托福作文写作范文详解torm

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingEveryyear,forestfiresandseverestormscauseagreatdealofdamagetoforestsinthenorthwesternUnitedStates.Onewayofdealingwiththeaftermathofthesedisastersiscalledsalvagelogging,whichisthepracticeofremovingdeadtreesfromaffectedareasandusingthewoodforlumber,plywood,andotherwoodproducts.Thereareseveralreasonswhysalvageloggingisbeneficialbothtoadamagedforestandtotheeconomy.First,afteradevastatingfire,forestsarechokedwithdeadtrees.Ifthetreesarenotremoved,theywilltakeyearstodecompose;inthemeantime,nonewtreescangrowinthecrampedspaces.Salvagelogging,however,removestheremainsofdeadtreesandmakesroomforfreshgrowthimmediately,whichislikelytohelpforestareasrecoverfromthedisaster.Also,deadtreesdomorethanjusttakeupspace.Decayingwoodisahighlysuitablehabitatforinsectssuchasthesprucebarkbeetle,whichinlargenumberscandamagelive,healthysprucetrees.Sobyremovingrottingwood,salvagelogginghelpsminimizethedangersofinsectinfestation,thuscontributingtothehealthoftheforest.Thirdandlast,salvagelogginghaseconomicbenefits.Manyindustriesdependupontheforestsfortheirproduction,andbecauseofthisafirecanhaveaveryharmfuleffectontheeconomy.Often^owever,thetreesthathavebeendamagedbynaturaldisastersstillcanprovidemuchwoodthatisusablebyindustries.Furthermore,salvageloggingrequiresmoreworkersthantraditionalloggingoperationsdo,andsoithelpscreateadditionaljobsforlocalresidents.ListeningProfessor:Salvageloggingmayappeartobeaneffectivewayofhelpingforestsrecoverafteradestructivefireorstorm,butitcanactuallyresultinseriouslonger-termenvironmentaldamageItseconomicbenefitsarealsoquestionable.First,cleaningupaforestafterafireorstormdoesnotnecessarilycreatetherightconditionsfortreegrowth.Infact,thenaturalprocessofwooddecompositionenrichesthesoilandmakesitmoresuitableforfuturegenerationsoftree.Therapidremovalofdeadtreescanresultinsoilthatlacksthenutrientsnecessaryforgrowth.Second,it'struethatrottingwoodcanincreaseinsectpopulations,butisthisreallybadfortheforest?Infact,sprucebarkbeetleshavelivedinAlaskanforestfornearlyahundredyearswithoutcausingmajordamage.Andofcoursedeadtreesdonotprovidehabitatsonlyforharmfulinsects.Theyarealsousedbybirdsandotherinsectsthatareimportantcontributorstothelong-termhealthofforests.Inthelongrun,therefore,salvageloggingmayendup-doingmoreharmtoforeststhanharmfulinsectsdo.Andthird,theeconomicbenefitsofsalvageloggingaresmallanddonotlastverylong,inseverelydamagedforests,muchofthelumbercanberecoveredonlybyusinghelicoptersandothervehiclesthatareexpensivetouseandmaintain.Furthermore,jobscreatedbysalvageloggingareonlytemporaryandareoftenfilledbyoutsiderswithmoreexperienceortrainingthanlocalresidentshave.一.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Salvageloggingisbeneficialforseveralreasons.Subpoint1:Removedeadtreesandallownewtreestogrow.Subpoint2:Deadtreesallowinsectstogrow.Subpoint3:Deadtreecanbeusedinindustriesandgoodforeconomic.LectureAttitude:Itcanresultinenvironmentaldamageandquestionableeconomicbenefits.SubPoint1:Cleanupaforestisnogoodfortreegrowth.(Decompositionenrichsoil.)SubPoint2:Insectisnotreallybadforforest.(Beetleslivedwithoutmajordamage,canbeusedbybirds.)SubPoint3:Expensivetoremovedeadtrees.(Jobsaretemporary.)二.范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Thelecturerandthereadingpassageholdcompletelydifferentviewstowardthepracticeofsalvagelogging,whichistheremovalofdeadtreesfromaforestafterafireorstorm.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）以L的观点为主要观点指出L和R对于salvagelogging意见完全相反，然后补充一句salvagelogging是说在火灾或者风暴后移除死树。此段结构：开头段先直接了表明了逻辑程度为反，然后顺便解释争论的论点。Paragraph2First,thelecturerstatesthatremovingdeadtreesisnotgoodforthehealthofaforestbecauseitdeprivesitofnutrientsnecessaryforfuturetreegrowth,whichdeadtreesreleaseintothesoilastheydecompose.Incontrast,thereadingpassagestatesthatremovingoldtreesprovidesmorespaceinwhichnewgenerationsoffreshtreescangrowuninhibitedbydeadfall.此段功能:以L的观点为主，L说移除死树对森林是无益的因为死树腐烂的营养是对未来生长的树非常必要的。相反的R却觉得移除死树能迅速空出地方让新树生长，这样无疑会失败。此段结构：此段为总分结构。第一句陈述L的观点和证据，然后表明相反态度后，又陈述了一遍R的观点Paragraph3Second,thelecturerarguesthatsomeinsectsandbirdsthatinhabitdeadtreesarebeneficialfortreegrowth.Someothersthatarethoughttobeharmfulhaveshownnoevidenceofcausingsignificantdamagetotheforest.Byeliminatingbothharmfulandbeneficialbirdsandinsects,salvageloggingmaycauseunwanteddamagetotheforestinthelongrun.Thereading,however,mentionsonlyharmfulinsects,thesprucebarkbeetleinparticular.Itpointsoutthatbecauseclearingtheforestofdeadtreesalsodestroysthehabitatoftheseharmfulinsects,itensuresthehealthyrecoveryofaforestafterfires.此段功能：第二个分论点中，作者先引出L的结论，适当的居住于死树的昆虫和鸟类是对森林有益的。一些认为有害的昆虫其实并没造成一些显著的虫害。如果靠移除死树把有益和有害鸟类昆虫都杀死会造成非预期的长期损失。接着作者开始说R只注意到了害虫,认为移除一种特定的甲虫就能保证森林恢复。此段结构：此段为分分结构，作者列出L的结论和证据后，只轻易的对比了R的结论和证据，但是读者能感觉到R的证据的片面，结论的草率。使R在相比之下显得十分幼稚。Paragraph4Finallywithregardtoeconomicimpact,thelecturerarguesagainstsalvageloggingbecausethedeadtreescanonlybesalvagedataveryhighcost.Additionally,theemploymentopportunitiesassociatedwithsalvageloggingareoftentemporaryandaretypicallyperformedbynon-nativeresidents.Ontheotherhand,thereadingarguesthatthispracticeprovidesmanyindustri