上外杯初赛试题-2016v2

二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二二一号证考准二二二二二二二二二二二二二名姓二二二二二二二二二一二校学1.A.isB.hasC.thereisD.isthere2.A.aboveB.beneathC.overD.in3.A.thatB.itC.thisD.here4.A.sunkB.beingsunkC.sinkingD.sinks5.A.whatB.thatC.itD./(B)2021年“上外杯〞上海市高中英语竞赛初赛试题考生注意：一、本卷共10页、77小题,总分值100分.答卷时间90分钟.二、本卷所有题目均为选择题,请将所选答案用2B铅笔点涂在做题卡上.Grammar(15分)Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)NowhereinItaly1acrisismorebeautifullyframedthaninVenice.Neitherlandnorwater,thecityliftslikeamiragefromalagoonattheheadoftheAdriatic.Forcenturiesithasthreatenedtovanish2thewavesoftheacquaalta,therelentlesslyregularfloodingcausedbyrisingtidesandsinkingfoundations.But3istheleastofitsproblems.JustaskMayorMassimoCacciari,professorofphilosophy,fluentinGerman,Latin,AncientGreek.AskabouttheacquaaltaandVenice4,andhesays,Sogogetboots.〞Bootsarefineforwater,butuselessagainsttheflood5causesmoreconcernforVenetiansthananylagoonspillover:thefloodoftourism.NumberofVenetianresidentsin2007:60,000.Numberofvisitorsin2007:21million.Ittookhumansthousandsofyearstoexploreourownplanet,andcenturies6(comprehend)ourneighboringplanets.Nowadays,newworlds7everyweek.Todate,astronomershaveidentifiedmorethan370exoplanets〞—worldsorbitingstarsotherthanthesun.ThereisahotSaturn“260light-yearsfromEarththat8itsparentssorapidlythatayeartherelastslessthanthreedays.Circlinganotherstar150light-yearsoutisascorchedhotJupiter,"9upperatmosphereisbeingblastedofftoformagiganticcomet-liketail.Astronomershavefoundthreeplanetsorbitingapulsar—theremainsofaoncemightystar10intoaspinningatomicnucleusthesizeofacity.Someworldshaveevidentlyfallenintotheirsuns.Others11outoftheirsystemstobecomefloaters〞thatwanderineternaldarkness.Amongallthese,scientistsareeagertofindahintofthefamiliar:planetsresemblingEarth.Thatis,planetsorbitingtheirstarsatjusttherightdistance—neithertoohotnortoocold—12lifeasweknowit.Wehavenotyetfoundplanetsthatarequitelikeourown,presumably13they'reinconspicuous.14aplanetassmallandslimasoursamidtheglareofitsstarisliketryingtoseeafireflyinafirworksdisplay.Yetbypushingtechnologytothelimits,astronomersarerapidlyapproachingtheday15theycanfindanotherEarth.Andwhentheydo,theycaninvestigateitforsignsoflife.A.comprehendA.arediscoveredB.comprehendsC.tocomprehendD.comprehendingB.arebeingdiscoveredC.willbediscovered8.A.orbitB.orbitingD.aretobediscoveredC.orbitsD.hasorbited9.A.whereB.whoseC.inwhichD.which10.A.shrinkB.shrinksC.shrinkingD.shrunk11.A.havethrownB.arethrowingC.havebeenthrownD.arebeingthrown12.A.supportB.supportingC.thatsupportD.tosupport13.A.whenB.ifC.becauseD.as14.A.ToseeB.SeeC.SeeingD.havingseen15.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.onwhichVocabulary(10分)

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.mimiA.mimicB.triggeringC.groomedD.incorporateAB.counterpartAC.outputAD.rocketCD.twinBC.BC.coverageBD.chewsupABC.crystallizeAllcompetitiveskiandsnowboardingeventsnowtakeplacelargelyonman-madesnow.Unlikeitsnatural16,themachine-madewhitestuffcanbecarefullytweakedtomakeamoredurableandconsistentsurface:oneperfectforrecord-breakingattempts.Snow-makingequipmentisviewedasessentialinmostskiareastoguarantee17throughouttheseasons.Thesnowcannons