基本的电气安全

BasicElectricalSafety基本的电气安全PRODUCTIONTECHNICALTRAININGTEAM生产技术培训组

1GeneralOpeningComments前言SubpartSoftheOSHAGeneralIndustryStandardscontainstheOSHArulesthatgovernelectricalsafety-relatedworkpractices.Withinthesestandards,OSHA29CFR1910.331-.335arerequirementsthatrelatetothetrainingof“Qualified”and“Unqualified”personsinelectricalsafeworkpractices.职业安全与卫生条例OSHA一般工业标准的S部分包含OSHA的规定，这些规定指导和管理与电气安全相关的工作实践。在这些标准中，OSHA29CFR1910.331－.335对培训电气安全工作中的“合格”和“不合格”人员的培训提出了要求。AccordingtoOSHA,“Qualified”personsforthisfacilityareemployeesthatfunctionintheinstrumentandelectricalcraftsoftheMaintenanceDepartment.“Unqualified”persons,arethoseemployeeswho,intheirroutineworkduties,mayencounterarelativelyhighriskofinjuryduetoelectricalhazards.按OSHA的规定，工厂中的“合格”人员是指维修部门从事仪表和电气工艺的雇员，而“不合格”人员是指那些在履行他们的日常工作职责时相对容易受电气危险伤害的雇员。2Siteemployeessuchas,OperationsDcessunitpersonnel,MaintenanceDept.mechanicalcraftsandothermaintenancefieldpersonnel,laboratorytechnicians,andWarehousefieldpersonnelwouldbeconsideredbyOSHAtobeinthe“Unqualified”category.Inaddition,someEngineeringandTechnicaljobclassificationsbyassignmentordutiesmayalsobeconsideredinthe“Unqualified”categoryforpurposesofthistraining.现场的雇员，如生产部工艺装置人员、维修部机械专业和其它方面的维修人员、实验室技术人员和仓库方面的人员，在OSHA看来是属于“不合格”人员一类。另外，为培训的目的，被分配或从事设计和技术工作的人员也可以划入“不合格”人员一类。ThistrainingmodulehasbeenpreparedtoaddresstheOSHA29CFR1910.332requirementsfortrainingof“Unqualified”employeesinelectricalhazardsandworkpracticesnecessaryfortheirsafety.这个培训模块的编写是为了达到OSHA29CFR1910.332的要求，培训在电气危险和工作实践方面“不合格”的人员，以增强他们在安全方面的能力。Topicsincludetheeffectsofelectricalshockonthehumanbody,hazardsassociatedwith

electricity,localsourcesofelectricalhazard,causesofelectricalaccidents,protectivemeasurestopreventelectricalinjuries,andareviewoflocalplantpoliciesandproceduresthataddresselectricalsafety.下面介绍的内容包括：触电对人体的影响，有关电的危险，装置内的电气危险源，电气事故发生的原因，防止电气伤害的措施，以及SECCO关于电气安全方面的方针和程序。3INTRODUCTION引言Itiswellknownthatthehumanbodywillconductelectricity.Theelectricalcurrentflowsthroughthebodyandexitsattheothercontactpoint,usuallycalledtheground.众所周知，人体是导电的。电流流经人体后进入大地，对人体造成伤害的触电事故。Eachyearmanyworkerssuffersomeseriousinjuries,and/ordeathfromelectricshock.Itisestimatedthattherearemorethan1000electricalfatalitiesingeneralindustryeachyear,andover30,000injuries.Someadditionalstat’s:每年有许多工人因触电而受重伤或死亡。据估计，每年一般工业行业因触电死亡有1000多人，30000多人受伤。另外还有一些统计数字：

99%ofthefatalitiesinvolvedmales.

99%的死者是男性 64%diedpriortotheageof35.

64%的亡者死前年龄不到35岁。

41%wereonthejoblessthan1year.

