新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空

新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Chapter1GeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResourcesInarea,theUnitedStatesisthe4thlargestcountryintheworld.TheMidwestintheUSreferstotheregionaroundtheGreatLakesandtheupperMississippiValley.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstotheRockyMountainsDeathValleyisonthewesternedgeoftheGreatBasin.TheGreatPlainsmighthaveaduststorminsummer.ThewesternpartofWashingtonStatehasthehighestrainfallintheUS.TheUSprimarysuppliersofforeignoilarethefollowingcountriesexceptJapanTheUSlargestopen-pitcopper-miningcenterisinUtah.1.TheUnitedStatesisborderedonthenorthbyCanada,onthesouthbyMexicoandtheGuffofMexico,ontheeastbytheAtlanticOcean,andonthewestbythePacificOcean.2.ThelargeterritoryofthecontinentalUSisdividedintothreebasicareas:A.theAtlanticseacoastwesttotheAppalachiansB.theMississippiRiverBasinC.theRockieswesttothePacific3.TheMiddleAtlanticStatesarethemostdenselypopulatedregionintheUS,wherethelandisflatandfertile.4.TheCentralValleyofCaliforniaisahighlyproductivearea,whichproducedenormousamountsoffruitsandvegetables.5.MostproductionofoilandnaturalgasintheUScomesfromoffshoreareasofLouisianaandTexas,andfromonshoreareasofTexas,OklahomaandCalifornia.HerbigconsumptionofenergynowhasmadeAmericainsufficientinoilsupply.TheUSrelianceofforeignoilhasremindedconsistentlyinthe40%ranges.6.TheUnitedStateshaslittletroublecausedbytheshortageoffreshwater.FarmlandsintheUSmakingupabout12%ofthearablelandsintheworld,andtheyareamongtherichestandmostproductive.Chapter2AmericanPopulationTheover3millionofearlyAmericansin1790weremostlyofBritishancestry.About700,000immigrantswerelegallyreceivedbytheUSeachyearduringthe1980s.TheofficialracialsegregationcontinuedtobethelawoftheUSuntil1954.AmericanIndiansnowmainlyliveintheSouth.ThemajorityofAmericanHispanicsarefromthefollowingcountriesexceptSpain.TheWestnowleadsinpercentageincreaseinpopulation.Accordingtothe1994UScensus,thesecondmostpopulousstateintheUSisTaxes.ThetrendinmigrationfromcitiestosuburbsnowprevailedinallregionsexcepttheSouth.TheUnitedStatesisthethirdmostpopulousnationintheworld.Priorto1875anyonefromanycountrycouldentertheUSfreelyandtakeuppermanentresidencethere.LatertheUSCongresspassedlawsrestrictingimmigrationonthebasisofmorality,race,andnationalorigin.The1952ImmigrationandNationalityActreaffirmednationaloriginasthechiefcriterionforeligibilityandestablishedapreferentialsystemforskilledworkersandforrelativesoftheUScitizens.FormanyyearstheUSrestrictedtototalnumberofimmigrantsto270,000eachyear,althoughtherealimmigrantsnumberedmuchgreaterthanthelimit.The1990ImmigrationActlimitsthetotalnumberofimmigrantsto700,000from1992to1995and675,000thereafter.ThefirstblacksarrivedinJamestownin1619asindenturedservants,butsoon[after1619theywerebroughttocoloniesasslaves.Theblackswereformallyfreedin1863,butcontinuedtosuffertheinstitutionalizedsegregationforaboutacentury.TodaymanyblacksstillliveintheSouth,somehaveenteredthemiddleclass,butone-thirdofallblackfamiliesstilllivebelowthepovertyline.TheChinese-Americanshaveprovedtobeindustriousandintelligent.Theyarenowviewedasa“modelminority”intheUS.Accordingtothe2010UScensus,therewereaboutmillionChinese-AmericanslivingintheUS.Thefigurewasmorethantwicewhatitwasin1990.Chapter3DiscoveryandColonizationoftheNewWorld1.TheancestorsofthepresentAmericanIndianscamefromAsia.2.