"orguns"thatmanufacturesnow18thenaturalformationofsnowflakes.Snowmachinestypicallyforcepressurizedwaterthroughanozzle〔喷嘴〕,breakingintoamistoftinydroplets,andthenusecompressedairorfanstoblastthemintotheair.Asthedropletscool,themoleculeslineand19intoiceparticles.Thearttosnow-makingisadjustingthewaterandairtoensurethatthewaterdropsaresmallenoughandsentfarenoughsothattheywillfreezebeforetheyhittheground.Iftheairtemperatureisquitehigh,forexample,drippingthewatercontentanduppingtheairwouldcreatesmallerparticlesthataremorelikelytofreeze.Snow-makingmachinesalsofrequently20nucleatingagents〔成核剂〕inthewater:smallquantitiesofmaterialssuchasbacterialprotein,ontowhichthewatermoleculesattachandfreeze.By21freezing,theseagentsraisethetemperatureatwhichsnowcanbemade.Manyresortsnowusesophisticatedcomputersystemsthatautomaticallyadjusttheairandwater22fromsnowmachinesbasedonairtemperature,humidityandwind.Forracecourses,expertsadjustman-madesnowtocreateatough,fastandicycourseratherthanapowderyone.Askicourseisalsoheavily23andoftenintentionallyfloodedtocreatepatchesofice;thesefactorsgenerallydeterminethespeedofarace.Thereareotherreasonsforsnowmanufacturingtobeindemand,beyondthebenefitsofhavingasnowwhosepropertiescanbeorderedup.Somepredictthattheneedforsnowwill24withthewarmingeffectsofclimatechange,whicharealreadypushingsnowlinesuptheAlps.Butthiscomeswithenvironmentalcost.Makingsnow25energyandwater,andcanrobriversandcreeksinthesurroundingecosystems.Onewaytoconservethemountainenvironmentwouldbetoreusewintersportscompetitionfacilitiesratherthanbuildingnewones.

Cloze(25分)Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)WhenyouwalkonthestreetsofcitieslikeNewYorkandWashington,D.C.,it'hardtomissthesculptures.Manymarkparksandneighborhoods.Historicfiguresoftencanbeseenstandingupright.Ortheycanbeseensittingontheirhorses,stoicallystrikingapose.Moreoftenthannot,thesestatueshaveanotherthingincommon.It'their26.ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen.Oftheestimated5,193publicstatuesdepictinghistoricfiguresondisplaythroughouttheU.S.,only394areof27.Thisisaccordingtoastorywrittenin2021byTheWashingtonPost'sCariShane.Compoundingthisnumber,noneofthe44memorialsmaintainedbytheNationalParksService,liketheLincolnMemorialortheJeffersonMemorial,specifically28women.Agroupislookingtochangethis29.ThegroupiscalledWhereAreTheWomen?Recently,itsuccessfullycampaignedtohavestatuesofwomen'srightspioneersSusanB.AnthonyandElizabethCadyStantonaddedtoNewYork'sCentralPark.Th30bark,,hadnostatuesofnon-fictionalwomenonitsgrounds.The31ofwomen'srepresentationposesaproblem.Leavingtheirstoriesoutfrompublicartkkkk32kkkkthesignificantrolesthatwomenhaveplayedinhistory.Currently,fewofthestatuesthatdoshowwomenoncitystreetsarekkkk33kkkkhistoricfigures.Instead,womenoftenappearasarchetypes.Theyaresymbolsofabstractconcepts.Ortheyarenamelessfiguresinamemorial.Onecampaignisnetnoughtosolveongoingissuesofgenderdiscriminationand34intheU.S.Butbypressingtohonorrealwomenfromhistory,citiescanrestorethemD.genderD.politicianD.dependsontoastorythathaskkkk35kkkkthemforsolong.Afterall,asitstandsnow,onlyfivepublicstatuesofhistoricwomenremaininNewYorkCity.ThestatuesareofJoanofArc,GoldaMeir,GertrudeStein,EleD.genderD.politicianD.dependsonA.styleB.materialC.sizeA.menB.womenC.leadersA.contributestoB.devotestoC.focuseson

