上海市普陀区高三上学期一模英语试题含答案

2016届上海普陀高三一模

考试时间：120分钟满分：150分GrammarandVocabulary(26分)SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)Differentformsofhospitality(好客)IamaBritishwomansocialanthropologist(人类学家).IoncespentayearinMoldova,inEasternEurope,(25)(study)everydaylifeinthecountry.IstayedwithaMoldovanfamilytoseefromtheinsidehowpeoplemanagedtheirlives.Ihadawonderfultimeandmademanynewfriends.WhatIobservedisofcoursebasedonmyownexperienceataparticularplaceandtime.Ioftenfound(26)surprisinglydifficulttoseelifetherethroughtheeyesofaMoldovan.Thiswas(27)thepeopleImetwereextremelyhospitableandIwastreatedasanhonouredguestatalltimes.Asmyhosts,theywantedmetoenjoymyself,andnottoget(28)(involve)inshopping,cooking,orotherdomesticjobs.MostmorningsIwasencouragedtogoouttoexplorethecity,orcarryoutmyresearch,andIreturnedlatertofindthatmyelderlylandladyandhersisterhadtravelledacrossthecityonbusestothecentralmarket(29)(bring)backheavyloadsofpotatoes,awholelamb,orotherlargequantitiesofproducts.Iwasofteninvitedtopeople'shomes,andwasalwaysofferedfoodonentering.MostoftheadultsImetenjoyedinvitingfriends,family,neighbours,colleaguesandevenstrangersintotheirhomes,(30)theytreatedthemtofood,drink,andalivelyhospitableatmosphere.Hostshurriedtoserveguestsaswellandasquicklyaspossible.(31)ahouseholdwasexpectingguest,largeamountsoffoodwerepreparedinadvance,usuallybythewomen.Winehadalreadybeenmade,generallybythemen,(32)werealsoresponsibleforpouringit.Unexpectedvisitorswerestillofferedasmuchfoodanddrinkasthehousehold(33)provideinthecircumstances.(B)HowEnglishfamilylifehasevolvedsincetheeighteenthcenturyThemajorityofEnglishfamiliesofthepre-industrialage,roughlyuntilthemid-eighteencentury,livedinarurallocation.Manyofthemownedorhadtheuseofasmallpieceofland,andactuallyallfamilymemberswerebusywithagriculturalworkinoneformoranother,usually(34)(grow)foodfortheirownconsumptionandsometimesalsoproducingfoodorothergoodsforsale.Thelabourwascontrolledbythehusband,(35)hiswifeandchildren,too,hadaneconomicvalueastheircontributionstothefamilyincomewerelikelytomakethedifferencebetweenstarvationandsurvival.Childrenworkedfromanearlyage,girlshelpingtheirmothers,andboystheirfathers.Schoolwasanoccasionalfactorintheirlives.Instead,childrenlearnedbydoing(36)theirparentsshowedthem.Knowledgeofcaring(37)animals,sewingwashandeddownfromparenttochild.Also,mostpeopleengagedinhandicraftproductioninthehome,andthefamily(38)(pay)toworkwithcloth,woodorleather.Ingeneral,thisworkcouldbeputasideandtakenupagainwhentherewasabreaksuchasagriculturalwork.Theprocessofindustrializationinthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcenturyandduringthenineteenthtransformedlifeforthemajorityofthepopulation.Itwastheuseofsteamtopowermachinery(39)requiredlargebuildings,anditresultedintheconstructionofnumerousfactoriesinmanytownsandcities.Theseinturn(40) (encourage)migrationfromthecountrysideinsearchofwork.Ifelectricityhadprecededsteam,domesticindustrymighthavesurvivedmorefully.