“Theambitionforthevastlands”isnotcorrecttoexplainthereasonsforthesuddendaringexplorationoftheunknowninthemid-15thcentury.3.Onhisvoyageof1492,ColumbusexpectedtoreachIndia.4.VascodaGamadiscoveredtheroutetoIndia.5.JohnCabotwassentbytheEnglishKingtoexplorethenewwaytotheeast.6.NewYorkwasnotfoundedfirstbytheEnglish.7.ThebreadbasketcoloniesincludethefollowingonesexceptVirginia.(NewYork,Pennsylvania,Maryland)8.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswasGeorgia,whichwasestablishedin1733.1.In1488BartholomewDiaz,sailingunderthePortugueseflag,wenttotheCapeofGoodHopeatthesouthernAfrica.In1492ChristopherColumbus,financedbyrulersofSpainsailedwestacrosstheAtlanticOceananddiscoveredtheislandsoftheCaribbean.HewasconvincedthathehadfoundthecontinentofAsia.2.TheSouthAfricawasdiscoveredbyAmerigoVespucciwhoshowedthelandhearrivedinwasanewcontinent.BeforelongthelandwasnamedAmericaafterhisname.3.Jamestown,thefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement,wasfoundedin1607.In1620,PilgrimsandothersarrivedinPlymouth,Massachusetts.Theydrewup“MayflowerCompact”4.By1775,the13coloniesinNorthAmericacouldbeclassifiedasthefollowingthreekinds.Specifyhowthegovernorswerechosenineach.a.Royal:appointedbytheEnglishKingb.Proprietary:chosenbyproprietorsc.Self-governing:electedbyresidents5.BecausetheNewEnglandcoloniesweredifficultoffarming,theybecomeacenterforfishingandshipbuilding.Themiddlecolonieswereknownasthebreadbasket,whichproducedwheatandpotatoesasthemajorstaple.Thesoutherncoloniesdevelopedaplantationsystem.ThemaincropintheSouthwastobacco.Muchlater,cottonbecameimportantcrop.Chapter4AmericanRevolution1.Therewasagreatchangeinpolicytowardsthe13coloniesafter1763.2.TheStampActof1765firstsetalargescaleofoppositioninthecolonies.3.TheTeaActof1773waspassedbytheBritishParliamentinordertohelptheBritishEastIndiaCompany.4.TheFirstContinentalCongresswasattendedbytherepresentativesfromallthecoloniesexceptGeorgia.5.ThefirstshotoftheAmericanWarofIndependencewasfiredinLexington.6.ThomasPaine’sCommonSenseurgedtheAmericancoloniststodeclaretheirindependence.7.TheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependencewasThomasJefferson.8.ThevictoryatSaratogawasconsideredastheturningpointoftheWarofIndependence.1.DuringthecolonialdaystheEnglishrulingclassdideverythingtheycouldtocontrolthedevelopmentofthecolonialeconomy.ThecoloniesinNorthAmericaweresupposedtocomplementandnotcompetewithEnglishindustry.2.Withinthefiveyearsfrom1763to1767afterthewarwithFrance,theBritishgovernmentadoptedseveralmeasurestoextractmoremoneyfromcolonies.TheSugarActof1764andtheStampActof1765,forexample,laidtaxesoncertainimportsandnumerousarticlesinAmericatohelppayforthecostsofBritishgovernmentinthecolonies.3.TheSonsofLibertywasformedin1765toorganizetheoppositiontotheStampAct.Theyfavoredtotakeviolentactiontothestampcollectors.4.ThefirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiain.ThemajorityoftherepresentativesstillfavortotakepeacefulmeanstosettlethequarrelwiththeBritish.TheyagreedtorefusetobuyEnglishgoods,hopinginthiswaytoforcetheBritishgovernmenttogiveintotheirdemands.Thisunitedactioncouldbecalledboycott.5.TheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedonJuly4,1776.KarlMarxoncecalledit“thefirstdeclarationoftherightsoftheindividual”.6.TheAmericanWarofIndependencelasted7years.Thefightingwasactuallyendedin1781,butthefinaltreatybetweenBritainandtheUnitedStateswassignedinParisin1783.TheboundariesoftheUnitedStateswerefixedroughlyfromtheAtlanticOceantotheMississippiRiveronthewestandfromtheGreatLakesonthenorthtoSpanishFloridaonthesouth.ThedirectsocialchangebroughtaboutbytheAmericanRevolutionwastheemancipationofslaveswhofoughtagainsttheBritish.Chapter5theConfederationandtheConstitution1.Theconfederationcreatedin1781wasaverylooseunionofstates.2.JamesMadisonwascalledtheFatheroftheUSConstitution.3.TheConstitutionwasframesonthefollowingidealsexceptthatthenewgovernmentshouldimposeitsauthorityonthepeoplethroughstates.4.ThosewhosupportedtheConstitutionandpreferredastrongnationalgovernmentwerecalledFederalists.5.NineStateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution.6.“Theyspelloutthepeople’sright”isincorrecttocommentontheFederalistPapers.7.TheamendmentoftheConstitutionrequirestheapprovalofatleastthree-fourthsofthestates.8.WhentheSecondWarofIndependencebrokeoutin1812,theUSpresidentwasJamesMadison.1.UndertheArticlesofConfederationthenationalgovernmentconsistedofonlyalegislature;ithadnoseparateexecutiveandjudicialdivisions.Thestategovernmentwaslefttheexclusivepowerstoregulatecommerceandtotaxtheircitizens.2.TheConstitutionalConventionwasheldinPhiladelphiain1787.Fifty-fivedelegatesfromallstatesexceptRhodeIslandattendedtheopeningsession.ThepresidentoftheconventionwasGeorgeWashington.3.TheAntifederalistsopposedtheconstitutionandpreferredamoredecentralizedfederalsystemofgovernment.4.GeorgeWashingtonwaselectedunanimouslyasthefirstUSPresidentin1788.ThefirstVice-PresidentwasJohnAdams,andthefirstSecretaryofTreasurywasAlexanderHamilton,andthefirstSecretaryofStatewasThomasJefferson.5.themostgloriousachievementofJeffersonasPresidentwastheLouisianaPurchase,whichwasabout828,000squaremiles.ThisPurchasedoubledtheareaofthethenUnitedStates.6.TheWarof1812isalsocalledtheSecondWarofIndependence.ThiswarlastedthreeyearsandendedinanotherAmericanvictory.Animportantresultofthewarwasthestrengtheningofnationalunityandpatriotism.AnditwasafterthiswarthattheUSwasabletomakethechangeofasemi-colonialeconomyintoareallyindependentnationaleconomy.Chapter6AmericanExpansionandtheCivilWar1.TheMonroeDoctrinehadthefollowingfeaturesorideasexceptLatinAmericaforEuropeans.2.TheUScontinentalexpansionwasalmostcompleteby1848.3.CottonbecamethemostprofitablecropintheSouthmainlybecauseoftheWhitney’scottongin.4.In1854,theRepublicanPartywasfoundedbysomeabolitionists.5.Inhisinauguraladdressin1861,LincolnshowedclearlythathewouldnotabolishslaveryimmediatelybuttopreservetheUnion.6.