《技术与商务交流英语（第二版）》课件Chapter 8 Graphics

ObjectivesandOutcomes:SelectingrightgraphicsforyourpurposesDesigninggraphics:tables,graphs,charts&grahpicillusrationAvoidingvisualdistortion:presentingrealpicture,presentingthecompletepicture,avoidingdistortedemphasis.I.TablesTablessystematicallypresentinformationinhorizontalrowsandverticalcolumns.Thisinformationcanconsistofeitherwordsornumbers.Tablescomposedofwordsarecalledprosetables,whilethosecomposedofnumbersarenumericaltables.1.ProseTablesProsetablespresentqualitativeinformation(prosedescriptions,explanations,orinstructions).e.g.Figure8-1ProseTable

TroubleshootingGuideBeforeRequestingServiceCheckthefollowingpointsonceagainifyouarehavingsometroublewithyourTV.ProblemSolutionNopower.CheckthatthePowerplugiscompletelyconnectedtoanACoutlet.CheckthatthePowerbuttononTVissettoON.NosoundHeadphonesmaybepluggedin.Removeheadphones.SnowypicturesCheckifthedirectionoftheaerialhaschanged.Resettheaerial.Theaeriallead-inmaybebrokenordisconnected.Reconnecttheaeriallead-in.Remotecontroldoesnotwork.Batteriesintheremotecontrolmaybeexhausted.Replacebatteries.Batteriesmaybeimproperlyinstalled.Reinstallbatteriescorrectly.2.NumericaltablesNumericaltablespresentquantitativeinformation—datathatcanbemeasured.Itemsaregroupedsothatcomparisonsandrelationshipscanbedetermined.E.g.ComparisonofSubtestsbetweentheTreatmentGroupandtheControlGroupResultsbListeningVocabularyClozeReadingWritingMeansofControlGroup12.06458.53236.790326.90328.2258MeansofTreatmentGroup11.48394.90324.370422.33878.9355Std.DeviationofControlGroup3.28312.04911.20265.46111.5856Std.DeviationofTreatmentGroup2.54132.05921.86364.43921.3889SubtestaaAllsubtestswereconductedforbothgroupsatthesametime.bTheresultswereobtainedvia

thedouble-blindmethod.3.GuidelinesforTablesSincetablesoftenpresentasizablebodyofspecificfacts,theymustbecarefullyconstructedsothattheyareasclearaspossible.Thefollowingguidelinescanhelpyoumakeyourtableseffective:Provideatitledescribingexactlywhatisbeingcomparedormeasured,andlabelstubheads,columnheads,androwheadsclearlysoreadersknowwhattheyarelookingat.Usefamiliarsymbolsandabbreviations($,hr.,No.).Definespecializedsymbolsorabbreviations(Aforangstrom,dbfordecibel)inafootnote.Changefractionsintodecimalsandaligndecimalsandallnumericalvaluesvertically.Keepdecimalplacesforallnumbersequal.Roundinsignificantdecimalstothenearestwholenumber.Columnsareeasiertocomparethanrows.Therefore,comparedatavertically(incolumns)insteadofhorizontally(inrows).Keepproseentriesasbriefasclarityallows.Listtheitemsinalogicalorder(alphabetical,chronological,increasingordecreasing),andspacelisteditemsforeasycomparison.UseX,NA(notavailable,notapplicable),oradashtosignifyanyomittedentry,andusefootnotestoexplainentries,abbreviations,oromissions.Labelfootnoteswithlowercaseletterssoreadersdonotconfusethenotationwiththenumericaldata.Limitthetabletoonepage.Otherwise,write“continues”atthebottom,andbeginthesecondpagewiththefulltitle,“continued”,andtheoriginalcolumnheadings.Ⅱ.Graphs