A.rA.ratioA.particularlyA.existenceA.hidesawayA.modeledonA.povertyA.shadowedB.unfairnessB.notoriouslyB.ignoranceB.takesawayB.basedonB.biasfakedprejudiceC.deliberatelyC.lackC.putsawayC.developedfrominequalityC.concealedrealityD.exclusivelyD.absenceD.clearawayD.derivedfromD.gapD.ignored(B)Supposethat54.3percentofyourcountry'spopulationhadcancer.Thatfiguremightsetoffanationwide36—asearchforsomethingwrongwithpeople'sdiet,theenvironment,aciditylevels.Infact,that'sthepercentageofAmericanswhoshowapositiveskinresponsetooneormoreallergens.The37ofallergy—sneezing,itching,rashes—aresignsofanimmunesystemrunningamok,attackingforeigninvaders—allergens—thatmeannoharm.Allergies38kill.Theyjustmakethesufferermiserable—sometimesforbriefperiods,andsometimesforlife.Allergiesareessentiallyanepidemicofmodernity.Ascountriesbecomemoreindustrialized,thepercentageofpopulationaffectedbythemtendstogrowhigher.ThereareremoteareasofSouthAmericaorAfricawhereallergiesarevirtually39.Here'showanallergydevelops:Oneday,abodyisexposedtoaproteininsomethingthatseemsperfectly40—thewheatflour,say,inahome-bakedmuffin.Butforsomeunclearreason,thebodylooksattheproteinandseestrouble.Therewillbeno41atfirst,butthebodyisremembering—andplanning.ThatfirstexposurecausestheimmunesystemtoproduceanantibodycalledIgE(immunoglobulinE).ThenIgEantibodiesattachtocertaincells,calledmastcells,intissuethroughoutthebody.Theretheystaylike42soldierswaitingforwar.Withasecondexposure,evenmonthslater,someoftheallergenbindswiththeIgEonthemastcell.Thistimethemastcellreleasesafloodof43chemicals,whichcauseinflammationanditching.Thereis,unquestionably,a44componenttoallergies.Achildwithoneasthmaticparenthasagoodchanceofdevelopingthecondition.Ifbothparentshaveasthma,thechanceofoccurrenceincreases.Still,theriseinallergiesistoorapidtobeexplained45bygenetics.Thegeneticpoolcan'changethatmuchinsuchashorttime,“saysDonaldLeung,directorofanallergy-immunologyprogramintheU.S.Therehavetobeenvironmentaland46factorsaswell."Dozensoftheorieshaveblamedeveryonefromurbanlandscapersformaleplants(theonesthatproducepollen),towomenwhodon'tbreastfeed.Breastfeeding,thetheorygoes,confersgreaterprotectionagainstallergies.Anotherprobablefactor:diet.Reducedfreshfruitandvegetableintake,moreprocessedfood,fewerantioxidants,andlowintakeofsomeminerals—theseareallshowntobea:saysprofessorofmedicineHaroldNelson,consideredoneoftheforemostexpertsonallergiesintheU.S.Anotherprimeculprit:environmentalpollutants.Exactlywhatpollutantsandinwhatquantitiesarea49ofheateddebate.Oneofdozensofexamples:Childrenwhoareraisednearmajorhighwaysandareexposedtodieselfumesfromtrucksregistera(n)50sensitivitytoallergenstheyalreadyreactto.36.A.awarenessB.shameC.panicD.campaign37.A.causesB.diagnosisC.featuresD.manifestation38.A.absolutelyB.rarelyC.normallyD.randomly39.A.prevalentB.nonexistentC.availableD.extinct40.A.harmlessB.popularC.nutritiousD.common41.A.warnsB.uneaseC.symptomsD.mistakes42.A.braveB.sophisticatedC.waryD.skillful43.A.infectiousB.poisonousC.annoyingD.irritating44.A.relativeB.hereditaryC.occasionalD.natural45.A.mainlyB.definitelyC.necessarilyD.solely46.A.behavioralB.humanC.socialD.emotional47.A.avoidingB.promotingC.plantingD.favoring48.A.ventureB.reasonC.riskD.chance49.A.sourceB.poolC.focusD.topic50.A.flexibleB.mildC.increasedD.threatening

