上海市虹口区2018届高三英语一模试题

上海市虹口区2018届高三英语一模试题上海市虹口区2018届高三英语一模试题上海市虹口区2018届高三英语一模试题xxx公司上海市虹口区2018届高三英语一模试题文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度虹口区2017-2018学年度第一学期期终教学质量监控测试高三英语试卷第I卷(共100分)=1\*ROMANI.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1. A.2:02. B.2:20. C.2:50. D.2:32.2. A.Motherandchild. B.Managerandcustomer.C.Teacherandstudent. D.Bossandclerk.3. A.Atahairdresser’s. B.Atthedentist’s.C.Atafashionshow. D.Atthetailor’s.4. A.Themanlosthisway. B.Themanwaslockedintheroom.C.Hecouldn’topenthedoor. D.Hedidn’twanttoentertheroom.5. A.Sheisworkingatanewspaper.B.Sheusedtochangeherjobquiteoften.C.Sheoftenhaslunchwithhersupervisor.D.Shewantshersupervisor’scommentsonherwork.6. A.Theman’sglassesareuptodate.B.Themanshouldwearhisglassesinclass.C.Themanshouldhavechangedhisglasses.D.Themanshouldn’tsitatthebackoftheclassroom.7. A.Takethebuswithhim. B.Drivehimhomefromthestation.C.Callhimthisevening. D.Drivehimtothestation.8. A.Whereheisstudying. B.Whatsubjectheisstudying.C.Howlonghehasbeenabroad. D.Whenheisreturning.9. A.Shewantstobuyanewcomputer. B.Shewantstoknowmoreaboutcomputers.C.Sheisunwillingtolistentotheman. D.Shebelieveswhatthemanistalkingabout.10. A.Becauseshehasn’tshownup. B.Becauseshedrivestooslowly.C.Becausesheisveryrudetohim. D.Becausesheisalwaysinarush.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11. A.Alaboratoryassistant. B.Adoctor.C.Ateacherofalaboratory. D.Aprofessorinthehospital.12. A.Hewillbepunishedseverely.B.Hewillbedroppedfromtheclass.C.Hecanmakeuptheclasses.D.Hewillbeallowedtoremainifhehasagoodexcuse.13. A.Itshouldbecut.B.Itmustbefastenedtightlyback.C.Itshouldbereportedasanaccident.D.Thelonghairwearerwillbeaskedtoleavetheclass.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14. A.Inthe1870s. B.In1926. C.By1940. D.By1817.15. A.Hewantedtocutbackproductioncosts.B.Hewantedtheworkingpeopletoearnmoremoney.C.HethoughttheAmericans’lifeshouldbeorganizedinabetterway.D.Hethoughtthefive-dayworkweekwasgoodfortheeconomy.A.Peopledrinkalotofalcohol.B.Nightmoviessellmoretickets.C.TVshowsmorefilmsofmurderandlove.D.Peopledothingswithemotionandpurposeatnight.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.A.Thedesignofthecourses. B.Thechoiceofthecourses.C.Theregistrationofthecourses. D.Theevaluationofthecourses.A.Mathematics. B.ModernHistory.C.Chemistry. D.InternationalTrade.19.A.Godirectlytotheclasses. B.Askotherstudentsforhelp.C.SpeaktoProfessorAnderson. D.Gototheregistrationofficefirst.20.A.Toregisteratleastoneselectivecourseeveryterm.B.Toregisterforatleastonecourseeachyear.C.Toregisterforthecoursesbeforethedeadline.D.Tochoosenomorethantwocourseseveryterm.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.HowtodealwithWhiners（抱怨不停的人）Therearealwayssomepeopleradiatingnegativityintheworkplace.Forthem,thetemperatureisneverright,thebossisalwaysafool,thecanteenfoodisawful,andthey(21)______(treat)unfairly.Careerexpertssaysuchhabitualcomplainersarehighlycontagious(会蔓延的),(22)______attitudecaneasilyaffectanentireteaminacompany.“Whilesomecomplaintsmightbereasonable,(23)______aretakenfromthinair.Youneedtoseebetweenthesedifferenttypesandadopttherightstrategytowardseach,”saidLiMing,HRmanageratWal-Mart(China).Itisespeciallyhardtodealwithcomplaintsatwork(24)______youcan’tjustwalkawayorputyourcolleagues’wordsoutofmind.Ifyoudo,itwillhurtyourco-workersandyoumightbeisolated.Inateam-basedcompanyyoubelongtoagroupandneedtobehaveaccordingly.Butdon’tshowtoomuchsympathy.Listeningpassivelytoothers’complaintscoulddamageyourimageandgiveotherstheimpression(25)______youagreewiththem.“Listentothewhinersactively,”saidHRLi.“Helpthemfindasolution,orsee(26)______therearewaystoimprovethesituation.”ZhaiMin,24,asoftwareengineeratKingdeeInternationalSoftwareGroupinShenzhen,foundthat3elderlyworkerslikedtocomplainabouteverything,from(27)______(extend)workinghourstocheaphotelsonbusinesstrips.“Iletthemtalkabouttheiropinions,”shesaid,“Theyfeelbetterwhen(28)______(tell)someonehowtheywantthingstobe.”Butlisteningactivelyisfarfromenough.WangDianxue,27,isanInternetengineeratBeijingPushMarcomGroup.Hisco-workersalwayscomplainthattheircomputersystemsarenotworkingproperly.“Iaskaboutthespecificsandworktogetherwiththem(29)______(fix)everythingtechnically.”hesaid.HRmanagersbelievethatwhenstaffscomplain,itismoreamatterofrecognitionthananactualproblem.“Therealproblemisthatthewhinersdon’tfeeltheyarebeingtakenseriously,”saidXuJun,HRmanageratGuangqiHondaAutomobileCo.,Ltd.