计算机组织结构课件

WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureChapter2

ComputerEvolutionandPerformanceWilliamStallings

ComputerOr1GenerationsofComputerVacuumtube--1946-1957 1Transistor--1958-1964 2Small,mediumscaleintegration–1965-19713–IC100-3,000devicesonachipLargescaleintegration--1972-1977 4

–

LSI3,000-100,000devicesonachipVerylargescaleintegration--1978-1991 5–VLSI100,000-100,000,000devicesonachipUltralargescaleintegration–1991- 6–ULSIOver100,000,000devicesonachipP24Whenmicrocomputer?GenerationsofComputerVacuum21stcomputer–

generationIUniversityofPennsylvania18,000vacuumtubesDecimal(notbinary)Finished19461stcomputer–generationI3vonNeumann/Turing?Mainmemorystoringprogramsanddata–1st

CPUinterpretinginstructionsfrommemoryandexecuting. i.e.

fetchinstructionfrommemory

executeinstructioninCPUbinarysystemvonNeumann/Turing?Mainmemor4StructureofvonNeumannmachineStructureofvonNeumannmachi5IBM1953-the701IBM’sfirststoredprogramcomputerScientificcalculations1955-the702Businessapplications700seriesIBM6NJU103fromSovietUnionvacuumtubes30persecondmemory409632bits/word1959,firstrunningcomputerinuniversitiesoneroominNorthbuildingNJU103fromSovietUnion7Transistors–generationII1958Discretecomponents transistor,resistor,capacitoroncircuitboardsIBM7000DECProducedPDP-1Transistors–generationII1958IntegratedCircuit–generationIII…1965IC(Microelectronics) transistor,resistor,capacitoronachip siliconwafer(硅晶片)Twofundamentaltypesofcomponents(P24)‘IntegratedCircuit–generatio9GateforprocessingMemorycellforstorage(P141)read1Carrysignalinput1Logicfunction01P281inputwriteStoragecellLogicfunctionSiCiAiBiGateforprocessingread1Carry10Moore’sLawIncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’sdevelopmenthasslowedalittle Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18monthsHigherpackingdensity

shorterelectricalpaths,SmallersizeflexibilityCostofchipunchangedGordonMoore-cofounderofIntelP29Moore’sLawIncreaseddensityo11IBM360seriesMultiplexedswitchstructure (Fig.2.5,P2 3)DECPDP-8FirstminicomputerBUSstructure‘IBM360seriesMultiplexedswit12

13

FA..BCDS1S2......Multiplexerconnectsmultipleinputstoasingleoutput.Atanytime,oneoftheinputsisselectedtobepassedtotheoutput.

MUXmemoryI/O1I/O2I/O3CPUFA..BCDS1S2......Multipl14DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMainMemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleP31DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIB15Series200inChina210—— 360/30 南大，常州无线电厂 220—— 360/40 240—— 360/50 北大，北京738厂 260Series200inChina210—— 36016LSI–generationIV

1971-4004

FirstmicroprocessorAllCPUcomponentsonasinglechip4bit1974-8080Intel’sfirstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor8bitLSI–generationIV1971-40017PCA8086–16bitprocessor486–32bitprocessorPentium4–64bitprocessor

何谓32位处理机?Keydistinguishingfeatureofaprocessoristhenumberofbitsthattheprocessordealswithatatime.32bits+32bitsPCA8086–16bitprocessor何谓3218

SemiconductorMemory1970MagneticcorestoragesemiconductormemoryMuchfasterthancoreCapacityapproximatelydoubleseachyear

SemiconductorMemory197019ImproveperformanceCPU---如何提高速度? -提高集成度=shortenthedistancebetweencomponents -increasefrequency -pipelining,superscalar–parallelism, -multicore...Memory---如何更大?如何提高存取速度? -increasedensityofchip -speeduprunfrequency(DDR3-1333…)=P37ImproveperformanceCPU---如何20ImproveperformanceI/O---如何提高速度? -Deviceitself(display,printer) -Caching(diskcache) -Buffering(printer,I/Omodule)forparallism -Newinterfacetechniques:USB,usenetwork technology -...ImproveperformanceI/O---如何21TypicalI/ODeviceDataRatesTypicalI/ODeviceDataRates22Improveperformanceinterconnection---如何提高速度? -增加传输线的宽度:16位32 64 -Higher-speedinterconnectionbuses -Moreelaboratebusstructures:

hierarchy--P73 -...Improveperformanceinterconne23ProblemsCPU density,frequencycause:? -RCdelay:ascomponentsonthechipdecrease insize, wireinterconnectsbecomethinner,increaseresistance. wiresareclosertogether,increasingcapacitance -Power:powerdensityincreaseswithdensityof

logicandclockspeed.