41%的人参加工作还不到1年。 1personiselectrocutedinthehomeevery25hrs.And1everydayatwork.人们在家里，平均25小时有1人触电死亡，而在工作时每天就有1人触电死亡Infact,electrocutionisconsideredtobethefifthleadingcauseofworkrelatedinjuryanddeath事实上，人们已经把触电死亡列为第5位因工作伤亡的原因。4TheEffectsOfElectricalShock触电的影响Theeffectsthatelectricshockwillhaveonanindividualwilldependuponthetypeofcircuit,itsvoltage,resistanceamperage,thepathwaythroughthebody,andthedurationofthecontact.Electricshockproducedbyalternatingcurrentsofpowerlinefrequency(normally50Hertz)passingfromhandtofootforonesecondcanproducethefollowingeffects:触电对人体产生的影响要视电路的类型，电压，电阻大小，电流流经人体的路线以及接触持续的时间而定。由电源线（通常为50赫兹）的交流电从手流到脚1秒钟的触电会产生以下的后果：milliamp-barelyperceptible1毫安－刚能觉察到（手指麻刺）9-25milliamps-Interruptionofmuscularcontrol.9－25毫安－对肌肉的自控中断（手迅速麻痹，呼吸困难）milliamps-interruptionofheartfunction75毫安－心脏功能中断（心室开始颤动）amps-Immediatecardiacarrest4安培－心搏立即停止5Nearlyinstantaneousfatalitiescanoccurfrom20milliampsorgreater.Eveniftheshockingcurrentdoesnotpassthroughvitalorgansornervecenters,severeinternalburnscanoccur,andinsomecasesinjuriessuchasthesecanbethecauseofdelayedfatalities.在电流强度为20毫安或以上时，就有可能会出现瞬间死亡。即使触电的电流没有流经致命的器官或神经中枢，也会出现体内的严重烧伤，在有时候，这样的烧伤会导致以后的死亡。Burnssufferedinelectricalaccidentsareofgreatconcern.Theseburnsmaybeofthreebasictypes:因电气事故引起的烧伤引起了人们的特别关注。这类烧伤有三种基本的类型：w Electricalburns电烧伤w Arcburns电弧灼伤w Thermalcontactburns热烫伤6Electricalburnsaretheresultofelectriccurrentpassingthroughbodytissuesandresultingdamageiscausedwhentheenergysourceheatissohighthatthebodycannotdissipateitandthetissueisburned.电烧伤是电流流经人体组织产生的结果，它造成对人体的伤害是因为当电能相当高时，人的身体无法把热量散发，将人体组织灼伤。Typically,suchelectricalburnsareslowtoheal.特别是这类电烧伤治愈是很慢的。

Arcburns,ontheotherhand,aretheresultofhightemperaturesproducedbyelectricarcsoccuringclosetothebody.Theseburnsaresimilartotheburnsandblistersproducedbyanyhightemperaturesource.另一方面，电弧灼伤是离人体很近的电弧产生的高温造成的。这类烧伤与任何高温引起的烧伤和水泡相类似。7Finally,thermalcontactburnsarethosenormallyexperiencedfrommakingskincontactwithhotsurfacesofoverheatedelectricconductors,conduits,orotherenergizedequipment.最后，热烫伤通常是皮肤接触高温电导体、导管或其它带电设备的热表面所引起的。Itispossibleforavictimofelectricshocktoexperienceallthreetypesofburnssimultaneously.触电的人有可能同时受到这三种类型的烧伤。Secondaryinjuriesarefrequentlyassociatedwithelectricalshock.Theseinjuriesarenormallyassociatedwithfallsorcollisionsrelatedtotheelectricalshockcausinginvoluntarymusclereactions.Obviously,inthecaseoffallstheresultcanalsobefatal.触电还会经常引发二次伤害。这类伤害通常与因触电，引起肌肉不自觉的反射而跌倒或碰撞。显然，如果跌倒的话，也会引起死亡。8HAZARDSASSOCIATEDWITHELECTRICITY有关电的危险Ifanindividualcomesincontactwithanungroundedconductorwhiletheyareincontactwiththeground,theybecomepartofthecircuitandcurrentwillpassthroughtheirbody.若人们在触地时去接触未接地的导体，由于他们自己已成为电路的一个组成部分，电流就会流经他们的身体。引起触电。Inadditiontotheshockhazard,electricityposesotherhazardstopersonnel:除触电外，电对人体还有其它的危险：Arcing-arcingoccurswhenelectricityjumpsfromonepointtoanotherafterovercomingtheinsulatingcapacityofthesurroundingair.Thisconditioncancauseburninjuries,and/orstart fires.电弧－电在克服了周围空气的绝缘电容后从一点跳到另一点就产生了电弧。这种情况能引起烧伤，和/或引起火灾。Fragmentation-extremelyhighenergyarcscan damageequipmentandcauseflyingmetaland othermaterialprojectiles.破碎－能量极高的电弧能损坏设备，引起金属和其它材料四处飞射。9Flammableatmosphereexplosions-

sparkingand arcingofelectricaltoolsandequipmentcan providethenecessaryignitionenergytocause fireand/orexplosionsinareasthatcontain,or potentiallycontainhazardousatmospheres.可燃气体爆炸－电气工具和设备发出的火花和电弧能提供起火和或爆炸所需的点火能量，当所在地区周围的空气中含有或潜在性地含有危险气体的话。Electricalhazardscanbefoundinelectricallydrivenmotors,electricalcontrolequipmentinmotorcontrolcenters,electricalpowergenerationanddistributionequipmentandinstallations,andoverheadpowerlines.电的危险还存在于电驱动的马达、动力控制中心的电控设备、发电和输配电设备和设施、以及架空的电源线等。