IV.ReadingcomprehensionSectionA(10分)Directions:YouaregoingtoreadfourreviewofasciencedocumentaryseriesonTV.Forquestions1-10,choosefromthereviews(A-D).Thereviewsmaybechosenmorethanonce.ReviewsofTVsciencedocumentaryseriesPaulHansenlooksatthelatestscienceprogrammes.ASAScienceforAllFortunatelyformeandnon-scientistseverywhere,themakersofScienceforAllaretheretoplugthegapsinourknowledge.Theseriesisratherlikeaknowledgeableparentwhodoesn'tmindbeingpesteredbywide-eyedandcuriouschildren:Ittakesthetimetoexplainallthosefascinatingmysteriesofnatureinanentertainingandunderstandableway.Thelastseriesopenedmyeyestoallmannerofinterestingfactsanddemystifiedsomeoftheproblemsfacedbymodernphysics.Andthenewseriesshownolackofinspirationforsubjectstotackle:everythingfromtheexistenceoflifeonotherplanetstotheoddpropertiesofhumanmemoryarerightlyconsideredsuitablesubjects.So,whileit'sashamethatfactualprogramsaregettingincreasinglyscarcethesedays,it'sacomfortthatScienceforAllshowsnosignsofdippinginqualityordisappearingfrompublicview.BOutinSpaceAlthoughIwasn'texpectingmuchfromthisseries,I'mpleasedthattheproducersofOutinSpacepersistedwiththeirunpromisingsubject.Inthecourseofthefirstprogramwelearnabouthurricanes,deserts,andevenhowtheMoonwasmade;abewilderingmixofphenomenathat,wewereassured,wereallcausedbyeventsbeyondourplanets;atmosphere.That'snottosaytheprogramexploredtheminanygreatdetail,preferringtoskipbreathlesslyfromonetothenext.Theessentiallogicoftheseriesseemedtobethatifyoutakeanynaturalphenomenonandaskwhy?〞enoughtimes,theanswerwilleventuallybethatit'ssomethingtodowithspace.Thetwopresentersattemptedtogetitalltofittogether,bytakingpartinexcitingactivities.Sadly,theseonlyoccasionallysucceeded.CCStarsandPlanetsThesecondseriesofStarsandPlanetsisanattempttotakeadvantageofthesuccessofthefirst,whichunexpectedgainedasubstantialgeneralaudience.Likeitspredecessor,thisisbigonamazingphotographyandfabulousgraphics,mostofwhicharemuchlesssuccessfulatcommunicatingtheimmensityoftheideasinvolvedthanonehumanbeingtalkingtoyoudirectly.Thistimethescopeisgivenwider,astronomicallyspeaking.Whatwearebeingintroducedtohereareambitiousideasabouttimeandspace,andthepresentersucceedsratherbetterthanyoumightexpect.Ithelpsthathedoesn'tgotoodeep,asonceyoustartthinkingaboutitthisistrickystufftogetyourheadaround.Thepointofsuchprogramsislesstoexplaineverydetailthantoarouseageneralizedsenseofamazementthatmightleadtofurtherthinking,andStarsandPlanetsiscertainlygoodatthat.DRobotTechnologyThisground-breakingsciencedocumentaryseriesfollowsagroupofexpertsastheyattempttobuildacompleteartificialhumanfromroboticbodyparts.Theprojectseesscientistsusethelatesttechnologyfromtheworld'smostrenownedresearchcentersandmanufacturers.Itistherealizationofalong-helddreamtocreateahumanfrommanufacturedparts,usingeverythingfrombionicarmsandmechanicalhearts,eyeimplantsandmicrochipbrains.Theseriesexplorestowhatextentmoderntechnologyiscapableofreplacingbodyparts—orevenimprovingtheirabilities.Thepresenter,veryappropriately,hasanartificialhandhimself.Thisambitiousseriesgivesusaguidedtourofthewondersofmoderntechnology.Thoughitcanbeaslightlyupsettingjourneyattimes,itengagestheaudienceinarevolutionthatischangingthefaceofmedicine.Inwhichreviewdoesitsaythat:aneffortwasmadetoconnectanumberofunrelatedissues?thetopicscoveredarewellchosen?viewersareshownhowsciencecanoccasionallydobetterthannature?theseriesdealswithsomethingpeoplehavehopedtoachieveforawhile?theseriesunfortunatelydidn'tspendalotoftimeexplainingthetopicscovered?viewersareclearlyinformed?it'sgoodthatviewersarenotrequiredtoconsiderallaspectsofthesubjectcarefully?theserieswasworthmakingdespitethetopicnotappearingveryinterestingatfirst?viewersmaynotalwaysfindtheseriescomfortabletowatch?theseriesachievesitsaimsbyastonishingitsviewers?SectionB(22分)11*2Directions:Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)GreenfingersItneveroccurredtomewhenIwaslittlethatgardenswereanythinglessthanglamorousplaces.Granddad'gardenwasonthebankofariverandslopedgentlydowntowardsthewater.Youcouldn'treachtheriverbutyoucouldhearthesoundofthewaterandthebirdsthatsanginthetreesabove.Iimaginedthatallgardenswerelikethis—aplaceofescape,peaceandsolitude.Granddad'30twasnothingoutoftheordinarywhenitcametofeatures.Hehadnothingasgrandasagreenhouse,unlikesomeofhisneighbors.Notthattheyhadproperbought"greenhouses.Theirsweremadefromoldwindowframes.Patchesofplasticwouldbetackedinplacewhereacarelesslywieldedspadehadsmashedapaneofglass.Athome,hisson,myfather,couldbequietandwithdrawn.Iwouldn'twanttomakehimsoundhumorless.Hewasn't.Sillythingswouldamusehim.Hehadphrasesthathelikedtouse,It'simmaterialtome"beingoneofthem.Idon'tmind"wouldhavedonejustaswellbuthelikedtheword“immaterial"Irealizethat,deepdown,hewasprobablydisappointedthathehadn'tmademoreofhislife.Heleftschoolwithoutqualificationsandbecameapprenticedtoaplumber.Plumbingwasnotsomethinghewaspassionateabout.Itwasjustwhathedid.Hewasneverparticularlyambitious,thoughtherewasamomentwhenheandMumthoughtofemigratingtoCanada,butitcametonothing.Wherehecameintohisownwasaroundthehouse.Hehadaneyeforthejob."Beitbookshelvesoracupboard—whathecouldachievewasastonishing.Myparentsmovedhouseonlyonceintheirentiremarriedlife.Butmymothermadeupforthislackofdaringwhenitcametofurniture.Youwouldjustgetusedtotheshapeofonechairwhenanotherappeared,butthemostdramaticchangeofallwasthearrivalofapiano.Ialwayswantedtolikeitbutitdiditsbesttointimateme.TheonlythingIdidlikeaboutitwerethetwobrasscandlesticksthatjuttedoutfromthefront.They'retooposh,“mymothersaidandtheydisappearedonedaywhileIwasatschool.Therewasneveranymentionofmybeingallowedtoplayit.Insteadlessonswerebookedformysister.WhenIaskedmymotherinlaterlifewhyIwasn'tgiventheopportunity,herreplywasbrief:You'dneverhavepracticed."Ofthethreeoptions,moors,woodsorriver—theriverwastheonethatusuallygotmyvote.OnastretchoftheriverIwasallowedtodisappearwithmyimaginationintoanotherworld.WithafishingnetovermyshoulderIcouldsetoffinsandalsthatwerelastyear'smodel,withthefrontscutouttoaccommodatetoesthatwerenowrighttotheend.I'dwalkalongtheriverbanklookingforasuitablespotwhereIcouldtakeoffthepainfulsandalsandleavethemwithmypicnicwhileIventuredout,tentatively,peeringthroughthewaterforanyfishthatIcouldscoopupwiththenetandtakehome.Afterthefirstdisastrousattemptstokeepthemaliveinthebackyard,theyweretippedbackintothewater.Iwantedtoleaveschoolassoonaspossiblebutthatseemedanunlikelyprospectuntilonedaymyfatherannounced,TheyvegotavacancyforanapprenticegardenerintheParksDepartment.Ithoughtyoumightbeinterested."InonebriefmomentDadhadgoneagainsthisbetterjudgment.HemightstillhavepreferreditifIbecameacarpenter.ButIliketofeelthatsomewhereinsidehimwasafeelingthatthingsmightjustturnoutforthebest.MaybeI'mdeceivingmyself,butIprefertobelievethatinhisheart,althoughhehatedgardeninghimself,hedwatchedmedoingitforlongenoughandnoticedmyunfailingpassionforallthingsthatgrewandfloweredandfruited.Whenthewriterdescribeshisgranddad'sgarden,udthathisgranddadwassuchagoodgardenerembarrassedthatthegardenwasnotasgoodasothersnearbyindignantthatitemsinthegardenwereoftendamagedpositiveaboutthetimehespentinthegardenWhatisthewriter'sattitudetohisfatherinthesecondparagraph?Hewasregretfulthathisfatherhadnotachievedmore.Hewasirritatedthathisfatherusedwordshedidn'tunderstand.Hewassympathetictothereasonswhyhisfatherbehavedashedid.HewasgratefulthathisfatherhadnottakenthefamilytoCanada.Whatdoesthewritermeanbytheunderlinedphrasecameintohisown"?wasabletodosomethingbyhimselfwasabletoshowhowtalentedhewaswasabletocontinuehisdayjobwasabletoforgethisfailureWhatwasthewriter'sfirstreactiontothepiano?Hewassurprisedwhenitsuddenlyappeared.Hewaspleasedatseeingitinthelivingroom.Hewasangrythatonlyhissisterwouldhavepianolessons.Hewasproudthathismotherhadlistenedtohisadvice.Thewriter'sdescriptionofhisfishingtripsillustrates.howmuchfreetimehewasgivenhowbeautifultheriverwashowgoodafishermanhewashowcarefreehischildhoodwasWhatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?Hisfatherdidnotwanthissontobeagardener.Hisfatherwastiredofdisagreeingwithhisson.Hisfatherhadbeenimpressedbyhisson'sloveofgardening.Hisfatherhadbeentryingtofindajobhissonwouldenjoy.(B)Plato,anancientGreekphilosopher,believedthatmenaredividedintothreeclasses:gold,silverandbronze.VifredoPateto,anItalianeconomist,arguedthatthevitalfew“accountformostprogress.Intheprivatesector,bestcompaniesstrugglerelentlesslytofindandkeepthevitalfew.Theyofferthemfatpaypackets,extratraining,powerfulmentorsandmorechallengingassignments.Asthecompetitioninbusinessisgettingincreasinglyfierce,companiesaretryinghardertonurturerawtalent,ortopoachitfromtheirvitals.Private-equityfirmsrelyheavilyonafewstars.High-techfirms,foralltheiregalitarianism(平均主义),areruthlessaboutrecruitingthebrightest.Firmsinemergingmarketsaredesperatetofindyounghigh-flyerstocopewithrapidgrowthandfast-changingenvironment.BillConatyandRamCharan'srecentbookTheTalentMastersprovidesanicemixofportraitsofwell-knowntalentfactoriesalongwithsketchesofmorerecentconvertstothecause.Talentmasters“areproudoftheirelitism.GEdividesitsemployeesintothreegroupsbasedontheirpromise.HindustanUnilevercompilesalistofpeoplewhoshowinnateleadershipqualities.Talentmasters"allseemtoagreeontheimportanceoftwothings:measurementanddifferentiation.Thebestcompaniesroutinelysubjectemployeestovariousreviews〞andassessments.Butwhenitcomestohigh-flyerstheymakemoreefforttobuildupathree-dimensionalpictureoftheirpersonalitiesandtoprovidelotsoffeedback.Apowerfulmotivatoristosingleouthigh-flyersforspecialtraining.GEspends$1billionayearonit.Novartissendshigh-flyerstoregularoff-sitetrainingsessions.Manycompaniesalsoembraceon-jobtraining,speakingofstretch"assignmentsorbaptismsbyfire."Themostcovetedareforeignpostings:thesecanhelpyoungmanagersunderstandwhatitisliketorunanentirecompanywithawiderangeofproblems.Successfulcompaniesmakesurethatseniormanagersareinvolvedwithtalentdevelopment."BossesofGEandP&Gspent40%oftheirtimeonpersonnel.Intelobligedseniormanagerstospendatleastaweekinayearteachinghigh-flyers.Involvingthecompany'stopbrass〔高级职员〕intheprocesspreventslower-levelmanagersfrommonopolizinghigh-flyersandcratesdialoguesbetweenestablishedandfutureleaders.Successfulcompaniesalsointegratetalentdevelopmentwiththeirbroaderstrategytoensurethatcompaniesaremorethanthesumoftheirparts.P&Glikesitsmanagerstobebothinnovativeandworldly.Goodyearreplaced23ofits24seniormanagersintwoyearsasitshifteditstarget-consumersfromcarmakerstomotorists.Meanwhile,intheirrushtoclassifypeople,companiescanmisspotentialstars.Thosewhoaresingledoutforspecialtreatmentcanbecometoofullofthemselves.Butthefirstproblemcanbefixedbyflexibility;peoplewhoareaverageinonejobcanbecomestarsinanother.Andpeoplewhobecometoosmugcanbediscarded.Theauthormentionstheneedsfortalentofdifferentfirmsinthesecondparagraphtoshowthat.theneedfortalentisuniversalthereisacut-throatcompetitionamongthemtheeconomyismoreprosperousthanbeforetheneedfortalentisconfinedtohigh-techfirmsWhatdoesthenewbookTheTalentMasterschieflydepict?Howthewell-knowntalentfactoriesclassifytheirstaff.Howthetalentfactoriesandrecentconvertstothecausearelike.Howtoidentifyandrecruittalent.Howtokeepandfostereliteemployees.Thebestcompaniesusuallycultivatetheirhigh-flyersby.checkingandevaluatingthemfrequentlycompellingtheseniormanagerstoinstructthehigh-flyersmovingthemintothepositionsthatdisplaytheirstrengthsprovidingthemwithtrainingorspecialmentoringclassesThesuccessfulcompaniesimplementthetalentdevelopment"strategyby.makingsurethatitsseniormanagersspendenoughtimeonpersonnelchangingthecompany'sstrategyaccordingtothestatusquooftalentreplacingmostoftheseniormanagersregularlytoavoidmonopolygroomingfutureleadersfromhigh-flyersratherthanfromlower-levelmanagersWhatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinthelastparagraph?Theimportanceofequality.Thenecessityofflexibility.Thedrawbacksofelitism.Theharmofself-conceit.SectionC〔18分〕6*3Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Sixsentenceshavebeenremovedfromthepassage.ChoosefromthesentencesA-Gtheonewhichfitseachgap.Thereisoneextrasentencewhichyoudonotneedtouse.Anexpertontheeffectsofmusiconexercise,DrCostasKarageorghis,claimsthatlisteningtomusicwhilerunningcanboostperformancebyupto15%.Toputthistheorytothetest,ItookpartinaspecialRockn'Rollhalfmarathon,whichhadgroupsofmusiciansplayingatvariouspointsalongtheroute.AsIlinedupatthestartwithalmost4,000otherrunners,asingersanganinspiringsongforus.ItmayexplainwhyIgotofftoagoodstart.Ionlycameeighthintheend,thou