“(30)______(give)themadviceorperspectivesattentivelyandtheproblemwillusuallydisappear.”SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.defenseB.avoidC.believingD.mistakeE.requiredF.criticalG.cheatingH.ashamedI.identifyJ.confirmK.similarWeareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision-makingprocesshasbeencutdownbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromour31,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedid,andthenexploringwaystoavoid32problemsinthefuture.Makingethical（伦理的）decisionsisa(n)33partofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecan’tseetheriskswe’retaking,wecan’tmakeresponsiblechoices.To34risks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesn’tknowtherulesaboutplagiarism(剽窃)mayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercreditoronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesas35.Butthefactthatsuchaviolationis“unintentional”doesnotexcusethemisconduct.Ignoranceisnota36.Mostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfacts,butmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttherisksthey’retakingbyusingexcuses:“Everyoneelsedoesit,”“I’mnothurtinganyone,”or“Ireallyneedthisgrade.”Excusescangetverycomplex:“IknowI’mlookingatanother’sexam,eventhoughI’msupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthat’snot37becauseI’mjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying.”Wemustbehonestaboutouractions,and38excuses.Ifwefoolourselvesinto39we’renotdoinganythingwrong,wecan’tseetherealchoicewe’remaking--andthatleadstobaddecisions.Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublic,andanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Wouldyoufeelproudor40ofyouractionsIfyou’dratherhideyouractions,that’sagoodindicationthatyou’retakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.MigrantworkersInthepasttwentyyears,therehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.Whilesomenewlyindependentcountrieshave41mostjobstolocalpeople,othershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.Thisisparticularlythe42intheMiddleEast,whereincreasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriesto43outsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.ThustheMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinconstructionworkersandtechniciansfrommanycountries,includingSouthKoreaandJapan.Inviewofthe44livingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEast,surprisingitisnotthatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.ManyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleasttwiceasmuchmoneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountry,andthisisa45attraction.Anallied(联合的)benefitisthelow46oracompletelackofit.This47theamountofpayreceivedbyvisitingworkersandisverypopulaSometimesadisadvantagehasacompensating(补偿的)advantage.48,thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachotherforsafetyandcomfort.49,manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumofmoneypartlybecauseofthelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentsgreater50toengineerswhoprefertofindsolutionstoproblemsratherthando51workintheirhomecountry.OnemajorproblemwhichaffectsmigrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsare52ones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontract,soitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobe53sincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.Inanycase,migrantworkersacceptthis54,alongwithothers,becauseofthe55financialbenefitswhichtheyreceive.41.A.presentedB.devotedC.adaptedD.restricted42.A.styleB.evidenceC.caseD.hint43.A.callinB.bringupC.turndownD.helpout44.A.excellentB.difficultC.fairD.stable45.A.casualB.familiarC.majorD.final46.A.consumption B.pressureC.competitionD.taxation47.A.occupiesB.increasesC.blocks D.protects48.A.ForexampleB.InparticularC.BycomparisonD.Inotherwords49.A.ThereforeB.LikewiseC.ConsequentlyD.However50.A.agreementB.outcomeC.predictionD.challenge51.A.skillful B.vividC.routineD.potential52.A.temporaryB.ordinaryC.voluntaryD.revolutionary53.A.claimedB.criticizedC.consideredD.expected54.A.sacrificeB.reminderC.disadvantageD.appreciation55.A.limitedB.considerableC.reasonableD.potentialSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Forty-threeyearsago,amantooka“smallstep”onthemoonandbroughtmankinda“giantleap”forward.Asthefirstpersontowalkonthemoon,AmericanastronautNeilArmstrongisamanwhosenamewillberememberedforgenerationstocome.Butbeingthefirstisnevereasy.Withsomanyunknownsaboutspaceatthattime,ArmstronghimselfwassurprisedthatApollo11actuallyworked.Hethoughtheandhispartnershadonlya50percentchanceofasuccessfullandingbackin1969.Itwastoughindeed.Whenthemodule(登月舱)wasapproachingthemoon’ssurface,thecomputerwantedtorestthemonasteepslopecoveredwithrocks,butArmstrongrealizeditwasanunsafeplacetostop.Asalastminutedecision,hesafelylandedthemodulebyhimself.Whentheyfinallytouchedtheground,“therewassomethinglike20secondsoffuelleft,”hesaidinaninterviewearlierthisyear.Unfortunately,somepeopledoubtedhisvisittothemoon,sayingitwasfaked.ButArmstrongrespondedwithachuckle(轻声笑),saying:“ItwasneveraconcerntomebecauseIknewoneday,somebodywasgoingtogoflybackupthereandpickupthatcameraIleft.”Forallhisglobalfame,NeilArmstrongisaremarkablymodestman.Herarelygaveinterviewsanddidn’tliketalkingabouthisachievement.Hestoppedgivinghissignatures