“ItimmediatelyfreedallslaveslivingintheUnitedStates”abouttheEmancipationProclamationisnotaccurate.7.themostimportantadvantagetheNorthhadovertheSouthintheCivilWarwasitsindustrialsuperiority.8.AnadvantagetheSouthhadovertheNorthwasitssuperiormilitaryleadership.1.TheessenceoftheMonroeDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”whichlaterbecamethecornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.2.TheUSexpansiontothewestmaybetreatedinthreestages;A.thesettlementoftheregionbetweenseaboardstatesandtheMississippiRiverB.thesettlementoftheLouisianaTerritoryc.theoccupationofthefarSouthwest.3.ThegreatmajorityofdwellersinLouisianaTerritorywerethedescendantsoftheFrenchpioneers.Theysettledmainlyintwocities:St.LouisandNewOrleans.4.OregonTerritorywassettledbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStatesin1846.Itsboundaryonthenorthwasfixedattheforty-ninthparallelofnorthlatitude.5.UnderMissouriCompromise,Missouriwasadmittedasaslavestate,butthebalanceofpoliticalpowermaintainedbyadmissionofMaineasafreestate.Inaddition,slaverywastobeprohibitedintherestofLouisianaTerritorynorthoftheline36°30’parallel.6.In1862,thefederalgovernmenttooktworevolutionarymeasures:(1)HomesteadActand(2)Emancipationproclamation.7.InJuly1863cametheturningpointofthewaratGettysburg.HeretheConfederatearmyunderthegeneralRobertE.Leewasdefeated.Thebattlefieldwasmadeanationalcemetery,whereLincolngavehisfamousspeech,theGettysburgAddress,onNovember19,1863.8.In1865,theThirteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionwasadopted,whichabolishedslaverythroughouttheUnitedStates.Chapter7ReconstructionandtheBirthofUSImperialism1.ThefirstUSpresidentwhofacedimpeachmentproceedingswasAndrewJohnson.2.TheradicalReconstructionwasendedunderthePresidentRutherfordB.Hays3.GoldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniain1848.4.ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUSwascompletedin1869.5.Telephonewasinventedin1876byAlexanderD.Bell.6.ThevalueofmanufacturedgoodsintheUSwasworthtwiceasthatofheragriculturalproductsby1900.7.Thefirstimperialistwar,theUS—SpanishWar,brokeoutin1898.8.AftertheUS—SpanishWar,theUSacquiredallthefollowingareasexceptCuba(PuertoRico,Guam,thePhilippines)1.TheReconstructionActsdividedalltheformerConfederatestates,exceptTennessee,intofivemilitarydistrictsandeachwasputunderthecontrolofaNorthernarmyofficer.Theofficerhadthepowertokeeporderandtoenforcemartiallawifnecessary.2.DuringtheReconstructionperiodmanyNorthernersmovedtothesouth.Whatevertheirmotives,theseNorthernerscametobecalledcarpetbaggersbecausetheyweresaidtohavebroughtalltheirbelongingstotheSouthinasmall,cheapsuitcasemadeoutofacarpetlikematerial.3.DuringtheReconstructiontheSouthernwhiteswhosupportedtheradicalreconstructionandjoinedtheRepublicanPartywerecalledscalawags.TheywereconsideredastraitorsbytheSouthernDemocrats.4.TheKKK,foundedinTennesseein1866,wasasecretsocietyforrestoringwhitesupremacyanddrivingblacksoutofpolitics.5.DuringTheodoreRoosevelt’spresidencytheUSgotcontrolofPanamaCanal.Chapter8WorldWar=1\*ROMANIandtheDepression1.Bythebeginningofthe20thcenturythecountrythattookthefirstplaceineconomyinEuropewasGermany.2.WhentheFirstWorldWarbegan,PresidentWilsonimmediatelycalledupontheAmericanpeopletoobservestrictneutrality.3.TheUSjoinedtheFirstWorldWarin1917.4.Wilson’sFourteenPointsdidnotincludethepointofcreationofaninternationalpeacekeepingforce.5.“Onlytherichcouldaffordnewconsumergoods”abouttheUSin1920sisnottrue.6.InrespondingtotheDepression,PresidentHooverthoughtthatthebasicroleoftheGovernmentwasto“createconditionsfavorabletothedevelopmentofprivateenterprises”.7.TheagriculturalAdjustmentActwasanattempttodealwiththefarmers’problemofoverproduction.8.