语言学词素展示课件

Morphology1.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位2.MorphandallomorphThedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由语素与粘着语素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tourMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-icDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

派生语素与屈折语素Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。3.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。

Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:Plurality名词复数Thegenitivecase名词所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容词/副词比较级、最高级Theverbalendings动词词尾变化e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.’sinboy’s,children’se.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.Root,stem,base

词根、词干、词基Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词根、词干、词基词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。ClassificationofprefixesThemajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.NegativePrefixes否定前缀Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Conversionprefixes转化前缀Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀1.Negativeprefixes

prefixes

meaningexamplesun-not,theconverseofunwisenon-nonessentialdis-dishonestin-informalim-immatureil-illegalir-irregular3.Pejorativeprefixes

prefixes

meaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscience4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize

prefixes

meaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-morethansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-toolittleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirt5.Prefixesofattitude

prefixes

meaningexamplesco-withcooperatecounter-againstcounterattackanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro-Chinese7.Prefixesoftimeandorder

prefixes

meaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-inadvancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againresell8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,demi-,hemi-halfsemi-feudal,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)-,tetra-fourquadrennial,tetrapetalous8.Numberprefixes

prefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-,penta-fivequinquagenarian,pentagonhexa-,sex-sixhexahedron,sexcentenarysept-,hepta-sevenseptangle,heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineenneadBeforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend(tobehaveasafriendto)becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝belittlebecalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静)Withnounsplus–edtoyieldadjectives

bespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的)en-(embeforep,b,m)Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.使成为使处于…状态Beforenouns,

enslave(causetobe);empower(v.授权）embody(v.体现）endanger(V.使处于危险之中)Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保9.Conversionprefixes

prefixes

examplesa-astridebe-becalmen-enlargeem-empower2.SuffixationQuestion:Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes?Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.PrefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisTypesofsuffixesNounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbssuffixesNounsuffixesDe-nominalnounsuffixesDe-verbalnounsuffixesDe-adjectivenounsuffixesNounandadjectivesuffixes1.1Nounsuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-sterpersonengagedinanoccupationoractivitygamester-eermountaineer-er(or)driver-antinhabitant-letsmall,unimportantbooklet,-ettesmall;imitation;femalecigarette,leatherette,usherette-essfemalehostess1.1Nounsuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatuschildhood-shipconditiondictatorship-domrealmofficialdom-ingstatebathing-fulamounthandful-tionstateoppressionAdjectiveSuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-fulfullofhopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-lyhavingthequalityoffriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhatlikesilkyAdjectiveSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhatlikefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-edhavingmoneyed-altypicalofregionalAdjectiveSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-ary(ory)connectedwithimaginary-esquelikepicturesque-ousfullofmalicious-ictypicalofdramatic-ivehavingthequalityofattractiveAdverbSuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-lyina…mannerattentively-warddirectionofmovementhomeward-foldtimeshundredfold-wiseinthemannerofasfaras…isconcernedcrabwiseweatherwise4.2Compounding

复合法Thedefinition

ofcompoundingandcompoundCharacteristicsofcompoundsPhonologicalfeaturesSemanticfeaturesGrammaticalfeaturesOrthographicalfeatures4.2Compounding

复合法3.FormationofCompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsThroughconversion:nickname;first-nameThroughbackformation:lip-readingtolip-readchain-smokertochain-smoke4.3Conversion

转化法Question:Whatisconversion?Whyisitcalledzero-derivation?changeofword-class;functionalshiftderivationprocesswithouttheadditionofanaffixTypesofConversionConversiontoNounsConversiontoVerbsConversiontoAdjectivesWordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs,amongwhichtheconversionbetweennounsandverbsarethemostproductive.4.3.1ConversiontonounsDe-verbalDe-adjectivalMiscellaneousconversion1)Deverbal（由动词转化而来的名词）Almostallmonomorphemic(单语素结构的)verbscanbeusedasnouns，whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.State(ofmindorsensation)(doubt;want;desire)Eventoractivity(search;laugh;teach-in)Resultoftheaction(catch;find,answer)Doeroftheaction(help;cheat,bore)Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith(cover;wrap)Placeoftheaction(pass;walk;divide)2)De-adjectival

由形容词转化成的名词Fullconversion完全转换:Anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor–(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.

Partialconversion部分转换Nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounswhileretainingsomeoftheadjectivefeatures.Thegradableadjectivescankeeptheircomparativeorsuperlativedegrees.Wordsinthiscategorygenerallydenoteagroupofthekind.3).Miscellaneousconversion

其他类型的转换Nounsconvertedfromotherclassesasconjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositions,etc.ConversiontoverbsTheuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid.ThreekindsofconversiontoverbsDenominal:topocketthemoney;thenursethebabyDe-adjectival:

Thephotographyellowedwithage.Miscellaneousconversion:Thestudentstut-tuttheidea.ConversiontoadjectivesItoccursmostlybetweennounsandadjectives.LessproductiveWord-formation