dissipatingheatisissueProblemsCPU density,frequency24ProblemsMemory densitycause:? -reduceparallelism:asthedensityofchip increase,fewermemorychipsareused.PerformanceMismatch -MemoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeedProblemsMemory densitycause25LogicandMemoryPerformanceGapLogicandMemoryPerformanceG26SolutionsCPU---moreemphasisonorganizationaland architecturalapproaches. -Multiplecores:placingmultipleprocessorson singlechip.Usetwosimplerprocessorson thechipratherthanonemorecomplex processorMemory -makememorychipwider:increasenumber ofbitsretrievedatonetime(pin)SolutionsCPU---moreemphasis27POWER4ChipOrganizationPOWER4ChipOrganization28SolutionsPerformanceMismatch -incorporatecaches:L1cache(dedicatingpart ofprocessorchip),L2cacheKeyisbalanceProcessorcomponentsMainmemoryI/OdevicesInterconnectionstructuresSolutionsPerformanceMismatch29IntelMicroprocessorPerformanceIntelMicroprocessorPerforman30ExamplesofcomputerdesignPentium---CISC P41PowerPC---RISC P42ExamplesofcomputerdesignPen31InternetResourcesInternetResources32Summary1.HistoryENIAC,1946,UniversityofPennsylvaniavonNeumannmachine--storedprogramIBM360series–mainframeDECPDP11–minicomputerIntel–microprocessor2.GenerationsofComputervacuumtubetransistorSummary1.History33integratedcircuitLSIVLSIULSI3.ThreeprincipalconstituentsofacomputersystematIClevel4.Moore’sLawDoublingperformanceeveryyear(18months)integratedcircuit345.Whatisthekeydistinguishingfeatureof

amicroprocessor?6.Improveperformancemethodsproblemssolutions5.Whatisthekeydistinguish35Assignment网络查询DDR3,SDRAM,chipsetWriteaprogramtoconvertdecimalnumbers(appearinprogramsinHLL)tobinarynumbersAssignment36Chipset MostCPUstodayuseachipsetofoneormorechipsthathelpbridgeorconnectthevariousbusestotheCPUDiskcache Whendiskcachingisbeingused,duringanydiskaccessthecomputersystemalsofetchesprogramordatacontentslocatedinneighboringdiskareas(suchastheentiretrack)andtransportsthemtoadedicatedpartofRAMknownasadiskcache

Chipset37WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureChapter2

ComputerEvolutionandPerformanceWilliamStallings

ComputerOr38GenerationsofComputerVacuumtube--1946-1957 1Transistor--1958-1964 2Small,mediumscaleintegration–1965-19713–IC100-3,000devicesonachipLargescaleintegration--1972-1977 4

–

LSI3,000-100,000devicesonachipVerylargescaleintegration--1978-1991 5–VLSI100,000-100,000,000devicesonachipUltralargescaleintegration–1991- 6–ULSIOver100,000,000devicesonachipP24Whenmicrocomputer?GenerationsofComputerVacuum391stcomputer–

generationIUniversityofPennsylvania18,000vacuumtubesDecimal(notbinary)Finished19461stcomputer–generationI40vonNeumann/Turing?Mainmemorystoringprogramsanddata–1st

CPUinterpretinginstructionsfrommemoryandexecuting. i.e.