“Itreducedthecommoditypricesbylimitingproductionanddevaluingthedollar”isnotrighttocommentontheNewDeal.1.TheFirstWorldWarwaswagedbetweentwogroupsofimperialistpowers:theAlliesandtheCentralEuropeanPower.2.ThedirectcausethatmadetheUSdeclarewaronGermanyin1917wastheGermany’sunlimitedcampaign.3.ThemajortriumphforWilsonattheParisPeaceConferencewastheformationoftheLeagueofNations.4.TheUnitedStatesdidn’tjointheLeagueofNationsbecausetheUSSenaterefusedtoapprovetheTreatyofVersailles.5.ThreemajortreatieswereconcludedattheWashingtonConference:(1)TheFour-PowerTreaty,respectingthestatusquointhePacific.(2)TheFive-PowerTreaty,onnavalarmsapportionment.(3)TheNine-PowerTreaty,guaranteeingtheindependenceandintegrityofChinainappearance,butactuallyapublicinternationalaffirmationoftheOpenDoorpolicy.6.TheNineteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionwasadoptedin1920,whichgrantedwomentherighttovote.7.TheGreatDepressionstartedwiththesuddencollapseoftheStockMarketinNewYorkinOctober,1929.ThiseconomicdistressextendedtoEurope,Asia,Africa,AustraliaandSouthAmerica.Chapter9AmericanDuringandAfterWorldWarII1.Between1935and1939,Americanforeignpolicyincludedallofthefollowingexceptactiveinterventiontopreventaggression.2.TheUSformallyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin1941.3.NormandyLandingtookplaceonJune6,1944.4.AtYaltaConference,inFeb.1945didRoosevelt,ChurchillandStalinagreetocallaconferenceofalltheUnitedNationsinSanFranciscoinApril1945.5.Thepost-WorldWarIIprogramofeconomicassistancetoWesternEuropewasknownasMarshallPlan.6.Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,advocatedthephilosophyofnonviolence.7.ThousandsofAmericansoldiersweresenttoVietnamunderthePresidentLyndonB.Johnson.8.TheformaldiplomaticrelationattheambassadorialrankbetweenChinaandtheUSwasestablishedunderthePresidentCarter.1.Thecash-and-carrypolicyallowedUScitizenstosellcertainnoprohibitedgoodstobelligerentnationsaslongasthosegoodswerenottransportedonAmericanships.2.Lend-LeaseActenabledanycountrywhosedefensethePresidentconsideredvitaltothatoftheUStoreceivearmsandotherequipmentandsuppliesbysale,transfer,exchange,orlease..RooseveltexplainedtheActwouldmaketheUSthearsenalofworlddemocracy.3.Civilrightsinvolvegovernmentprotectionofindividualsagainstdiscriminationbasedontheirrace,religionnationorigin,gender,age,andotherfactors.Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.washonoredforhisefforttofightdiscrimination.In1964,hewontheNobelPrizeforpeace.4.StarWarsprogramwasproposedbyPresidentReaganin1983.Theprogramseekstoconstructadefensive“shield”againstincomingmissiles.TheshieldwouldbemadeoflaserandelectronicdevicesthatwoulddestroysuchmissileslaunchedtoattacktheUS.5.In1990,PresidentBushorderedOperationDesertStormtopunishIraq,morethan200000UStroopsweresenttoSaudiArabia,andtheUSnavyblockedalloilexportsfromIraqandallimportsexceptfood.6.UnderClinton,theUSenjoyedaneconomicgrowthfornineconsecutiveyears.Thisphenomenon,hardlyseenbefore,hasbeentermedthe“neweconomy”bysome.ThefundamentalreasonforitisthatAmericaneconomicstructurewentthroughessentialchangesbecauseofthepromotionofscientificandtechnologicalprogress.Chapter10theFederalSystemandCongress1.ThepowerofthestateintheUSisactuallyfrombothBandC.(thestateconstitution,theUSConstitution)2.ThesupremelawoftheUnitedStatesincludesalltheabovethree.3.Thetermsofthesenatorandrepresentativearesixandtwoyearsrespectively.4.”The17thAmendment(1913)”providedforthedirectelectionofsenators.5.CertainpresidentialappointmentsmustbeapprovedbyamajorityvoteintheSenate.6.AllrevenueortaxbillsmustbeoriginatedintheHouse.7.TheSpeakeroftheHouseissecondinlineinpresidentialsuccession.8.IntheHouse,thepowertodecidewhenthefullHousewillhearthebillisvestedintheRulesCommittee.1.Federalismmeansthedivisionofpowersbyaconstitutionbetweenthecentralgovernmentandstategovernment.Itoperatesonlyontwolevels,thenationalandthestates.Unitsofgovernmentwithinastateenjoynoindependentexistence.2.SeparationofpowersintheUnitedStatesmeansnotonlyallocatinglegislativepowertoCongress,executivepowertoPresidentandjudicialpowertotheSupremeCourt,butalsogivingeachbranchconstitutionalandpoliticalindependenceandchecksandbalancesthatensureeachofthethreebranchesasufficientroleintheactionsoftheothers.3.AccordingtotheConstitution,membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesmustbe25yearsoldandmusthavebeencitizensfor7years.Senatorsmustbeatleast30andmusthavebeencitizensfor9years.4.TheVicePresidentisofficiallythepresidingofficerandiscalledthepresidentoftheSenate.InfactheseldomappearsintheSenatechamberinthisroleunlessitappearsthattheremightbetievoteintheSenate.Insuchinstances,hecaststhetiebreakingvote.Todealwithday-to-daybusiness,theSenatechoosesthepresidentprotempore.5.Asenatorwhowantstodelayactiononabillorkillitaltogethermayuseatacticcalledafilibuster.Itcanbecutoffonlythroughcloture.6.Lobbyingispartofthecitizen’srighttopetitiongovernmentintheUS.NowtherearethousandsoflobbyistsinWashington.TheirinfluenceinmakingtheUSpolicyissogreatthatsomepeoplecallthem“thethirdhouse”.Chapter11ThePresidentandtheJudiciary1.The22ndAmendmentinfollowinglimitsthePresidenttotwosuccessivetermsonly.2.TheAmericanPresidenthasallthefollowingpowersexceptdeclaringwaronanothercountry.3.Thepresident’smajorappointmentsshouldbeapprovedbytheSenate.4.“ItrequirestheapprovalofCongress”isnotcorrecttoexplaintheexecutiveagreement.5.ThePresident’svetocanbeoverriddenbytwo-thirdvotesinbothhouses.6.Thefederalcourtsthatregularlyemploygrandandpetitjuriesarethedistrictcourts.7.ThehighestauthorityoftheSupremeCourtistointerprettheUSconstitution.8.Thecaseinvolvingcopyright,trademark,counterfeiting,andbankrobberyareusuallyfirsttriedinthefederaldistrictcourts.Bylawanynatural-bornAmericancitizenofandover35yearsofageandofbeingaresidentwithintheUnitedStatesfor14yearscanrunforthePresident.Thedulyelectedanddulyqualifiedpresident-electtakesofficeonthe20thofJanuaryfollowinghiselection.Thewarpowersresolution(1973)requiresthePresidenttoconsultcongressandwithdrawtroopsaftersixtydaysunlessCongressspecificallyapprovesthecontinueddeploymentoftroops.AfederallawgavePresidentanitemvetoin1996,whichisanauthoritytorejectspecificsectionsofabillwithouthavingtovetotheentirebill.TheSupremeCourthasthepowertoexaminethebillspassedbyCongressandpoliciesmadebyPresident,anddeclarethemunconstitutionalandthusabolishthem.JohnMarshall,themostfamouschiefjusticeinAmericanhistorycalledthispowerofinterpretationjudicialreviewTherearethreefederalcourtlevels:1)thedistrictcourts2)thecourtsofappeal3)theSupremeCourt.AllthejudgesoffederalcourtsareappointedbyPreside