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.commentB.complexC.depressionD.expectE.equivalentF.holds G.mappedH.recommendedI.handleJ.notedK.severeBeingsociablelookslikeagoodwaytoaddyearstoyourlife.Relationshipswithfamily,friends,neighbours,evenpets,willalldothetrick,butthebiggestlongevity(长寿)boostseemstocomefrommarriageora(n)relationship.Theeffectwasfirstnotedin1858byWilliamFarr,whowrotethatwidows(寡妇)andwidowerswereatamuchhigherriskofdyingthantheirmarriedpeers.Studiessincethensuggestthatmarriagecouldaddasmuchassevenyearstoaman'slifeandtwotoawoman's.Theeffectforallcausesofdeath,whetherillness,accidentorself-harm.Eveniftheoddsarestackedagainstyou,marriagecanmorethancompensate.LindaWaiteoftheUniversityofChicagohasfoundthatamarriedoldermanwithheartdiseasecantolivenearlyfouryearslongerthananunmarriedmanwithahealthyheart.Likewise,amarriedmanwhosmokesmorethanapackadayislikelytoliveaslongasadivorcedmanwhodoesn'tsmoke.There'聊side,however,aspartnersaremorelikelytobecomeillordieinthecoupleofyearsfollowingtheirspouse'sdeath,andcaringforaspousewithmentaldisordercanleaveyouwithsomeofthesameproblems.Evenso,theoddsfavourmarriage.Ina30-yearstudyofmorethan10,000people,NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchooldescribeshowallkindsofsocialnetworkshavesimilareffects.Sohowdoesitwork?Theeffectsarecomplex,46bysocio-economicfactors,health-serviceprovision,emotionalsupportandothermorephysiological(生理的)mechanisms.Forexample,socialcontactcanboostdevelopmentofthebrainandimmunesystem,leadingtobetterhealthandlesschanceof_47__laterinlife.Peopleinsupportiverelationshipsmay__48__stressbetter.Thentherearethepsychologicalbenefitsofasupportivepartner.Alifepartner,childrenandgoodfriendsareall__49_ifyouaimtoliveto100.Theultimatesocialnetworkisstillbeingout,butChristakissays: "Peopleareinterconnected,sotheirhealthisinterconnected. ”ReadingComprehension(47分)SectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Whoneedssleep?It’s2a.m.Thetimewhenyoushouldbeinbeds,soundasleep.ButpullbackthecurtainsandyoumightbesurprisedbythenumberoflightsoninyourstreetNight-timeis___51___justforsleeping.Ithasbecomethenewdaytime,offeringusthechancetocatchuponeverythingwedidn’tmanagetofinishduringwhatusedtobeour___52 hours.Now,___53___sleeping,wecancheckourbankbalancesbyphone,buygroceries,surfthenetforcheapflightsorgotothegym.Suchflexibility, 54___,hasaprice.Ourbodiesarerunbycircadianrhythms（昼夜节律 ）,aprehistoricinternalclockthatregulateswhenwefeelsleepyorawakeandaffectsourbodytemperatureandlevelofalertness.Itmakesourbrainsandbodies___55___duringthedayandallowsthemtorecoverthroughthenight.Sopowerfulisthisclockthateventwoweeksonanightshiftwithoutbreakwillnot___56___itsrhythm,andwhenscientistskeephumanvolunteersinisolation,withoutanyindicationofwhattimeitisintheday,theystillshowdailycyclesoftemperaturechanges,sleepandwakefulness,andhormonerelease.But,___57___workingagainstourbody’snaturalrhythmislikelytocauseourselvesbothphysicalandpsychologicaldamage.Researchalsoshowsitmayactually___58___ourriskofhealthproblemssuchasstomachdiseases.ConsultantTomMackeybelievesthatournormalcircadianrhythmsareincreasinglybeingcompletely 59__.