文稿案例教案ap-biology

AAPBiologychapterAnimalStructureandTThedigestivesystemThecirulatorysystemTheimmunesystemTheexcretorysytemTheneroussystemorinesystemThereproductivesystemMorphogenesis,orPageDDigestiveWWhatdoanimalsneedtoAnimalsmakeenergy–––foodforraw•aminoacids,sugars,fats,nucleotides–ATPenergyforO2PagePage HerbivoreseatmainlyCarnivoreseatotherOmnivoreseatanimals&PageDigestiveDigestiveEverybody’sgotwithinfoodvaculesPageDDigestiveEverybody’sgotinagastrovascular腔肠.mouth口crop嗉囊rectum直肠PageHHumandigestivemouth,escophagus,stomach,smallintestine,largeintestine,andaccessoryorgans(liver,pancreas,gallbladder,andsalivaryglands)fourgroupsofmoleculesmustbebrokendown:starch,protein,fats,andnucleicacids.PagemmechanicalbreakingupfoodintosmallerchemicalbreakingdownfoodintomoleculessmallenoughtobeabsorbedintocellsPage咽肝胃HumandigestivePagePageTThemechanicalbreakupchemicaldigestion(saliva唾液腺salivaamylasedigestsstarchintoPageFoodmovesthroughescophagusinawavelikemotionknownasperistalsis蠕动.involuntary无意识musclecontractionstomovefoodalongPageTheThedisinfecthydrochloricacid=pH–killsfoodcanstretchtofit~2Ldigestspepsin胃蛋白酶PageSecretesgastricjuices胃液，whichcontainPepsinworksbestinechyme糜ButthestomachismadeoutofWhatstopsthestomachfromdigestingmucussecretedbystomachcellsprotectsstomachliningTThesmalldigestamylasefromdigesttrypsin&chymotrypsinfromdigestlipidsbilefromliver&lipasefromthreePagePagePageTTheProducesdigestivedigesttrypsin胰蛋白酶,digestpancreaticdigestpancreaticdigestnucleicribonucleaseandPagePagePagePPageLLiver&GallProducesbilebreaksupgallbladderonlystoresthat’swhyyoucanhaveyourgallbladder化剂,mechanicallybreaksupfatsintosmallerfatdroplerts.PageAAbsorptioninSmallAbsorptionthroughvilli绒毛µvillifinger-likeincreasessurfaceareaforPageEEnlargeHHormonesindigestiveGastrin促胃泌素stimulatesstomachcellstoproducegastricjuiceSecretin分泌素stimulatesthepancreasproducebicarbonateanddigestiveCholecystokinin胆囊收缩素:stimulatesthesecretionofpancreaticenzymesandthereleaseofbile.PageTThelargeintestinesre-absorbsuse~9litersofwatereverydayindigestivejuices–ifdon’treabsorbwaterwoulddieofdehydration>90%ofwaterre-absorbedreabsorbby--re-absorbbyPageLastsectionoflargeeliminatewhat’sleftmainlycellulosefromcalledroughageorkeepseverythingmoving&cleansoutmassesofPagebreakupdigestkillmoistenkillsbreakupdigeststoreproduces-storedingallbreakupsmallbreakdownproducesenzymestodigestproteins&absorbabsorbwaterPPageTTherespiratoryWWhydoweneedarespiratoryNeedO2forcellularmakeNeedCO2wastePagesomesomeanimalssuchassegmentedworms分节蠕虫gasexchangeoccursdirectlythroughtheirskin.someanimalshavespecialtubecalledtracheae气管andairenterthesetubesthroughtinyopeningcalledspiraclesPagelungslungs&PageTThehumanrespiratory鼻气Page膈PPageTThenosecleans,warms,andmoistensingairandpassesitthroughthepharynx咽andlarynx喉(viocebox).epiglottiscoverthetracheawhenPagebronchus(leftbronchus(leftbronchusandrightPagetinyairsacalongsidethePageMMovinggasesintoInhaleO2passesfromalveolitobyExhaleCO2passesfrombloodtobyPageTTransportofOxygenistransportedthroughoutthebodybytheiron-containingproteinhemoglobininredbloodcells.97%inhemoglobinand3%dissolvedinthePagePPagettransportofcarbinMostofCO2entersredbloodcellsandcombineswithwatertoeventuallyformbicarbonateSometimes，CO2cancombineswiththeaminogroupinhemoglobinandmixeswithplasmaorittransportedtothePageAAutomaticBrainYoudon’thavetothinktotakeadeepPagemmechanicsofDiaphragm膈肌movesdown