Graphstranslatenumbersintoshapes,shades,andpatterns,anddisplaytheminacoordinatesystem.Agraphdisplaystheapproximatevalues,thepointbeingmadeaboutthosevalues,andtherelationshipbeingemphasized.Graphsareespeciallyusefulfordepictingcomparisons,changesovertime,patterns,ortrends.Inagraph,thehorizontalaxisshowscategories(theindependentvariables)tobecompared,suchasyearswithinaperiod;theverticalaxisshowstherangeofvalues(thedependentvariables)forcomparingormeasuringthecategories,suchasthericeproductioninagivenyear.Adependentvariablechangesaccordingtoactivityintheindependentvariable,suchasanincreaseinproductionoverasetperiod.1.BarGraphsAbargraphisusedtodisplaycomparisonsbetweenarelativelysmallnumberofdiscretedataitems.Properlylabeledbargraphsallowthereadertoseethetrendsandtheprecisevalueofspecificpointsinagraph.Therearefiveimportantvarietiesofbargraphs:thesimplebargraph,themultiplebargraph,thestackedbargraph,thehorizontalbargraph,andthedeviationbargraph.SimpleBarGraphAsimplebargraphdisplaysonetrendortheme.Somerangeofcomparisonisputonthey-axis(suchastime,cost,ortemperature),anditemsbeingcomparedareputonthex-axis.GLU(glucose)LevelsTwoHoursafterLunchMultipleBarGraphStackedBarGraphHorizontalBarGraphExpectedComputerLife0123456a1b4c6d9e12f13g21ComputerTypesUsableYearsDeviationBarGraphAdeviationbargraphdisplaysbothpositiveandnegativevalues.E.g.PercentChangesinEmployment(1980-2000)-40-2002040AgricultureMiningManufacturingInsuranceTransportationFinanceRetailtradeConstructionServicesPercentChangeProfessionManufacturingGuidelinesforBarGraphsUsebargraphsonlytocomparevaluesthatarenoticeablydifferent.Barswithsmallvaluedifferenceswilllooktoosimilartocompare.Makeallbarsthesamewidthtoavoidconfusion.Ifyourequireemphasis,beawarethatdarkerbarsareseenaslarger,denser,andmoreimportantthanlighterbarsofthesamesize.Numberyourscalesinunitsfamiliartotheaudience.Spacethenumbersequally.Labelbothscalestoshowwhatisbeingmeasuredorcompared.Ifspaceallows,keepalllabelshorizontalforeasierreading.Usetickmarkstoshowthepointsofdivisiononyourscale.Ifthegraphhasmanybars,extendthetickmarksintogridlinestohelpreadersrelatebarstovalues.Keepthegraphsimpleandeasytoread.Donotputmorethanfourtypesofbarsineachclusterinamultiplebargraph.Inamultiplebargraph,useadifferentpattern,color,orshadeforeachbarinacluster.Provideakey,orlegend,identifyingeachpattern,color,orshade.Avoidneedlessvisualdetails.Showingoffeverypossibletypestyle,alltheshadingpatterns,andthree-dimensionalenhancementsinbargraphscanonlyleadtoconfusingpresentationsthatfailtocommunicateclearlywiththereader.AGraphwithChartjunk02004006008001000JanFebMarAprMayJunMonthlyProductionGraphWithoutChartjunkMonthlyProduction02004006008001000JanFebMarAprMayJun

2.LineGraphsAlinegraphprovidesmanymoredatapointsthanabargraph.Ithelpsreaderssynthesizelargebodiesofinformationinwhichexactquantitiesdonotneedtobeemphasized.Itimpliesthecontinuityofdataandindicatesanychangesinit,thusprovidingquickinformationabouttrends.Therearethreeimportantvarietiesoflinegraphs:singlelinegraphs,multiplelinegraphs,anddeviationlinegraphs.SingleLineGraphHourlyTemperature051015202530354091011121314151617HoursTemperatureCInasinglelinegraph,informationaboutonethingisrepresented.Veryoftenthex-axisrepresentsdifferentpointsintime(independentvariables)andthegraphasawholeshowsthedevelopmentovertimeofanevent.MultipleLineGraphAmultiplelinegraphdisplaysseveralrelationshipssimultaneously.Asignificantadvantageofthisgraphisitsabilitytoplotmultipletrends.Acaptionisusuallyincludedtoexplaintherelationshipsreadersaresupposedtosee.Thelaborforceparticipationrateformendeclinesastherateforwomenincreases.DeviationLineGraphAdeviationlinegraphextendstheverticalscalebelowthezerobaselinetodisplaybothpositiveandnegativevaluesinonegraph.PercentChangesinProductIncrease-6-4-202468101999200020012002200320042005YearPercentGuidelinesforLineGraphGuidelinesforLineGraphs.Followtheseguidelinesforlinegraphs:Makeeachlinevisuallydistinctfromothers.Labeleachlinesothatusersknowwhatitrepresents.Displaynomorethanthreeorfourlinesononegraph.Markeachindividualdatapointusedinplottingeachline.Avoidusinggridlinesthatuserscouldmistakeforplottedlines.

