ABS 犊牛饲养管理培训资料课件

Heiferrearing–apracticalguide.

犊牛饲养管理—生产实践手册HayleyVerney,consultant,PromarInternational海莉弗尼，顾问专家+447976334738Hayley.WHATAREYOURTARGETS?

您的目标是？Mortality死亡率<5%toweaning断奶前低于5%<2%tocalving出生死亡率低于2%Agefirstheat<12mo第一次发情<12月龄Agebred<15mo配种月龄<15月龄Agetocalve 22-24mo产犊月龄22-24月龄Weightatbreeding750-800lbs(300-360kg)参配体重750-800磅（300-360公斤）Weightatcalving 1350+lbs(610Kg)产犊体重1350磅（610公斤）

85-90%ofmatureBW85-90%的成年体重WHY24MONTHSATFIRSTCALVING?

为什么初次产犊应是24月龄？Animalsbecomeprofitableduringlactation2奶牛从第二胎开始盈利！！WHY24MONTHSATFIRSTCALVING?

为什么24月龄开始产犊？Bycalvingat30months(900daysoflife)comparedto24monthsyouhavelost2.8litres/dayoflifeuptolactation3:30月龄产犊（900天）与24月龄产犊，产奶量损失是2.8升/天（三胎以上产奶量）

Equivalenttoapproximately5000litreslostto lactation3估算三胎前损失5000升

@25ppl=£125012500RMB @28ppl=£1400 14000RMB

PERHEIFERCALVED.每头产犊母牛LOSSESUPTO3rdCALVING

3胎以上的损失mean58%

(herdrange20-68%)8%3%11%19%24%58%oflive-bornheifersfailedtoreachtheir3rdlactation58%的犊牛没有超过三胎

%died/culled死亡/淘汰Brickell&Wathes2011JDairySci94:1831-8WHYSOMANYLOSSES?

为什么损失这么严重？<15monthsofage(pre-service/bulling):<15月龄（配种前）Infectiousdisease(egRotavirus,Pneumonia)传染疾病（例如轮状病毒，肺炎）Accidentaldeath意外死亡15–24monthsofage(service–firstcalving）:15-24月龄（配种—头胎）：Infertilityasaheifer(nosuccessfulpregnancy)不孕（没有成功受孕）Oldercows:胎次高奶牛Infertility,calvingassociatedproblems,mastitis不孕，产犊相关疾病，乳房炎Source:DairyCo–ReducingtheWastageintheDairyHerd,Wathesetal2007.WHYTHEREDUCTIONINSURVIVABILITYWITHANEXTENDEDCALVINGAGE?

为什么产犊年龄降低？Potentialmechanismsforlongtermeffectsofearlylifenutritioninclude:犊牛早期营养影响Improvedhealthstatus提高犊牛健康状况Alteredendocrinedevelopment内分泌的变化Enhancedleantissuedevelopment促进组织发育Metabolicimprinting代谢特点Itisthereforeessentialto本质是：Achieveoptimumgrowthratesthrough达到最佳生长速度Offeringthebestpre-weaningnutritionand提供最佳断奶前营养Monitoringpost-weaninggrowthtoassessanygrowthchecks检测断奶后的生长速度符合要求HeiferGrowthTargetsFeedsufficientQUALITY:

饲喂高质量的初乳：

Goodquality质量优秀初乳

>50g/L:42%cowsGulliksenetal.,2008JDairySci91:704-12HowtoassessQUALITY

怎样确定质量Colostrometer初乳比重计ZSTcalf’sblood犊牛血液ZSTColostrumqualitycannotbeassessedvisually!初乳的质量能从外观进行判断。WhathappensifIfeedunknownQUALITYcolostrum?若饲喂了质量未知初乳USDA:NAHMS:firstNationalDairyHeiferEvaluationProjectHolsteinheifersfrom1811farms美国农业部：动物健康监测中心：全国犊牛健康评估项目1811个农场荷斯坦犊牛Heinrichsetal.,USDA:APHIS:VS:NAHMS,1992ColostrumQualityWhataboutQUANTITY?

有关数量？Goddenetal.,2009JDairySci92:1758-64;Besseretal.,1991JAmVetMedAssoc198:419-22犊牛数（头）IgG总量gIgG，mg/mlIgG的吸收率%犊牛被动吸收量IMPROVINGEARLYGROWTHRATES:

提高早期生长速率：Canyourpre-weaningpracticesachievegrowthratesthatwillmeetyourtargetcalvingage?是否在断奶前达到目标生长速率？0.8kg/dFeedaconsistentproduct–“waste”orwholemilkisnotconsistentineithertemperatureorcontent.饲喂始终如一的产品—“废弃牛奶”或全乳，温度或成分不能保证始终如一Feedmore–milkreplacerandhardfeed(concentrate/grain).饲喂更多-代乳粉和硬饲料（精饲料—谷物）BUTofferinawaythatwillencourageintakes

andnotdiscouragethem

总的来说要促进犊牛多吃而不是降低犊牛的采食量FEEDINGFORBETTEREARLYGAIN

为更好发育而饲喂Highgeneticmeritheifer高基因的犊牛

PerformanceDairy/beef奶牛/肉牛牛表现

TraditionalDairy/beef传统奶牛/肉牛

Needtoprovidethecalfwithenoughnutritiontosupportthegrowthraterequired为犊牛提供足够的营养来促进犊牛生长所需INCREASINGMILKREPLACERINTAKEINCREASESTHEAVERAGEDAILYLIVEWEIGHTGAIN