whenhefoundthatpeoplesoldthemforthousandsofdollars.“Iguessweallliketoberecognizednotforonepieceoffireworksbutfortheledger(记账簿)ofourdailywork,”ArmstrongsaidinaCBSinterviewin2005.Whenaskedhowhefeltknowinghisfootprintswouldbelikelytostayonthemoon’ssurfaceforthousandsofyears,hesaid:“Ikindofhopethatsomebodygoesupthereoneofthesedaysandcleansthemup.”Armstrongpassedawaylastmonthattheageof82,buthewillberemembered.“Thenexttimeyouwalkoutsideonaclearnightandseethemoonsmilingdownatyou,thinkofNeilArmstrongandgivehimawink(眨眼示意),”hisfamilysaidtoReuters.56.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethatbeforehisexpeditiontothemoon,Armstrong__________.A.wascertainthatApollo11wouldworkwellB.believedthemodulewouldlandsafelyonthemoonC.hadpreparedhimselftofacepossiblefailureD.plannedtolandthemoduleonthemoonbyhimself57.HowdidArmstrongrespondwhenpeopledoubtedthathehadbeentothemoon?

A.Hewasangry.B.Hewastroubledbyit.C.Hetriedtofindevidencethattheywerewrong.D.Hebelievedtheywouldbeprovedwrongsomeday.Bysaying“Iguessweallliketoberecognizednotforonepieceoffireworksbutfortheledgerofourdailywork”,Armstrongmeantthat__________.A.themoredailyworkyou’vedone,themoreeasilyyouwillberecognizedB.thingsthatlookspectaculararenotasusefulasordinarysuccessesC.achievinggreatnesscanmakeothersuccessesfeellessimportantD.everyday’shardworkismoreappreciatedthanonesuccessfulmoment59.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesArmstrong?A.Hewasambitious.B.Hetriedtoavoidthespotlight.C.Hebalancedhislifeandworkwell.D.Hewastalkativeandlovedtellingjokes.(B)Youmayreadthequestionsfirst.IndianHeroesandGreatChieftainsThebookmainlypresentsuswiththeAmericanIndianleadersofthepast.ItfeaturesmanyprofilesandbiographiesincludingSittingBull,RedCloud,LittleCrowandLozenQuanahetc.writtenbyauthorCharlesEastman,andI’msureyouwillbeinterestedinit.