BlendingClippingAcronymyBackformationSoundreduplicationCommonizationofpropernames4.4Blending拼缀法DefinitionClassificationFeaturesofblendssmog（smoke+fog）fogintensifiedbysmokesci-fi(science+fiction)of,relatingto,orbeingsciencefictionairtel(air+hotel)hotelsituatedatorclosetoanairportmedicare(medical+care)agovernmentprogramofmedicalcare,esp.fortheagedskylab(sky+laboratory)UnitedStatesspacestation;inorbitfrom1973to1979FivetypesofblendingaccordingtotheirmorphologicalstructuresHead+tail:Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondone:Head+head:thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartofthesecondoneHead+word:thefirstpartofthefirstword+wholeformofthesecondoneWord+tail:wholeformofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondoneWord+head:wholeformofthefirstword+firstpartofthesecondoneFeaturesofBlendsTheoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns,veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.Therelationofthecomponentsofablendcanbeclassifiedintotwokinds:thetwopartsmayenjoyequalstatusandcanbeconnectedby“and”asin“brunch”oronecomponentisthemodificatoroftheotherasin“psywar”.particularlycommonincommercialandjournalisticlanguage(newspapersandmagazines)andinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology4.5Clipping截短法DefinitionReasonsforusingclippingTypesofclippingCharacteristicsofclippingsFrontclippingBackclippingFrontandbackclippingPhraseclippingTypesofclippingFrontclipping首部截短Thedeletionoccursatthebeginningoftheword.quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)bus(omnibus)phone(telephone)Backclipping词尾截短Thedeletionoccursattheendoftheword.ad(advertisement)lib(liberation)自由党prof(professor)dorm(dormitory)lab(laboratory)memo(memorandum)Frontandbackclipping首尾部截短flu(influenza)tec(detective)fridge(refrigerator)jams(pajamas)Clippingmaygiverisetoalterationsinspellingandpronunciation.bike(bicycle)mike(microphone)coke(Cocacola)pram(perambulator)Thischangeinformandsoundispossiblyduetotheinformalitytypicalofclippedforms.Forconvenienceandcasualnessinspeech,peopleoftenomitoneortwosyllablesfromaword;andthenwhenitiswrittendown,anewspellingformiscoinedtosuittheoralform.

Phraseclipping短语截短Thisinvolvestheshorteningofaphrase.pop(popularmusic)pub(publichouse)perm(permanentwaves)zoo(zoologicalgarden)Gents(Gentlemen'sRoom)FeaturesofclippingsClippingsmaygiverisetoalterationsinspellingandpronunciation.Clippingsmayvarywithsocialclasses,groupsoroccupations,certainlocutionsarepeculiartotheirowngroups.Thesportsmanhasref(=referee).Theschoolgirlhasherhols(=holidays)andprep(=preparationofschoolwork).Butthecollegestudentshashisexam,prof,math,lab,trigandgym.Featuresofclippings

Afewoftheclippedwordsliketaxi,plane,busarenowacceptedinthecommoncorevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyhavereplacedtheiroriginalsandsomepeoplearenolongerawarethatbus

wasclippedfromomnibusandtaxifromtaxicab.Stylisticallyspeaking,clippedwordsaregenerallyusedinlessformalsituationsthantheirfull-lengthequivalents.Mostofthemareregardedtobeinformalandcolloquial.Buttherearestillsomecasesinwhichtheoriginalformsareregardedasbookishandpeopleprefertheclippedwords.e.glunch(luncheon)4.6Acronymy首字母缩略法DefinitionTwotypesofacronymsdependingonthepronunciationofthewordsinitialisms首字母缩略词Definitionclassificationacronyms首字母拼音词DefinitionclassificationInitialisms首字母缩略词Definition---Initialismsarewordsformedbyacronymyandpronouncedasasequenceofletters.TwokindsofinitialismsLettersrepresentfullwords字母代表整个词VOAVoiceofAmericaLettersrepresentconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofawordTVtelevision字母代表一个复合词的构成成分或词的一部分IDidentificationoridentitycardAcronyms首字母拼音法Atrueacronymisawordformedfromtheinitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.Arealinnovationofthe20thcenturyandhasoriginatedspontaneouslyinthemilitaryjargonoftheFirstWorldWar.Itremainsafavoritewiththemilitary,butisalsousedbyacademics,bureaucrats,corporations,children,andallotherclassesofwordcoiners.Pureacronyms(formedfrominitiallettersonly)纯粹的首字母拼音词Hybridacronymslikeradar(formedwithmorethaninitialletters)混合的首字母拼音词radiodetectingandrangingSyllabicacronyms,likeDelmarva(Delaware,Maryland,andVirginia)首字母拼音词Asyllabicabbreviation(SA)isanabbreviationformedfrom(usually)initialsyllablesofseveralwords,suchasInterpolforInternationalpolice国际警察组织.Structurally,3kindsofacronyms4.7Backformation逆生法DefinitionClassificationThemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes,socalledbecausemanyoftheremovedendingsarenotsuffixesbutinseparablepartsofthewords.