增加代乳粉的摄入量等于增加了犊牛的日增重Restrictedfeeding(8-10%ofbirthBW,typically400-600g/dsolids)willsupportmaintenancerequirementsplusanADGof0.2-0.3kg/dunderthermoneutralconditions限量饲喂（8-10%出生体重，一般是饲喂固体物400-600克/天）在22摄氏度下可保证维持需要和0.2-0.3Kg/d日增重。Averagedailygain(kg/d)每天日增重Intakeofmilkreplacer(26%CP)摄入的蛋白（26%粗蛋白）Bartlettetal.,2006JAnimSci84:1454-67MRreconstitutedto12.5%drymatter代乳粉12.5%的干物质Nodifferenceinaveragefaecalscores粪便评分没有变化~4L500gsolids/d~5-6L700gsolids/d~7-8L900gsolids/dOPTIMALCONCENTRATIONOFPROTEININMILKREPLACERDIETSISAFUNCTIONOFFEEDINGRATE

代乳粉的蛋白的最佳含量IncreaseddietaryproteinofMRfedateither10%or14%ofBWstimulatedgrowth增加代乳粉蛋白量可以促使犊牛的日增重Bartlettetal.,2006JAnimSci84:1454-67Averagedailygain(kg/d)日增重Crudeproteininmilkreplacer代乳粉中的粗蛋白MRreconstitutedto12.5%drymatter代乳粉的干物质为12.5%Feedingat14%BW(~5-6L/d):leantissuegainincreaseswithdietaryCPupto26%

饲喂14%体重的代乳粉（5-6升/天），日增重随代乳粉蛋白含量的增加而增加，代乳粉蛋白含量最大值达到26%。Feedingat10%BW(~4L/d):insufficientMEtoutilizegreateramountsofdietaryCPforgrowth饲喂10%体重的代乳粉，蛋白量不足。CALVINGBETWEEN590and625kgMAXIMISESFIRSTLACTATIONYIELD

产犊体重在590到625可使得头胎产奶量最高Every45kgbelow590kg=204kgofmilklost在体重590公斤下，体重每减少45公斤，则产奶量就降低204公斤。KeownandEverett,1986OTHERIMPORTANTCONSIDERATIONS

其它注意事项CONSISTENCY–temperature,timing,hygiene.一致性—温度、时间、卫生SPEED–toavoidbacterialpopulations.速度—避免细菌繁殖LEVELOFMILKSOLIDS–difficulttopredictwithwholemilk.

乳固体水平—对于全奶很难估算INFRASTRUCTURE–what’sachievable?基础设施—可达到什么效果？HARDFEEDINTAKE硬饲料的摄入WATER水MilkOnly仅牛奶MilkandGrain奶和谷物MilkandHay奶和干草RUMENDEVELOPMENTISVITAL–ANDATTHISSTAGETHECOWISNOTARUMINANT!

瘤胃的发育至关重要—在这一阶段奶牛不是反刍动物Rumenpapillaedevelopmentin6weekoldcalvesfed3differentdiets犊牛在前六周饲喂不同的饲料瘤胃乳头发育情况CONTINUALMONITORINGISKEYTOSUCCESS持续不断的监测是成功的关键Useameasurethatisconsistentbetweenyearstocreateabenchmark

生长标准Bodyweight体重(kg)Girth腹围(cm)Weighband体重范围Heightstick体高Weighscales体重BUTDON’TGETGREEDY.....

但是不要贪婪……Highergrowthrate(1-15mo)associatedwithmoreservicesperconceptionasaheifer生长速度越快，则受胎率会降低。Heifersfailingtoconceivehadhighergrowthrates生长太快可导致不孕Brickelletal.,2009Theriogenology72408-16Conclusions–calf&heiferlosses

结论-犊牛&育成牛的损失“15%ofheifersfailedtoreach1stcalving”“Only42%ofheiferscalved3times”

15%育成牛不能产犊&仅有42%的育成牛可以产三胎Recordallcalf&heiferlossesfrombirth,&calculatethemortalityrateduringdifferentstagesoftherearingperiod在犊牛和育成牛饲喂期，记录产犊损失和死亡率Increaseawareness-isthereaproblemduringaparticularperiod?

增加关注度—在特殊时期是否存在问题？Identifythemaincauses–preventionfornextyeariskey确定主要的原因—预防是关键Colostrummanagement?初乳的管理Nutrition?营养Housing?舍内管理Infectiousdisease?传染疾病Accidents?突发事件Heifermortalityincreasesthecostofgettingthosesurvivingtothepointofcalving育成牛的死亡率增加了其它犊牛的成本。Conclusions–growthrate

结论—生长速率“BWgainrangedfrom0.23to1.25kg/d”体重增加0.23-1.25Kg/dMeasurethegrowthrateofheifersat≥2timepoints监测犊牛的生长速率至少要两次。Birth

出生6mo-makecorrectivechangesbeforetimeofbreedingforthisgroup六月龄—配种前进行矫正15mo–makecorrectivechangestorearingregimesfornextyearscohortofheifers15月龄—修正饲喂标准Ensureheifersdonotgrowtooslowlybutnottoofast确保育成牛即不生长过快也不生长过慢Low(<0.6kg/d):21%heifers–identifythemaincausesofpoorgrowth:低（(<0.6kg/d）：21%育成牛—确定发育不良Delaysfirstcalving