Voltagesrangefrom220to220，000volts.电压范围在220到220，000伏。10NATUREOFELECTRICALACCIDENTS电气事故的的性质Electricalaccidentsareusuallyrelatedtooneormoreofthreepossiblefactors:电气事故通通常与以下下可能的三三种因素中中的一种或或几种有关关：Workinvolvingunsafeequipmentand/orinstallations.工作所用的的设备和/或设施不安安全。Workmadeunsafebytheenvironment.周围环境造造成工作不不安全。（（不安全的的操作环境境）Unsafeworkperformance(unsafeacts).工作进行不不安全（不不安全的操操作）。OSHAhasestimatedfromstudiesitperformedthatapproximatelythree-fourthsofelectricalrelatedaccidentswerecausedbyunsafeworkpractices.职业安全与与卫生条例例管理局从从所进行的的研究中估估算出大约约有四分之三的电气事故故是因操作作不安全引引起的。11Inadequatemaintenancecanresultinequipmentorinstallationswhichwereoriginallyconsideredsafetodeterioratetothepointthattheyposeanunsafecondition.Normallyunsafeelectricequipmentand/orinstallationscanbeidentifiedbythepresenceofwornorcrackedinsulation,looseconnections,orunguardedliveparts.疏于保养会会使原来安安全的设备备或设施降降到出现不不安全的状状态。通常常，电气设设备和/或设施的不不安全可从从绝缘的磨磨损或裂开开、连接松松动或带电电的部件没没有接地等等来识别。。Inanumberofwaystheworkenvironmentcanalsobeacontributingfactorinelectricalaccidents.Explosiveatmospheres,corrosiveatmospheres,wetand/ordamplocationsareexamplesofunsafeenvironmentsthatcanimpactelectricalsafety.工作的周围围环境也有有许多途径径可能成为为电气事故故发生的原原因。周围围含可爆气气体、腐蚀蚀性气体、、多雨和/或潮湿的位位置都是影影响电气安安全的例子子。12Unsafeactscantypicallyberecognizedasfailuretode-energizeelectricequipmentformaintenanceorrepairs,intentionaluseofobviouslydefectiveand/orunsafetools,ortheuseoftoolsorequipmenttooclosetoenergizedparts.典型的不安安全操作的的例子有：：在保养或或维修时不不断开电气气设备的电电源，有意意使用明显显有故障和和或不安全全的工具，，或使用的的工具（设设备）离带带电部件太太近。13PROTECTIVEMEASURES保护措施SECCOdesignandspecifyallelectricalinstallationscomplywithexistingcodesandpracticesasgovernedbyOSHA,theNationalElectricalCode,andinternalcorporatestandards.SECCO设计和规定定所有的电电气设备必必须符合OSHA，，全国电气规规程和公司司内部标准准的现行规规范和惯例例。Theuseofproperinsulatingmaterials,guarding,and/orlocatingofelectricalequipmentisdonetoassureemployeeprotectionfromthehazardsofelectricitypresentatthisplant.合理使用绝绝缘材料、、加强警卫卫、和/或为电气设设备选择合合适的位置置，以保证证雇员不受受到工厂内内的电气危危险。However,eventhoughequipmentmaybeincompliancewithinstallationrequirements,employeesmaystillbeatriskofexposuretoelectricalhazardsifsafeworkpracticesandproceduresarenotfollowed.然而，即使使设备符合合安装要求求，如果不不按安全的的工作惯例例和规程去去做，雇员员仍有可能能受到电气气危险的威威胁。14Suchworkpracticesincludekeepingaprescribedsafedistancefromexposedenergizedlines,avoidingtheunsafeuseofelectricalequipment,andfollowinglockout/tagoutprocedures.安全工作惯惯例包括：：离开暴露露的带电线线路保持规规定的安全全距离，避避免不安全全使用电气气设备，遵遵守锁定和和/或掛牌程序序。SECCOhaveimplementedmultiplesiteSafetyPoliciesandProcedurestoaddresssafeelectricalworkpractices.SECCO在电气安全全操作方面面贯彻了各各种现场的的安全方针针和规程。。