“Moreandmoreofusarebeingpressuredintodoingthingsatoddhours.Thisisgoingtohavea（n）___60___impactonqualityandlengthofsleep.Ifpeopledon’tgotobedatareasonabletime,sayaround11p.m.,andhavebetweensixandeighthoursofsleep,theywillbeunabletoconcentrate.Youneedsleepforrestand___61 .Ifyoustuffyourmindwithinformationfortoolong,theneverythinggetsdisorganized---youbecome__62 tomanagedaytimeactivities.”Thecircadianrhythmsthatrunthesleep/wakecycleareasoldas___63 itself.Ourprehistoricancestorswouldhaveneededtheirbiologicalclocktogetthemouthuntingduringthedayandprobablyinbedaroundnightfalltoavoidintruders.Ournightvisionisnotasfastasthatofnocturnal（夜间活动的 ）animals---ournaturalrhythmwastosleepasthesunwentdown.Theinventionoftheelectriclightobviously 64___that.Likemostbiologicalsystems,circadianrhythmsarenotmadeto 65___.Ourinternalclockrunsabitlongerthan24hours,henceitsLatinname,circadian,whichmeans“aboutaday.”51.A.byallmeansB.onearthC.innotimeD.tothisday52.A.sleepingB.wakingC.businessD.rush53.A.intermsofB.regardlessofC.asaresultofD.insteadof54.A.furthermoreB.otherwiseC.howeverD.somewhat55.A.activeB.relaxingC.tiringD.conscious56.A.formB.destroyC.improveD.recover57.A.EfficientlyB.ProudlyC.ContinuallyD.Independently58.A.minimizeB.assessC.avoidD.increase59.A.brokenB.enhancedC.emphasizedD.misunderstood60.A.effectiveB.negativeC.directD.reliable61.A.reservationB.resettingC.repairD.replacement62.A.boredB.willingC.likelyD.unable63.A.evolutionB.clockC.mysteryD.huntingA.improved B.changed C.speeded D.followedA.measure B.reverse C.regulate D.discoverSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.AWhenmilkonthedoorstepandeliveringmilktoourdoorstep.HisnamewasMr.Basille.Heworeawhitecapanddroveawhitetruck.Asa5-year-oldboy,Icouldn’ttakemyeyesoffthecoinchangerfixedtohisbWhenIwasaboygrowingupinNewJerseyinthe1960s,wehadamilkmelt.Henoticedthisonedayduringadeliveryandgavemeaquarteroutofhiscoinchanger.Ofcourse,hedeliveredmorethanmilk.Therewascheese,eggsandsoon.Ifweneededtochangeourorder,mymotherwouldpenanote- “Pleaseaddabottleofbuttermilknextdelivery-and ”placeitintheboxalongwiththeemptybottles.Andthen,thebuttermilkwouldmagicallyappear.Allofthiswasaboutmorethanconvenience.Thereexistedacloserelationshipbetweenfamiliesandtheirmilkmen.Mr.Basilleevenhadakeytoouthouse,forthosetimeswhenitwassocoldoutsidethatweputtheboxindoors,sothatthemilkwouldn ’tfreeze.AndIrememberMr.Basillefromtimetotimetakingabreakatourkitchentable,havingacupofteaandtellingstoriesabouthisdelivery.Thereissadlynohomemilkdeliverytoday.Bigcompaniesallowedtheproductionofcheapermilk,thusmakingitdifficultformilkmentocompete.Besides,milkisforsaleeverywhere,anditmayjustnothavebeenpracticaltohaveadeliveryservice.Recently,anoldmilkboxinthecountrysideIsawbroughtbackmychildhoodmemories.Itookithomeandplanteditonthebackporch（门廊）.Everysooftenmyson’sfriendswillaskwhatitis.SoIstarttellingstoriesofmyboyhood,andofthemilkmanwhobroughtusfriendshipalongwithhismilk.MrBasillegavetheboyaquarteroutofhiscoinchanger .A.toshowhismagicalpower.B.topayforthedelivery.C.tosatisfyhiscuriosity.D.topleasehismother.