3.ScatterGraphsScattergraphsusesingle,unconnecteddotsorpointstoexpresstherelationshipbetweentwovariables.Ifthevariablesarecorrelated,thepointsinthegraphwillfallalongalineorcurve.Thebetterthecorrelation,thetighterthepointswillhugtheline.Ifthepointsareprimarilyonadiagonalrunningfromthelowerlefttotheupperright,thecorrelationispositive.Ifthepointsrunfromtheupperlefttowardthelowerright,thecorrelationisnegative.Ifthepointsarerandomlyscattered,thereislittleornocorrelationbetweenthetwovariables.Example1TheStudents’StudyTimeandTheirScoresStudentNo123456789101112StudyTime(hours)154318122533271732474045ExamScores388366576864554278816893RelationshipbetweentheStudents’StudyTimeandTheirExamScoresExample2RelationshipbetweenProductPricesandSalesVolumesGuidelinesforScatterGraphScattergraphsdemonstratewhetherthereisatrendofnumericalcorrelationbetweentwosetsofvariables.Usescattergraphswhenyouneedtocomparelargeamountofdatawithoutconsideringtime.Themoredatainthegraph,thebetterthecomparisonofresults.Sincethescattergraphpresentscoordinatepoints,twoormoresequencesofdatapresentedinonegraphmaycauseconfusion.Therefore,fortwoormoresequencesofcomparison,you’dbetterusethelinegraph.Ⅲ.ChartsThetermschartandgraphareoftenusedinterchangeably.However,achartdisplaysrelationships(quantitativeorcause-and-effect)thatarenotplottedonthecoordinatesystem(x-andy-axes)usedingraphs.1.PieChartsApiechartdisplaystherelationshipofpartsorpercentagestothewhole.Readerscancomparethepartstoeachotheraswellastothewhole.E.g.GuidelinesforPieChartsMakecertainthatthepartsaddupto100percent.Usedifferentcolorsorshadestodifferentiateeachsliceclearly.Includeakeyorlegendtohelpreadersidentifyeachslice,orlabeleachslicedirectly.Keepalllabelshorizontalforeasierreading.Includenolessthantwoandnomorethaneightsegments.Apiechartwithmorethaneightsegmentscanbehardtointerpret.Ifyouhavemorethaneightsegments,combineverysmallsegmentsundertheheading“Other”.2.FlowCharts Aflowcharttracesaprocedureorprocessfrombeginningtoend.E.g.FlowChartfortheProcessofComputer-BasedLearningStartLearnCourseTakeUnitTestNPassYEnterNextUnitReadyforTutoringYReceiveTutoringGoonLearningYPassTutoringN3.OrganizationChartAnorganizationchartshowsthehierarchyandrelationshipsbetweendifferentdepartmentsandotherunitsinanorganization.GradeGroupsTeachingandResearchGroupGradeGroupsPrintingRoomFinancialOfficeHeadmaster’sOfficeStudentAffairsOfficeTeachingAffairsOfficeGeneralAffairsOfficeBoardOfficeClassDeansClassDeans4.TreeChartsAtreechartshowshowthepartsofanideaorconceptconnecttoeachother,sothatuserscanbettervisualizetheirrelationships.TreeChartforClassificationofGraphsLinegraphsDeviationlinegraphsMultiplelinegraphsSimplelinegraphsGraphsDeviationbargraphsHorizontalbargraphsMultiplebargraphsBargraphsSimplebargraphsⅣ.GraphicIllustrationsThemostfamiliarvisualpresentationsarephotographsanddiagramsthatdepicttheactualappearanceofsubjects.Photographsanddiagramsshowsubjectsexactlyasweexpectthemtoappearinlife.Eachoftheseformshasasignificantroleintechnicalillustration.1.PhotographsPhotographscontaineverydetailthatreadersmightbeabletoobserveasiftheywereobservingthesubjectinperson.Theyarethemostrealisticofallillustrations.However,photographscanbesoinformation-richthattheycanbeconfusing,makingithardtoidentifywhatyoureallywantthereadertoseeandwhatisthemostimportantfeatureExamplePhotographofaRecorderMotorwithTooManyDetails