Inadditiontothesewrittenpolicies,othergoodgeneralworkinformation,reminders,andpracticesforelectricalsafetyare:除了书面的的规定外，，还有以下下常规的良良好工作信信息、提醒醒和电气安安全方面其其它的工作作惯例：Priortousingportableelectricalequipment,carefullyinspectitfordefectssuchasfrayedordamagedinsulationorissingparts.Ifthereisaproblem,removetheequipmentfromervice,tagit,andnotifypropersupervisiontohaveitrepaired.在使用手提提的电气设设备前，仔仔细检查绝绝缘有无磨磨损、损坏坏、或部件件有无缺损损。若检查查发现有问问题，要把把设备撤离离工作线，，做上标记记，通知检检查维修。。15Portableelectricalequipmentshouldnotbepickeduporcarriedbyitspowercord.Alteringaplugorreceptacleorusinganadapterdesignedtooverridethegroundingconductorisdangerousanditshouldn’tbedone.手提式电气气设备的电电源线不能能作提起或或搬运用。。改换插头头或插座，，或用适配配器避开接接地导体是是很危险的的，不能这这样做。Routineopeningandclosingofcircuitsshouldbeaccomplishedwithswitches,interrupters,orcircuitbreakers.日常常开开、、关关电电路路要要用用电电闸闸、、断断续续器器或或断断路路器器。。16Ifacircuitisopenedbythetrippingofaprotectivedevicesuchasafuse,circuitbreakerorGFI,donotresetthecircuituntilyouhaveidentifiedandresolvedtheproblem.Insomecases,itmaybenecessaryfora“Qualified”persontoinvestigateandcorrectthesituation.Protectivedevicesinacircuitarethereforapurposeandarenottobedefeated,modified,orbypassedeventemporarily.若电路路受熔熔丝、、断路路器或或GFI等保护护装置置的跳跳闸而而断开开时，，在找找出原原因和和解决决故障障之前前，不要重重新接接通电电路。。有时时，可可能需需要请请“合合格的的”人人员到到现场场寻找找原因因并解解决问问题。。电路中中的保保护装装置在在电路路中都都是有有它的的用途途，不不能使使其失失效、、修改改或被被旁通通，即即使临临时这这样做做也不不行。。Electricityhastheabilitytoarc,orjumpfromunguardedpowerlinestoanindividualincloseproximitytotheline.Quiteafewpeoplehavebeenkilledorinjuredwhilecarryingapieceofconductiveequipment,suchasaladder,inane电可产生电弧，或能从未保护的电源线跳到附近的人身上。不少人在高处扛着一个导电的设备（如梯子）走的时候，或接触了来自架空电源线电弧范围内的车辆，触到电源线的电弧而死亡或受伤。17Themin“不合格”人员离架空电源线的安全距离规定至少为10英尺（3m)。起重机吊架离开的安全距离规定至少为20英尺(6m)。Standardred,black,andwhite“DANGER” warningsignsaretobeusedtomarkhigh voltageelectricalinstallationstoalertemployees ofthepotentialelectricalhazardsasthe administrativemeansofhazardcontrol.Periodic inspectionsshouldbeperformedtoverifythat signsorinplaceandingoodserviceable condition.应采用标准的红、黑、白色的“危险”警示牌来标记高压电气设施，提醒雇员潜在的电气危险，作为控制危险的管理措施。对此要定期进行检查，确认这些标记在指定的地方，并处于良好的状态。18SUMMARY结论Whendealingwithelectricalequipmentandtoolsitisveryimportantweunderstandandfollowidentifiedgoodsafeworkpracticesinourdailyjobactivities.ThisisespeciallytruewithinSECCOwiththepresenceofthehighvoltagesrequiredtopowerprocessequipment.OSHA,throughtheissuanceoftheSubpartSelectricalsafetystandards,hasestablishedthecategoriesof“Qualified”and“Unqualified”personsintermsofelectricalworkknowledgeandtraining.在与电气设设备和工具具打交道时时，很重要要的一条是是我们要知知道并遵守守日常工作作中良好的的安全工作作惯例。这这在SECCO范围内尤为为如此，因因这里需有有高压电来来开动工艺艺设备。职职业安全与与卫生条例例管理局通通过发布S部分电气安安全标准，，它根据人人们的电气气工作知识识和培训的的情况，规规定了“合合格”和““不合格””二类人员员。19“Qualified”individualsarethosegenerallyconsideredtohavespecificknowledge,training,andexperienceintheoperation,construction,andmaintenanc