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefactthatthemilkmanhadthekeytotheboy ’shouse?A.Hewantedtohaveteathere.B.Hewasarespectableperson.C.Hewastreatedasafamilymember.D.Hewasfullytrustedbythefamily.Whydoeshomemilkdeliverynolongerexist?A.Nobodywantstobeamilkmannow.B.Ithasbeendrivenoutofthemarket.C.Itsserviceisgettingpoor.D.Itisforbiddenbylaw.Whydidtheauthorbringbackhomeanoldmilkbox?A.Hemissedthegoodolddays.B.Hewantedtotellinterestingstories.C.Heneededitforhismilkbottles.D.Heplantedflowersinit.CWUThecommunicationunionHeadofResearchSalary:£55.271WearelookingforaHeadofResearchtomanagetheCWUResearchDepartmentandInformationCentre.Youwouldberequiredtoexercisecontrolofallresearchworkofthedepartmentandmanageateamofthreeresearchersandfoursupportstaff.ThepersonappointedwouldbeexpectedtocarryoutresearchworkofastrategicnatureacrosstherangeofbusinessesinwhichtheCWUhasorseeksmembershipandtocontributetothestrategicthinkinganddirectionoftheunionasawhole.Youwillneed:provenlinemanagementskills,especiallyinmanagingandmotivatingateam;goodresearchskills,holdingagooddegreeinarelatedsubjectorothersimilarexperience;ahighlevelofmathematicalandcalculatingskills;theabilitytoproducehighqualityworkunderpressure;acommitmenttoandknowledgeofthetradeunionmovementandsocialdemocraticpolitics;andknowledgeand/orexperienceofthepostaland/ortelecommunicationsindustry.Toapply,pleaserequestanapplicationpackbyemailinghr@orbytelephoningHR(HumanResources)on02089717482.Whenapplyingpleasestateyoursource.ClosingDateforApplications:4thAugust2010Anticipatedinterviewdate:17thAugust2010NoagenciespleaseInwhichcolumnofanewspapercouldwefindthisadvertisement?Arts.Sales.Jobs.News.Oneofthedutiesofthepersontobeappointedis.takingchargeofresearchwork.seekingmembershipforthetradeunion.managingateamofthreeorfourmembers.runningatelecommunicationscompany.Ifyouwanttoapplyforthisposition,youcandoallEXCEPT.askanagencyforanapplicationformdial02089717482formoreinformationemailhr@foranapplicationpacksendinyourapplicationbefore4thAugust2010Whichofthefollowingapplicantsismostlikelytobeemployed?Aschoolteacherwithamaster'sdegree.Auniversitygraduatemajoringincomputerscience.Adirectorfromaresearchcentrewithamaster'sdegree.Aclerkfromatelecommunicationscompany.CAchild'smapoftenprovidesamuch-neededrestforparentstoo.Timeforanuninterruptedphonecall,orarestonthesofa.Andnapshavetobeagoodthingforpreschools,surely,sincetheyneedtotakearestandgetenoughsleepfortheirbrainstodevelop.Shortnapshavealsobeenshowntobegoodforadults---improvingalertnessandreactiontimes.Soitfeelscounterintuitiveforareviewof26studiestoconcludethatnappinginchildrenovertwoyearsofagemaynotbeagoodideaatall.Thereviewsaysthataftertwoyearsofage,nappingisassociatedwithgoingtosleeplateatnight,poorerqualitysleepandwakingearlier.Soshouldwediscouragenapsinpreschoolchikdren-eveniftheyreallyseemtoneedone?Althoughthereviewtalksabouttheeffectsofnappingontwo-year-olds,mostoftheevidenceinreviewactuallycomesfromstudiesonthree-year-olds.Also,theauthorsoftheviewarticleareclearthattheresearchonchildren'snapsisofpoorquality;somestudiesrelyonparents;rememberinghowmuchtheirchildrenslept,orareforveryshortperiods.AstudypublishedinthejournalofattentiondisordersinFebruarysuffersfromsomemethodologicalshortcomings（forinstancesmallnumbers--only28childrenbetweentheagesofthreeandfour,andonlyforfivedays）,butisatleastarandomized（任意的）controlledtrial,usingactigraphs（活动t己录仪）wornonthewristtoobjectivelymeasuresleep.Itfoundthatchildrenwhomissedtheirnapssleptbetteratnightandscoredhigherinstudiesofmemoryandattention.Drmarkmahone,oneoftheauthors,saysthatsleepatnigthmaybeofabetterqualitythanduringdaytimenapping.Havingasoundsleepatnight,hesays,providesagreaterproportionoftheslow-wave,restorativesleepthatpromotesbraindevelopmentandreinforceswhathasbeenlearnedthedaybefore.Thestudyalsofoundthatthechildrenwhowentwithoutnapsdidnotsleepmoreatweekends.Icouldnevergetmychildrentonap,butforparentswhocan,thereisnoreasontostop.Mahonesaysthatmoreresearchisneededbeforeanyonestartsmakingrecommendation,andchildren'ssleeprequirementsareknowntobevariable.74.Thewordcounterintuitive'inpara.2mostprobablymeansA.difficultB.unreasonableC.revolutionaryD.meaningless75.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthestudypublishedinAttentionDisoders?A.ItsobjectsaretooyoungtotakethetestItsfindingsarereliableduetotheactigraphsIthasenoughobjectstoproducetheresultsItprovidesvariouswaystohelpadultstotakenapsAccordingtoDrMarkMahone,abetter-qualitynightsleepwillresultin .frequentrestsonthesofahigherefficiencyoflearningmoreseriousattentiondisorderfewerdaytimenapsatweekendsTheauthortalksmainlyabouthisorher A.opinionsonwhetherchildrenneedsnapsB.varioussystemicstudiesonchildren’snapsC.commentsonsomestudiesonchildren’snapsD.understandingofthefunctionsofchildren’snapsSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Arebeeshappierincities?Wethinkofthemasthrivinginwildflowermeadowsandrollingfields.ButnewresearchsuggestsBritain’sbeesarehappierneartownsandcities.AnewstudyofwildlifesitesacrossfourEnglishcountieshasfoundthatmostarehometofewerspeciesofbeetodaythantheywereinthepast.ItfoundthattheexpansionoffarmlandhasactuallybeenmoredamagingtoBritain’besepopulationthantheconcretingoverofthecountrysideforhousing.Forinstance,heathsandmeadowsnearMiltonKeynesnowboastmorespeciesofbeethansitesinmoreruralareas.ReadingUniversityresearcherDrDeepaSenapathibelievesintensiveagricultureistoblame.Climatechangecouldbedisruptingtherelationshipbetweenbeesandplants.That'saccordingtoastudythatsaidwarmerspringscanchangethelifecyclesofbees,whichcanthrowthemoutoftheplantstheyrelyon.Theresearchisthefirstclearexampleofthepotentialforclimatechangetodestroysuchcriticalrelationshipsbetweenspecies.Whilethegardens,parksandchurchyardsoftownsandcitiesprovidebeeswithavarietyofplantstoforageonandanextendedfloweringseason,popularcropssuchasoilseedrapeonlybloomforafewweeks.Drsenapathisaid:‘Whileconcretingoverthecountrysidemayappeartobebadnewsfornature,we’vefoundthatprogressiveurbanizationmaybemuchlessdamagingthanintensiveagriculture.Urbanareasmaybenefitbeesmorethanfarmlandbyprovidingawidevarietyoffloweringplantsandanextendedfloweringseason,accordingtotheresearcher.OverthepastcenturyrurallandscapesinBritainhavebecomeincreasinglydominatedbylargeexpansesofmonoculture-thegrowingofasingletypeofplant,whichhashelpedboostcropproduction.Butwithoutamixtureofhabitatandfoodsources,ruralareascansometimesbel