中外翻译理论期末考试点

中外翻译理论期末考试点中外翻译理论期末考试点中外翻译理论期末考试点资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月中外翻译理论期末考试点版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：中外翻译理论考点△重点JohnFryer(傅兰雅)(British)TranslatesmorepracticalaspectsofEuro-AmericanscienceandtechnologyintolateimperialChina.(EditorofTheChineseScientificMagazine《格致汇编》)MirroringtheOriginsofChemistry《化学鉴原》ChemicalAnalyse《化学考质》AnIntroductiontoChemistry《化学初阶》Methodsoftranslating(toestablishasystematicnomenclaturebasedon3linguisticchoices):Usingexistingnomenclature（系统命名法）fromnativeworksontheartsandscience;Coiningnewtermsbycreatinganewcharacter,inventingandescriptiveterm,orphoneticizingaWesterntermaccordingtotheMandarindialect;Constructingageneralvocabularylistoftermsandpropernames.-WhyXuShouandJohnFryer’stranslatednamesfortheelementsarestillinuse?

-Becausetheirmethodoftranslationwasquiterationalandnotsimply.LinShu——famousforintroducingtheWesternliteraryworksintoChineseBorninFujianProvincein1852andreceivedtheprovincialgraduate（举人）Themostinfluentialworks:LaDameAuxCamelias《巴黎茶花女遗事》；OliverTwist《贼史》UncleTom’sCabin《黑奴吁天录》ThefirstpersontobringmanyoftheimportantworksofWesternliteraturetotheattentiontotheChineseforthefirsttimeandChinesebegantoappreciatethevalueofWesternfiction.Translationmotives:tocultivatepatriotism:histranslationintentionsweretosavethenationfromsubjugationandensureitssurvival;Toeducatethepublic:hehopesthattheChinesepeoplecouldlearnthepioneeringspiritfromreadingthetranslationofthenovel.TranslationMethods:Omission(consideringtheChinesecultureandtheChinesereader’sreception):deletesomecontentsforthesakeofChineseliterarynormsandChinesereader’staste;Addition(consideringreader’sexpectation):topublishandimprovetheoriginalandalsotohelpthereaderstounderstandtheoriginalandtheWesterntradition,makingthetranslationmoreinterestingandattractiveandappealing;Alteration(consideringtheChinesereader’saesthetictendencies):duetothesocialandculturaldifferencesbetweenthesourceandtargetlanguages,hemadesomecompensationorreplacement;Adaptation(consideringthefeudalChineseethics)CriticismofhisTranslations:thechoiceofthesourcetextMistranslationandIncorrectOmissionContributionsofhisTranslation:toreconsiderthevalueoffictionasagenreTochangepeople’sdisregardofforeignliteratureToexertatremendousinfluenceonlatergenerationFuLeiSomeofhistranslations:EugenieGrandet《欧也妮·葛朗台》LePereGoriot《高老头》JeanChristophe《约翰·克里斯多夫》TranslationIdeas:SpiritualResemblanceTheory:Intermsofeffect,translationshouldbethesameascopyingpainting,forwhatissearchedforisspiritualsimilarityratherthanformalsimilarity;Translationwouldbeeasyifbreakingthestructure,andcharacteristicsofthenativelanguagecouldconveythefeaturesoftheforeignlanguageandobtaintheoriginalspirit;Themeaningandspiritoftheoriginal,thefluencyandintegrityofthetranslationcouldbecombinedinone.Translatingasaholycareer:Thosewhoarenotpoetsshouldnottranslatepoetry,forwhattheyproducewillnotonlybeunpoeticanditwillnotbelikeproseeither;Measuresofouradaptability:ourenthusiasmabouttheoriginalworksinceemotionalinterestaffectsunderstandingandourartisticinsight.Whateverthestyleoftheoriginal,itwillalwaysbeunifiedandcoherent.Languageoftranslation:payingtoomuchattentiontogrammar,syntaxandstyleisdefinitelynotconductivetothecreationofgreatworks.HecanhardlyachievetranslatingitintoChinesetoconveythetoneoftheoriginaltextandreproducingthemoodandatmosphereinthetranslation.Butitcanserveasanimportantlinkbetweenwhatgoesbeforeandwhatcomesafterintheoriginaltext.QianZhongshu（FortessBesieged）Worksoftranslation:OntheArtofPoetry《谈艺录》；ThePipe-AwlChapters《管锥编》TranslationIdeals:Realmoftransformation（化境）：describeswhatanidealtranslationislike,differentiatesthegoodtranslationfromthebad,andcontainshiddenechoesofsimilarterminologyfromtraditionalChinesepoeticsandartcriticism.Thehigheststandardinliterarytranslationis“化”,transformingaworkfromthelanguageofonecountryintothatofanother,thiscouldbedonewithoutbetrayingantevidenceofartificebyvirtueofdivergencesinlanguageandspeechhabits,besides,preservingintacttheflavoroftheoriginal.atranslationshouldcleavetotheoriginalwithsuchfidelitythatitwouldnotreadlikeatranslation,foraliteraryworkinitsownlanguagewillneverreadasthoughithasbeenthroughaprocessoftranslation.（与奈达的动态对等理论相似）Misrepresentation：讹.Thewordstransmitandenticeexplainhowtranslationfunctionsinculturalinterchange;itactsasamiddleman,aliaisonasthoughplayingtheroleofmatchmakerandbringingabouta“literaryromance”betweennations.Translationwastosavepeoplethetroubleoflearningforeignlanguagesandreadingtheoriginalworks,butnowitenticesthereadersintodoingtheverything.Itarousesthereader’scuriosity,causingthemtoyearnfortheoriginal.TheChinesecharacterfor“translation”译hasetymologicalandassociativeconnectionswiththecharactersfor“seduction”诱，“error”讹，“mediator”媒and“transformation”化Sublimity，化:changingtheformandretainingthecontentandstyleorspiritatthesametime;atranslationshouldbebothsmoothandidiomaticinthetargetlanguage;shouldbefaithfultotheoriginalincontentorspiritandstyle;isanallbutunrealizableideal.JakobsonHeexperimentedwith“supraconscious”（超意识的）poems,theco-founderofboththeMoscowLinguisticCircleandthePragueLinguisticCircle.Hisessay“OnLinguisticAspectsofTranslation”extendsthesignificanceoftranslationtoincludeintralingualandintersemiotictranslation.Hisemphasisonthefunctionalroleoflinguisticelementsinthetranslatedtexthadapositiveeffectontheworkofpoetrytranslators3kindsoftranslationaretobedifferentlylabeled:Intralingualtranslationorrewordingisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage;Interlingualtranslationortranslationproperisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage;Intersemiotictranslationortransmutationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnonverbalsignssystems.Equivalenceindifferenceisthecardinalproblemoflanguageandthepivotalconcernoflinguistics.（差异对等是语言的基本问题，也是语言学的核心问题）CatfordFundamentalProblemsinPhoneticsTranslationIdeals:Thedefinitionoftranslations:translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).ThegeneraltypesoftranslationCatfordsawlanguageasasetofsystemsoperatingatdifferentlevels,anddescribedbroadtranslationtypesusingthreesetsofcriteria:intermsoftheextentoftranslation,hedistinguishedbetweenfulltranslationIntermsofthelevelsoflanguageinvolvedintranslation,adistinctionisdrawnbetweentotaltranslationandrestrictedtranslation(phonologicaltranslationandgraphologicaltranslation)Intermsofthegrammaticalorphonologicalrankatwhichtranslationequivalenceisestablished,hedistinguishedbetweenrank-boundtranslationandunboundedtranslationFormalcorrespondenceandtextualequivalenceAformalcorrespondenceis“anyTLcategory(units,class,elementofstructure,etc);atextualequivalentis“anyTLtextorportionoftextwhichisobservedonaparticularoccasion.Inhisownwords,translationshiftsarethus“departuresfromformalcorrespondenceintheprocessofgoingfromtheSLtotheTL.”:Alevelshiftwouldbesth.Thatisexpressedbygrammarinonelanguageandlexisinanother;CategoryshiftsstructuralshiftsClassshiftsUnitshiftsorrankshifts:rankherereferstothehierarchicallinguisticunitsofsentence,clause,group,wordandmorpheme.Intra-systemshiftsThelimitsoftranslatability(可译性)Itfailswherethedifficultyislinguisticandthosewhereitiscultural(节日，特殊意象)PeterNewmark(Englishman)OneofthemainfiguresinthefoundingoftranslationstudiesinEnglish-speakingworld.Communicativetranslationandsemantictranslation(交际翻译和语义翻译)——maincontributiontogeneraltranslationtheoryCommunicativetranslation:respondstotherepresentationalandvocativefunctions;Islikelytobesmoother,simpler,clearer,moredirect,moreconventional,conformingtoaparticularregisteroflanguage,tendingtoundertranslate.Insomesense,communicativetranslation,byadaptingandmakingthethoughtandculturalcontentoftheoriginalmoreaccessibletothereader,givessemantictranslationanotherdimension.Thetransitiontocommunicativetranslationisbasicallymakesthetextsmoother,lighter,moreidiomaticandeasiertoread.“StandardizedEnglish”mustbetranslatedcommunicatively,whetherastandardizedequivalentexistsornot,evenifitappearsinanoveloraquotation,unlessthetermisuseddescriptivelyratherthanoperativelyintheoriginaltext.Semantictranslation:attemptstorecreatethepreciseflavorandtoneoftheoriginal;Tendstobemorecomplex,moreawkward,moredetailed,moreconcentrated,andpursuesthethought-processratherthantheintentionofthetransmittertoovertranslate,tobemorespecificthantheoriginalthetransitiontosemantictranslationnormallyreducestheunitoftranslation,andbringsthetextclosertothefigurativeandformalelementsoftheoriginal.LawrenceVenuti(adistinguishedAmericantranslationtheorist,historianandtranslator)TranslationIdeals:Invisibilityofthetranslator（译者的不可见性）TheTranslator’sInvisibility:AHistoryofTranslationTheabsenceofanylinguisticorstylisticpeculiaritiesmakesitreflectstheforeignwriter’spersonalityorintentionortheessentialmeaningoftheforeigntext—theappearance,thatthetranslationisnotinfactatranslation,butthe“original.”Themorefluentthetranslation,themoreinvisiblethetranslator,and,presumably,themorevisiblethewriterortheforeigntext.Foreignizingtranslationstrategy（异化翻译策略）Venutidefinedtranslationasaprocessbywhichthechainofsignifiers（意符，能指）thatconstitutesthesource-languagetextisreplacedbyachainofsignifiersinthetargetlanguagewhichthetranslatorprovidesonthestrengthofaninterpretation.Becausemeaningisaneffectofrelationsanddifferencesamongsignifiersalongapotentiallyendlesschain(polysemous,intertextual,subjecttoinfinitelinkages)“resistancy”（异化、反翻译）Resistancyseekstofreethereadersofthetranslation,aswellasthetranslator,fromtheculturalconstraintsthatordinarilygoverntheirreadingandwritingandthreatentooverpoweranddomesticatetheforeigntext,annihilating（消灭）itsforeignness.Resistanceassumesanideologyofautonomy（自主性的意识形态）,locatingthealien（异己）inaculturalother,pursuingculturaldiversity,foregrounding（突出）thelinguisticandculturaldifferencesofthesource-languagetext（源语文本）andtransformingthehierarchyofculturalvalues（文化价值层次）inthetargetlanguages.ThetranslationofBuddhistscriptures:Theinitialperiod:AnShigao;ZhiQian(HanDynasty)Theperiodofdevelopment:Dao’an(EastJinDynasty);Kumarajiva（鸠摩罗什）Theperiodofprosperity:Xuanzang(TangDynasty)Translationofwesternscience(16—18AD,MingDynasty):MatteoRicci（利玛窦）ItalianJesuitpriest,oneofthefoundingoftheJesuitChinaMission.ThefirstpersontotranslatetheConfucianclassicsintoawesternlanguage,LatinwithassistancefromthescholarXuGuangqi.TheytranslatedEuclid’sTheElements（几何原本）intoChinese.XuGuangqi:hehadcoinsomanynewtermsandtoselectcarefullytheaccurateexpressionsofmathematicalconceptsandcontextsfromthewidevocabularyofChinese.ThreeGreatPillarsofChineseCatholicism（中国天主教的三大支柱）：MatteoRicci，XuGuangqi，andYangTingyun（SummaryofWesternLearning《西学凡》；OnGeography《识方外纪》）.TranslationsduringMingDynastyhad2distinguishedcharacteristics:thesubjectoftranslationshiftedfromBuddhistscripturestoscientificandtechnologicalknowledge;Translatorsinthisperiodoftimeweremainlyscientistsandgovernmentofficialswhowereeruditescholars,andtheWesternmissionarieswhobroughtWesternknowledgetoChina.ThetranslationofscienceintheLateQingDynasty:RobertMorrison,DanielJerome,BenjaminHobson,JamesLegge,AlexanderWylie.JohnFryer.YanFu1.FamousforintroducingWesternthoughts,includingDarwin’sideaof“naturalselection”intoChinaduringthelate19thcentury.2.HisheartwasindeednotintechnicaltranslationbutinthetransmissionofthepoliticalideaswhichhehaddiscoveredintheWestsohetranslatedanumberofkeyworksofmodernWesternthought:1)EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssays（天演论——赫胥黎）2）TheStudyofSociology（群学肄言——斯宾塞）3）TheWealthofNations（原富——亚当斯密）4）OnLiberty（群己权界论——论自由，斯图亚特）TranslationTheory:faithfulness,comprehensibility,elegance（信达雅）HuShiHuoriginallyemphasized8guidelinesthatallChinesewritersshouldtaketoheartinwriting:Writingwithsubstance（要言之有物）DonotimitatetheancientsRespectgrammarRejectmelancholy（不要无病呻吟）Eliminateoldcliches（杜绝陈词滥调）Donotuseallusions（典故）Donotusecoupletsorparallelism（对偶骈文）Donotavoidpopularexpressions（俗话俗字）orformsofcharactersTranslationIdeals:Choosingthosemasterpiecesoffamouswritersonly;Adoptingavernacularprosestyleinthetranslationofthosedramasofaversestyle.Headoptedaunityoffaithfulnessandexpressivenessatranslatorshouldberesponsiblefortheauthortokeepthespiritoftheoriginalandsecondlyberesponsibleforthereadersandmakehisversionintelligible.Theliteraryworksthatwerehardtounderstandcouldneversucceedineducatingpeople,andthusclearnessinmeaningisofprimaryimportanceinliterarytranslation.Practice:OvertheRoofs《关不住了》；BookofExperiments《尝试集》LuXun’stranslationideals:heinsistedthat“hewouldratherbefaithfultotheoriginalthanbefluenttothetranslation(宁信而不顺)”,hestressedthatitwasaspecialclassofreadersthathistranslationswereintendedfortheproletariatliterarycriticswhohadspecialclassintereststochampion.Extremefaithfulnesstotheoriginalwasawayensuringthat“true”Marxistliterarythoughtbepresentedtothosewhowantedthefactsastheywere.Hesaid“TheChineselanguageisjusttooimprecise,andtothisailment,Ibelievewehavetosuffersomemorepainandembodyourthoughtinwaywardsyntacticalstructures——ancient,dialectal,aswellasforeignsothatonedaythesestructurescanbecomeourown.”Practice:FromtheEarthtotheMoonin97hours12minutes.ZhouZuorenTranslationideals:prefersstraightforwardtranslation,thatis:itshouldconveytheoriginalmeaningandpreservetheoriginalstyleandexpresstheoriginalmeaningasfarasourChineselanguagecando.Inotherwords,itisfaithfulnessandexpressiveness,Practice:AliBaba《侠女奴》LiangShiqiuTranslationideals：havingabooktranslatedistomakeitcomprehensible,mistranslationisindeedunacceptable.Eventhoughpartialmistranslationsaremistakesthatmayreallybeendlesslyharmful,youhaveneverthelessenjoyedreadingthem.Itwouldnotdoanyharmtomodifythesyntaxsomewhatandtomakeitperemptorysothatthetextbecomesintelligibletothereaderbecauseit’snopleasuretogrindthroughatextwhilestifftranslationcannotpreservetheoriginaltoneoftersenessandconscious.Deadtranslationisverydifferent,whichisboundtobedeadfrombeginningtoendandmakesnodifferencewhetheritisreadornot,also,deadtranslationmightaswellinvolvedistortedtranslation.Majorworks:PeterPan《彼得潘》，WutheringHeights《咆哮山庄》；Meditation《沉思录》LinYutangWorksoftranslation:TheChinesePuzzle《国民革命外纪》WomenandKnowledge《女子与知识》Pygmalion《卖花女》《庄子》Chuangtse《浮生六记》SixChaptersofaFloatingLifeTranslationTheory:OnTranslation《论翻译》：hepointedoutthat“translationisanart”.OnPoetryTranslation《论译诗》Hepointedoutthree“responsibility”andexplainedtheimplication.Healsoproposedthreecriteriafortranslation:faithfulness,fluency,andbeauty（忠实、通顺和美）Heassumedfourtypesoftranslationconcerningthedegreeoffaithfulness:literal,dead,free,andrandomtranslation.Wordsofeachlanguagehavethebeautyofsound,meaning,spirit,form,literarystyleandliteraryform.ZhuShenghaoZhu’sworkmadeupthecoreofthemainland-ChineseversionofTheCompleteWorksofShakespeare,andthefirstvolumeismadeupof9comedieswhilethesecondconsistsof8tragedies.TranslationIdeals:(canberevealedfromhisself-prefaceofTheCompletePlaysofShakespeare.)Theprefaceconsistsoffiveparagraphs:thesignificanceofShakespeare;ThesituationofShakespearetranslationinChinaHisexperienceoftranslatingShakespeareandhardshipinvolvedinthisprocessHismethodoftranslatingShakespeare:topreservetheoriginalspiritasfaraspossible;andifnot,hemadehisbesttoputtheoriginalmeaningintoclearandreadableChinese.Hestronglyobjectedwasword-to-wordstifftranslation.Afterfinishingaparagraph,hewouldpretendtobeareaderoraperformer.YangXianyiAccomplishmentoftranslation:ADreamofRedMansion,LiSaoHeacknowledgedhiswife’ssignificanceintheirtranslation——Collaborationtranslation.TranslationIdeals:Faithfulness:atranslationshouldnotbefarfromtheoriginalbutnotword-to-wordtranslation.Cultureandtranslation:Translationismorethanlanguageswitching.Whatmoreimportantistheculturebehindthewords.Poetrytranslationwithorwithoutrhyme:Keepingtherhymeissecondarytokeepingthemeaninganditisimpossibletokeepeverythingintranslationbecauseofthedifferencesinthetwocultures.YuGuangzhongHisworksoftenfocuseduponfourfundamentalaspectsofliterature:poetry,prose,translationandcommentary.Works:TheOldManandtheSea,AnthologyofModernEnglishandAmericanPoetry.TranslationIdeals:Thefundamentalsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentranslationandcreativewriting:ifawriteralsotranslate,histranslationstylewillinevitablybeaffectedbyhisowncreativewritingstyle,conversely,hisownwritingstylewillnotremainunaffected.Translationisa‘necessaryevil’,asubstitutewerelyonforlackofsomethingbetter.Notevenagoodtranslationcanconveythetruemeaningoftheoriginal.Incaseofbadtranslations,besidesdistortingtheoriginalmeaning,theyoftenhaveaperniciousimpactonindigenouswritingstyles.TheodoreSavory（文艺学派）TheLanguageofScience;WordsofScienceDifficultiesinhissearchfortheequivalentofaword:IllusoryCorrespondence:awordoftenhasseveralmeaningsandthetranslatorshouldtakethecontextintoconsiderationwhenchoosinganappropriatewordinthetargetlanguage.Gapsinlanguageswhichcannotbefilledintranslating:becauseawordmaybequitefamiliarinonelanguagebutthereisnoequivalentoneinanother.Allkindsofwritingswherethetwonationswhoselanguagesareconcernedmayhavedifferentcustoms,differentgamesandamusementsanddifferentdegreesoftechnicaldevelopment.Idioms,idiomaticphrasesandprovisionalexpressions:hesuggestedthatthetranslatorshouldaskhimself3questions:whatdoestheauthorsay?Whatdoeshemean?Howdoeshesayit?

Agoodtranslator’sknowledgeofthetranslatedlanguagemustbewideanditmustalsobecriticallyappliedsothatnodetailislikelytobemissed.Categoriesoftranslation:perfecttranslation:referstothetranslationofallpurelyinformativestatementssuchasareencounteredbythetravelerorusedbytheadvertiser.Adequatetranslation:matterismoreimportantthanmanner（内容比形式更重要）Compositetranslation：includesthetranslationofproseintoprose,ofpoetryintoproseandofpoetryintopoetryTranslationoflearned,scientific,technicalandpracticalmatter.Theprinciplesoftranslation:madesolelybecauseoftheintrinsicimportanceoftheoriginalwork,whichisstrictlyconfinedtothepracticalbusinessofliving;Itisalmostanecessitythatthetranslatorshallhaveareasonableknowledgeofthescienceorthetechniqueaboutwhichtheoriginalwaswritten.ThePrincipleofTranslation:Atranslationmustgivethewordsoftheoriginal.~mustgivetheideasoftheoriginal~shouldreadlikeanoriginalwork~shouldreadlikeatranslation~shouldreflectthestyleoftheoriginal~shouldpossessthestyleofthetranslator~shouldreadasacontemporaryoftheoriginal~shouldreadasacontemporaryofthetranslator~mayaddtooromitfromtheoriginal~mayneveraddortoomitfromtheoriginal~ofverseshouldbeinprose~ofverseshouldbeinverse.Weneedtochoosedifferentwordsindifferentcontexts.EugeneNida’sTranslationTheoryMainTranslationIdeasTwobasicorientationsintranslating:formalanddynamicequivalence.Dynamic-equivalenceattemptstoconveythethoughtexpressedinasourcetext;Formal-equivalenceattemptstorenderthetextword-for-word.Principlesgoverningatranslationorientedtowardformalequivalence:grammaticalunits;Consistencyinwordusage;Meaningintermsofthesourcecontext;Principlesgoverningatranslationorientedtowarddynamicequivalence（动态对等）:themostnotablecontribution;elaboratedin“PrinciplesofCorrespondence”anditstandstoreasonthattherecanbenoabsolutecorrespondencebetweentwolanguages.It’stheclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource-languagemessage.Butherearesomelimitations:1)specialliteraryform,2)semanticallyexocentricexpressions（语义外向）,3)intraorganismicmeaning.Principlesgoverningatranslationorientedtowardfunctionalequivalence.TermsE