fetchinstructionfrommemory

executeinstructioninCPUbinarysystemvonNeumann/Turing?Mainmemor41StructureofvonNeumannmachineStructureofvonNeumannmachi42IBM1953-the701IBM’sfirststoredprogramcomputerScientificcalculations1955-the702Businessapplications700seriesIBM43NJU103fromSovietUnionvacuumtubes30persecondmemory409632bits/word1959,firstrunningcomputerinuniversitiesoneroominNorthbuildingNJU103fromSovietUnion44Transistors–generationII1958Discretecomponents transistor,resistor,capacitoroncircuitboardsIBM7000DECProducedPDP-1Transistors–generationII19545IntegratedCircuit–generationIII…1965IC(Microelectronics) transistor,resistor,capacitoronachip siliconwafer(硅晶片)Twofundamentaltypesofcomponents(P24)‘IntegratedCircuit–generatio46GateforprocessingMemorycellforstorage(P141)read1Carrysignalinput1Logicfunction01P281inputwriteStoragecellLogicfunctionSiCiAiBiGateforprocessingread1Carry47Moore’sLawIncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’sdevelopmenthasslowedalittle Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18monthsHigherpackingdensity

shorterelectricalpaths,SmallersizeflexibilityCostofchipunchangedGordonMoore-cofounderofIntelP29Moore’sLawIncreaseddensityo48IBM360seriesMultiplexedswitchstructure (Fig.2.5,P2 3)DECPDP-8FirstminicomputerBUSstructure‘IBM360seriesMultiplexedswit49

50

FA..BCDS1S2......Multiplexerconnectsmultipleinputstoasingleoutput.Atanytime,oneoftheinputsisselectedtobepassedtotheoutput.

MUXmemoryI/O1I/O2I/O3CPUFA..BCDS1S2......Multipl51DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMainMemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleP31DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIB52Series200inChina210—— 360/30 南大，常州无线电厂 220—— 360/40 240—— 360/50 北大，北京738厂 260Series200inChina210—— 36053LSI–generationIV

1971-4004

FirstmicroprocessorAllCPUcomponentsonasinglechip4bit1974-8080Intel’sfirstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor8bitLSI–generationIV1971-40054PCA8086–16bitprocessor486–32bitprocessorPentium4–64bitprocessor

何谓32位处理机?Keydistinguishingfeatureofaprocessoristhenumberofbitsthattheprocessordealswithatatime.32bits+32bitsPCA8086–16bitprocessor何谓3255

SemiconductorMemory1970MagneticcorestoragesemiconductormemoryMuchfasterthancoreCapacityapproximatelydoubleseachyear

SemiconductorMemory197056ImproveperformanceCPU---如何提高速度? -提高集成度=shortenthedistancebetweencomponents -increasefrequency -pipelining,superscalar–parallelism, -multicore...Memory---如何更大?如何提高存取速度? -increasedensityofchip -speeduprunfrequency(DDR3-1333…)=P37ImproveperformanceCPU---如何57ImproveperformanceI/O---如何提高速度? -Deviceitself(display,printer) -Caching(diskcache) -Buffering(printer,I/Omodule)forparallism -Newinterfacetechniques:USB,usenetwork technology -...ImproveperformanceI/O---如何58TypicalI/ODeviceDataRatesTypicalI/ODeviceDataRates59Improveperformanceinterconnection---如何提高速度? -增加传输线的宽度:16位32 64 -Higher-speedinterconnectionbuses -Moreelaboratebusstructures:

hierarchy--P73 -...Improveperformanceinterconne60ProblemsCPU density,frequencycause:? -RCdelay:ascomponentsonthechipdecrease insize, wireinterconnectsbecomethinner,increaseresistance. wiresareclosertogether,increasingcapacitance -Power:powerdensityincreaseswithdensityof

logicandclockspeed.

dissipatingheatisissueProblemsCPU density,frequency61ProblemsMemory densitycause:? -reduceparallelism:asthedensityofchip increase,fewermemorychipsareused.PerformanceMismatch -MemoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeedProblemsMemory densitycause62LogicandMemoryPerformanceGapLogicandMemoryPerformanceG63SolutionsCPU---moreemphasisonorganizationaland architecturalapproaches. -Multiplecores:placingmultipleprocessorson singlechip.Usetwosimplerprocessorson thechipratherthanonemorecomplex processorMemory -makememorychipwider:increasenumber ofbitsretrievedatonetime(pin)SolutionsCPU---moreemphasis64POWER4ChipOrganizationPOWER4ChipOrganization65SolutionsPerformanceMismatch -incorporatecaches:L1cache(dedicatingpart ofprocessorchip),L2cacheKey