GuidelinestousephotographseffectivelyTakethephotographattherightangleofvisionsothatreaderscanidentifyorviewtheitemtheyaresupposedtosee.Showingtherealisticangleofthevision.TitrationinMeasuringElectron-SpinResonance测量电子自旋共振的滴定Labelallthepartsreadersneedtoidentify.StandardFlightDeckforaLongRangeJet:Lablesareusedtoindicatefunctionalparts.Trimthephotographtoeliminateneedlessdetails.Figure1Toomanydetails.Figure2UnnecessaryDetailsTrimmedReplacingtheMicrofilterActivationUnit更换微型过滤器启动装置Provideaframeofreferencebyincludingaperson,ahand,atool,orotherfamiliarobjectsinthephoto.Apersonwithherhandsshowinghowsomethingisdone.AntibodyScreeningProcedure抗体筛选程序（文字说明）Numberthephotographinitsorderofappearance,andincludeaprosecaptionifnecessary.(E.g.Figure1,Figure2)2.DiagramsAdiagramisasketchordrawingdesignedtodemonstratehowsomethingworksortoclarifytherelationshipbetweenthepartsofawhole.Diagramsofferalmostthesamelevelofrealismasphotographs;theyalsoallowyoutostressaspectsofyoursubjectbyeliminatingirrelevantanddistractingdetails.Becausetheyareeasilyunderstood,simplycreatedandeasilyintegratedwithintext,diagramsarethemostpopularchoicefortechnicalillustration.Therearetwotypesofdiagrams:cutawaydiagramsandexplodeddiagrams.CutawayDiagramCutawaydiagramsdepictsubjectswiththeexteriorlayersremovedinordertorevealinteriorsections.Suchdiagramscanbeparticularlyeffectivebecausethecut-awayportionprovidesacontextforthepartthatisshown.Inthisway,thereadernotonlyseesthedetailsunderneath,butalsounderstandshowthedetailsfitintothelargercontextofthesubject.Example:CutawayDiagramoftheNoseandtheBrainPituitaryglandandtumor脑下垂体和肿瘤Sphenoidsinus蝶窦Nasalseptum鼻中隔ExplodedDiagramAnexplodeddiagramshowshowthepartsofanobjectareassembled.Suchdiagramsshowwhattheinsideoftheobjectislikeandhoweachpartisconnectedtootherparts.Sinceexplodeddiagramsprovideaclearcontextforsubassemblies,theyareoftenusedinrepairormaintenancemanuals.Example:ExplodedDiagramofaRocket

ForwardsegmentForwardmidsegmentAFTmidsegmentAFTsegmentwithnozzleNosecapFrustumForwardskirtAFTskirtⅤ.AvoidingVisualDistortionAfterselectingtheappropriatemeansinpresentingdata,youshouldmakesurethatthedataispresentedaccuratelyandobjectively.Thesamesetofdatacansupportcontradictoryconclusionsifpresentedindifferentways.Eventhoughyournumbersmaybeaccurate,yourvisualdisplaycouldbemisleading.Presentingyourdatainadistortedgraphisunethical,soyoushouldtryyourbesttoavoidmisrepresentation.1.PresentingtheRealPictureVisualrelationshipsinagraphshouldaccuratelyexpressthenumericalrelationshipstheyrepresent.Normally,youshouldbegintheverticalscaleatzeroandnevercompressthescalestoreinforceyourpoint.AccurateBarGraphDistortedBarGraph(1)DistortedBarGraph(2)2.PresentingtheCompletePictureAccurateLineGraphMonthlySales01020304050JanFebMarAprMayRMB(Inmillions)BeijingShanghaiGuangdong2.PresentingtheCompletePictureDistortedLineGraphMonthlySales01020304050JanMarMayRMB(Inmillions)BeijingShanghaiGuangdongWhenyouwanttoemphasizeapoint,besurethatyourdatasupportstheconclusionimpliedbyyourgraphs.Youshouldnotuseinordinatelylargegraphstoemphasizepositivethings,orsmallonestodownplaynegatives.3.AvoidingDistortedEmp