Name:SittingBullBirth:1831Death:12-15-1890HewasagreatheroandisrespectedbymanyAmericanIndians.Ina1997documentary(纪录片)—TheGreatTribes,

hewasknownasaholyman,acomposerofsongsandanartist.Underhim,theSiouxandCheyenneNations

unified.HewasadvisedtogoonaEuropeantourin1887,butheturneditdowntodefendthesetwonationsfrombeingseparatedagain.HeledhispeopleduringyearsofresistancetoUnitedStatesgovernmentpoliciesandwaskilledby

Indianagencypolice

onthe

StandingRockIndianReservation.Name:CrazyHorseBirth:1842Death:9-5-1877CrazyHorsewasalegendarywarrior（勇士）andagentleleaderaswellasabravemanwhostoodforthehighestidealoftheSioux,celebratedforhisbattleskillsaswellashiseffortstopreserveNativeAmericantraditionsandwayoflife.

ResistingeffortstoforcetheSiouxontoreservations,hefoughtalongsideSittingBullandothersintheAmerican-IndianWars.CharlesEastmandescribedhiminhisbook

IndianHeroes

as“amanofdeedsandnotofwords”.Name:RedCloudBirth:1822Death:12-10-1909HewasagainstthemovementofthewhitesettlersintotheBlackHills.In1868,herefusedtosignatreaty(条约),whichstatedthattheBlackHillsdidn’tbelongtopeople.Thetreatyalsostatedthattheseareascouldn’tbeenteredwithoutthegovernment’spermission.AccordingtoEastman’sbook

IndianHeroes,hewassaidtohavefoughtagainstthetreaty,forcingthegovernmenttogiveinandpulloutofthearea.Name:LozenQuanahBirth:late1840sDeath:1890KnownastheyoungestsisterofRedCloud,shedevotedherselftothepeople.ShewasdescribedinPeterAleshire’s

WarriorWoman

asaheroinegoodatridinghorsesandusingabowandarrowtodriveattackersaway.Thisskillwasconsideredtobe“oneofthemosthonoredskillsamongtheIndians”.60.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutCrazyHorse?

A.Hewasfriendlytohissoldier. B.Heshowedgreatcourage.C.Hewasagreattalker. D.Hewasrespected.61.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat__________.A.SittingBulldislikedtravelingB.IndianHeroeswasabookonIndianhistoryC.inthe1880sIndiansoldiersweremainlyarmedwithbowsandarrowsD.inthe1850sIndianwomenwerenotallowed

toridehorses62.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto__________.A.showIndians’livestoreadersB.describegreatIndianheroesandheroinesC.showthehistoryoftheIndiansD.commentonahistorybook(C)CrudeawakeningAbattlebetweentwoenergyexchanges[1]OPEN-OUTCRYtradingissupposedtobeanodd,outdatedpractice,rapidlybeingreplacedbysleeker,cheaperelectronicsystems.TrytellingthattotheNewYorkMercantileExchange(NYMEX),theworld’slargestcommoditiesexchange.OnNovember1sttheNYMEXopenedanopen-outcrypit(公开叫价交易厅）inDublintohandleBrentcrudefutures（布伦特原油期货）,thebenchmark（基准）contractforpricingtwo-thirdsoftheworld’soil.[2]TheNYMEXistryingtograbliquidityfromLondon’sInternationalPetroleumExchange(IPE),whichtradesthemostBrentcontracts;theNewYorkexchangehassofarconcentratedonWestTexasIntermediate,anAmericanbenchmarkgrade.ThenewpitisaresponsetotheIPE’seffortstomodernise.OnthesamedayasNYMEXtradersstartedshoutingBrentpricesinDublin,theIPEdidawaywithitsmorningopen-outcrysession:nowsuchtradesmustbeelectronic,ordoneinthepitafterlunch.[3]TheNewYorkexchangeclaimsthatcustomers,suchashedgefunds(对冲基金)orenergycompanies,preferopen-outcrybecauseitallowsformoreliquidity.Althoughmostotherexchangesareheadingintheoppositedirection,incommoditymarketssuchastheNYMEX,pressurefrom“locals”--self-employedtraders--ishelpingtosupportopen-outcry,althoughsomethinkthatcustomerspayuptofivetimesasmuchaswithelectronicsystems.EventheIPEhasnoplanstocloseitsfloor.Onlylastmonthitsignedarentalagreement,lastinguntil2017,foritstradingfloorinLondon.[4]Dublin’snewpitis“showingpromise”,saysRobLaughlin,atraderwithManFinancial,despiteafewtechnicalglitches.Onitsfirstdayithandled5,726lotsofBrent(eachlot,orcontract,is1,000barrels),overathirdofthevolumeintheIPE’snewmorningelectronicsession.Bytheyear’send,predictsMrLaughlin,itshouldbeclearwhethertheventurewillbefeasible.ItwouldstandabetterchanceifitmovedtoLondon.Itmayyet:itstartedinIrelandbecauseregulatoryapprovalcouldbeobtainedfastertherethaninBritain.[5]Inthelongrunhavingbothexchangesofferingsimilarcontractswillbeunsustainable(不可持续的).Stealingliquidityfromanestablishedmarketleader,astheNYMEXistryingtodo,isahardtask.Eurex,Europe’slargestfuturesexchange,setupshopinChicagothisyear,intendingtograbAmericanTreasury-bondcontractsfromtheChicagoBoardofTrade.Ithasmadelittleprogress.AndtheNYMEXhastriedtogetBrentcontractsbefore,withoutsuccess.[6]Giventheimportanceofliquidityinexchanges,whydotheIPEandtheNYMEXnotworktogether