&expandschestairintolungsPageGGills:gettingO2outofGillsaregasexchangemembranesoutsideofthethinhighsurfacemuststaylotsofbloodgas••O2intoCO2outtoPageTThecirculatoryPPageIInWhatneedstobenutrients&fromdigestiverespiratoryO2&CO2from&togasexchangesystems:lungs,wasteproductsfromwater,salts,nitrogenouswastesimmunewhitebloodcells&bloodclottingregulatoryPage48•CirculatoryCirculatoryAllanimalscirculatoryfluid=tubes=bloodmuscularpump= OOpencirculatoryBloodiscarriedbyopen-spillbloodintothebody.PageCClosedcirculatoryBloodflowscontinuouslyearthworms蚯蚓squid乌贼,PageTThehumancirculatoryleft左心right右心leftrightPagesystsystemiccirculationLeavetheBloodleaveleftventricleofheartandenteralargebloodvesselcalledtheaorta主动脉.arteries动脉:smalledPageAArteries:BuiltforhighpressureArteriesthickerprovidestrengthforhighpressurenarrowerelasticityofelasticrecoilhelpsmaintainbloodpressureevenwhenheartrelaxesPagearterioles小动脉arterioles小动脉thearteriessmallervesselsecapillaries毛细血管thesmallestPageCCapillaries:Builtforverythinonlyendotheliumn–enhancesexchangeacrossexchangebetweenblood&Pageventicleviatheacorta.toarterioles,andeventuallytothecapillaries.Gasandnutrient/wasteexchangeoccursbetweenthecapillarywalls.PageBBacktothevenules小静veinssuperiorvenacava上腔静脉andinferiorvenacava下腔静PagePageVVeins:BuiltforlowpressurewiderBloodflowstowardOpenbloodtravelsbacktoheartatlowvelocity&pressurelowerdistantfrombloodmustflowbyskeletalmusclecontractionswhenwemovesqueezebloodthroughveins–valves瓣膜inlargerveinsone-wayallowbloodtoflowonlytowardClosedPagePagePageTThepulmonarysystemrightpulmonarysemilunarvalvepulmonaryartertypulmonaryleftPagePPagePagePageHHeartconductionsystole收缩contractiondiastole舒张relaxationimpulsebegininsinoatrialinrightspreadsthroughatriaandatrioventricularnode 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PageThermoregulationistheprocessbywhichanimalsmaintainaninternaltemperaturewithinatolerablerange.Birdsandmammalsaremainlyendothermic温血的,meaningthattheyarewarmedmostlybyheatgeneratedbymetabolism.Page""warmedcountercurrentthetransferofheatbetweenfluidsthatareflowinginoppositedirections.Pagesnsnakes,andmostinvertebratesaremainlyectothermic冷血的,meaningthattheygainmostoftheirheatfromexternalsources."coldBBloodRedbloodcellsaredesignatedastypeAiftheyhavethetypeAcarbohydrateontheirsurface.Similarly,thetypeBcarbohydrateisfoundontypeBredbloodcells;bothAandBcarbohydratesarefoundontypeABredbloodcells;andneithercarbohydrateisfoundontypeOredbloodPageTThelymphaticandimmuneLLymphaticLymphaticsystem淋巴系统madeupofanetworkofvesselsthatconductlymph,aclear,wateryfluidformedfrominterstitialfluids.PageLLymphaticitcollects,filters,andreturnsfliudstothebloodbythecontractionofadjacentmuscles.itfightsinfectionusinglymphocytes,cellsfoundinlymphnodes.itremovesexcessfliudfrombodyPage胸胸脾Pagellymphocytesinlymphnodeareimportantinfightinginfection.lymphnodeswellwhentheyarefightingPageiimmuneWhyanimmunePageAttackAttackfromlotsoforganismswantyouforanimalsareatastynutrient-&vitamin-packedcellsarepackagesofanimalsmustdefendthemselvesagainstinvaders–HIV,flu,cold,measles,chicken•pamoeba,onia,meningitis,Attackfrom–cancers=abnormalbodyPageLLinesof1stline:Non-specificbroad,external“walls&skin&mucous2ndline:Non-specificbroad,internal“patrolling3rdline:Trueimmunespecific,acquired“elitetrainedlymphocytes&Bcells&TPage1st1stline:Non-specificExternalmucousmembranes,cilia,hair,coughing,sneezing,urination,Unfavorablestomachacid,sweat,saliva,digestsbacterialcellPage83•tears,22ndline:Non-specificpatrollingattackpathogens,butdon’t“remember”fornextphagocyticwhitebloodmacrophages,neutrophils,naturalkillercomplementproteinsthatdestroyinflammatoryresponseincreaseinbodyincreasecapillaryattractPage3rd3rdline:Acquired(active)SpecificdefensewithBBTResponds–•cellularnamespecificspecificabnormalbodycellsPageBBmatureinbonemarrowhumoralresponsesystem“humors”=bodyattackpathogensstillcirculatinginblood&lymphproduceTmatureinthymuscellularresponsesystemattackinvadedlearntodistinguish“self”from“non-self”PageBAttack,learn&rememberpathogenscirculatinginblood&lymphProducespecificantibodiesagainstspecificTypesofBplasmamemoryYYYYBAttack,learn&rememberpathogenscirculatinginblood&lymphProducespecificantibodiesagainstspecificTypesofBplasmamemoryYYYYPageBcellimmuneYYBcells(inblood&YYY(foreignmemoryBcells+YY 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TcellsPagePageoninbloodAtypeAonsurfaceofanti-BBtypeBonsurfaceofanti-AbothtypeA&typeonsurfaceofnoOnoonsurfaceofgHgHIV&Human–••infectshelperThelperTcellsdon’tactivaterestofimmunesystem:killerTcells&BcellsalsodestroyshelperTAIDS:AcquiredImmunoDeficiencyinfectionsbyopportunisticdeathusuallyPageggTTheexcretory||RemovingIntracellular||RemovingIntracellularWhatwastearemadeinsideof–whatdowedigestourfood••••carbohydrates=CO2+lipids=proteins=CO2+CO2+H2O+nucleicacids=CO2+H2O+P+HHHN–C–RO2 HNH2NNitrogenouswasteAmmonia(NH3)–verytoxic–verysolubleeasilycrossesmembranes–mustdilutePagePagePagePageTThehumanexcretory肾动输尿PageFFiltersolutesoutofblood&reabsorbH2O+desirablesolutesKeyfluids(water&solutes)filteredoutofselectivelyreabsorb(diffusion)neededwater+solutesbacktobloodpumpoutanyotherunwantedsolutestoexpelconcentratedurine(Nwaste+solutes+toxins)frombodyPageWeavingbackandforthacrosstherenalcortexandmedullaareunitsofthevertebratekidney.PageFunctionalunitsofperkidneyfilterouturea&otherbloodplasmaintonephronhighpressurevaluablesolutes&H2Obackintobloodstreamgreaterflexibility&Pagebbowman'scapsule肾proximalconvolutedtubule近loopof近端distaltubule远端小collectingduct集尿集尿Pagethekidneyglomerulusfiltrate原尿:bloodisfilteredasitpassesandplasmaisforcedoutofthecapallariesintothebrowman'sPageffiltrateproximalconvolutedtubuleloopofhenledistaltubulecollectingductPageuureter输尿管bladderPageHHowurineistubuleandloopofdistalPageBBowman’sNaNa+Mg+PageHHormonesofthevasopressin抗利尿激素(ADH)andaldosterone醛固酮Antidiuretichormone(ADH)allowswatertobereabsorbedfromthecollectingduct.controlthevolumofurineregulatesodiumreaborptionatthedistalconvolutedPagePPageAnexcretoryorganthatgetsridofexcesswaterandsaltsfromthebody.subcutaneoustissue皮下组织sweetgland汗PagePageTThenervousWWhydoanimalsneedanervousWhatcharacteristicsdoanimalsneedinanervoussystem?resetPagenervenervenetmadeupofnetworkofnerveInmorecomplexanimals,processingisoutlargelyingroupsofneuronsorganizedintoabrainorintosimplerclusterscalledganglia神经中PagePPageanerve树Structurefits＊manyentrypointsfor＊onepath＊transmitscell轴signalmyelinsheathPsynapseTTypesof(from(brain&spinalchord)Page(tomuscle)NNeuronsaxontoPageCCells:surroundedbychargedionsCellsliveinaseaofchargedions–anions(negative)moreconcentratedwithintheCl-,chargedaminoacids(aa-)–cations(positive)moreconcentratedintheextracellular+++++++K+--+++++++++++++++–––––––––––––unstimulatedneuron=restingpotentialof–––––––––––––++++++++++++++HHowdoesanerveimpulseStimulus:nerveisreachesthresholdpotentialopenNa+channelsincellNa+ionsdiffuseintochargesreverseatthatpointon••positiveinside;negativeesdepolarized–++++++++++++++ +Page + +++++++++++WWave:nerveimpulsetravelsdownchangeinchargeopensnextNa+gatesdownthe“voltage-gated”Na+ionscontinuetodiffuseinto“wave”movesdownneuron=actionpotential动作电 ++++++++++++++ + wave + +++++++++RRe-set:2ndwavetravelsdownK+channelsK+channelsopenupmoreslowlythanNa+K+ionsdiffuseoutof+ –+++++++++++ wavePage–++++ ––––––––+––––+++++++++CCombinedwavestraveldownwaveofopeningionchannelsmovesdownsignalmovesinonedirectionflowofK+outofcellstopsactivationofNa+channelsinwrong+++ +++++++++ –wave++––++++ – +++++++PageHHowdoesthenervere-setAfterfiringaneuronhastore-setNa+needstomovebackK+needstomovebackbotharemovingagainstconcentrationneedaPageSSodium-Potassiumpump钠钾activetransportproteininrequires3Na+pumped2K+pumpedre-setschargeacrossPageActionActionpotentialgraphRestingpotential静息电Na+channelsopen;K+channelsclosed4030201004Na+flowsK+flowsNa+channelsclose;K+channelsopenresetchargegradientUndershootK+channelsclosePage–10–20–30–40–50–60–70–803521Resting6MembranePagePagePPagePagePagePPagePagePagePPagerrefractoryperiodIfaseconddepolarizingstimulusoccursduringthisperiod,itwillbeunabletotriggeranactionpotential.Thedowntimewhenasecondactionpotentialcannotbeinitiatediscalledtherefractoryperiod.ThesodiumchannelsremaininactivatedduringthefallingphaseandtheearlypartoftheundershootPageIImpulsehastojumpthehastojumpquicklyfromonecelltoPagePageEEventsatopensCa++fusewithmembranesynapsediffusionproteinreceptorion-gatedchannelsneurotransmitterPage143orMMyelinAxoncoatedwithSchwann--insulates--speedssignalhopsfromnodetonodesaltatoryconduction跳跃传递--150m/secvs.5myelinNervousCentralnervous中枢brain&spinalPeripheralnervous周围nervesfromnervesto

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PagePPeripheralnervouscontrolinvoluntary无意识的activities.voluntary有意识的activities.TwosystemisPageaautonomicnervoussympatheticnervoussystemwhenanorganismconfrontedwiththreateningsituationpreparesto“fightofflee”effectiveparasympatheticnervoussystemafterthethreathasbringthebodytohomeostasis-backtoPagesymsympatheticdivisioncorrespondstoarousalandenergygeneration(thefight-or-flightresponse).parasympatheticdivisiongenerallycausesoppositeresponsesthatpromotecalmingandareturntofunctions(restanddigest).NervousNervousspinalPageCerebrum2left=rightsideofright=leftsideofcontrolallvoluntaryactivities,receivesandinterpretssensorylargepartofhumanPageCCorpuscallosum胼胝majorconnectionbetween2nervewhitematter白whitegrayPagececerebellum--coordinatesmuscleactivityandrefinementofhypothalamus--regulateshomeostasisandsecretesregulatespituitaryglandPageppons脑connectspartofthebrainwithoneanotherandcontainsrespiratorycentermidbraincenterforvisualandauditoryreflexes(pupilreflexesandblinking)PagemainsensoryrelaycenterforconductinginformationbetweenthespinalcordandPagemmedulla脊controlsinvoluntaryactionssuchasbreathing,swallowing,heartbeat,andrespirationPageTThemusculoskeletalmovesPagedigestivesystemarteries,veinseexoskeleton&skeletonscomeinmanydifferentforms.supportstructurescanbeexternal(asinexoskeletons外骨骼),internal(asinendoskeletons内骨骼),orevenabsent.PageHumanHumanPageTThehumanskeletal＊madeofcollagenandcalcium*jiontsetissuescalledligaments韧带ds腱aretissuess 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