaseis44intheirlives.Althoughmanyofhisspecificconclusionshavebeen45