Therehavebeentalksaboutcooperationbefore,andsomethingmightyethappen.SomesaythatthefreewheelingNYMEXandthemoreseriousIPEcouldnevermix.Fornow,inanycase,thetwoexchangeswillcompeteuntilonehaswon--acrosstheIrishSeaaswellasacrosstheAtlantic.63.Accordingtothetext,theNYMEXandIPEare__________.A.bothusingopenoutcrytradingasamajortradingformB.partnersthatbenefiteachotherintheirbusinessactivitiesC.rivalsthatarecompetingintheoiltradingmarketD.bothtakingeffortstomodernizetheirtradingpractice64.Theword“glitches”inLine2,Paragraph4mostprobablymeans__________.A.backwardness B.disappointments C.engineers

D.problems65.FromParagraph4wecaninferthat__________.A.tradingvolumeintheIPE’snewmorningelectronicsessionisfallingB.LondonisabetterbusinesslocationforenergyexchangesthanDublinC.Britain’sregulatorsarelessefficientthanthoseofIrelaD.theDublinpitoftheNYMEXwillbemoreprosperousnextyear66.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat__________.A.it’sveryunlikelythattheNYMEXandtheIPEcouldcombinetheirbusinessesB.theNYMEXwillfailinIrelandasmanyprecedentshaveshownC.thetwoenergyexchangeswillfigureoutawaytocooperatewitheachotherD.themarketenvironmentforbothenergyexchangesisgettingbetterSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Peoplevolunteermainlyoutofacademicrequirements.B.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.C.Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork.D. Individualdifferencesaremostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork.E.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpracticaladvice.F.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework. Let’sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.67Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract. Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsory(义务的)volunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople’swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor.,“Ivolunteerbecauseit’simportanttome”)toanexternalfactor.,“IvolunteerbecauseI’mrequiredtodoso”).Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.68Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime

Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconductedfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions.69Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience”. Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole.70Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuchas“VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam.”Consistentwiththeresearchers’expectations,theyfoundapositiverelationshipbetweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,onceagain,leadtodefiniteadvice:“Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity....ItemslikeT-shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity”.IV.SummaryWritingDirections:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.WildernessTherapyWhenmostpeopleheartheterm“psychotherapy”,theypicturetraditionaltalktherapy–someonesittingonacouchorchairtalkingabouttheirtroublingthoughtsandfeelingswithapsychologistorothermentalhealthprofessional.

However,talktherapyisn’ttheonlytypeofpsychotherapyusedtohelpindividualsstrugglingwithdepression,anxiety,andawholehostofotherchallengingdisorders,emotionalstruggles,andothertypesofproblems.Inreality,therapytakesplaceinallkindsofsettings.Oneofthemiswildernesstherapy.Whenthecampsiteissetupandthefireislit,thedoctorisin.Wildernesstherapyisasuccessful,andsometimescontroversial(有争议的)waytohelptroubledyouthbyteachinglifeandsocialskillsonthehikingtrail.Intensivegrouptherapyandone-on-onesessionsarecoupledwithoutdooractivitieslikemountainclimbingandfly-fishingtoteachself-relianceandresponsibility.Programspromisetoreformeventhemostwayward(任性的)ofoffenders,includingteenswithdepression,angermanagementissues,oreatingdisorders.Whilewildernesstherapycanbeeffective,certainmethodshavecomeunderfireforusingunethical,andsometimesabusive(施虐的)techniquestohelpstrugglingyouth.Wildernessprogramsarelooselyregulated,sonotallprogramsarestaffedbyqualifiedprofessionals.Uponc