专八改错真题

2012年Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleastthefirst(1______centuryB.C.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury,manywritersfavouredcertainkindof“free”translation:thespirit,nottheletter;the(2_______sensenottheword;themessagerathertheform;thematternot(3_______themanner.Thisistheoftenrevolutionarysloganofwriterswho(4_______wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood.Thenintheturnof19th(5_______century,whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthatthelinguisticbarrierswereinsuperableandthatthelanguage(6_______wasentirelytheproductofculture,theviewtranslationwasimpossible(7_______gainedsomecurrency,andwithitthat,ifwasattemptedatall,itmustbeas(8_______literalaspossible.Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe(9_______extreme“literalists”WalterBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.Theargumentwastheoretical:thepurposeofthetranslation,thenatureofthereadership,thetypeofthetext,wasnotdiscussed.Toooften,writer,translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother.Now,thecontexthaschanged,andthebasicproblemremains.(10_____2011年Fromaveryearlyage,perhapstheageoffiveorsix,IknewthatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Betweentheagesofabout1__________seventeenandtwenty-fourItriedtoabandonthisidea,butIdidsowiththeconsciencethatIwasoutragingmytruenatureandthat2___________soonorlaterIshouldhavetosettledownandwritebooks.3___________Iwasthechildofthree,buttherewasagapoffiveyears4__________oneitherside,andIbarelysawmyfatherbeforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely,andIsoondevelopeddisagreeingmannerismswhichmademeunpopularthroughoutmy5_____________schooldays.Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginativepersons,andIthinkfrom6_________theverystartmyliteralambitionsweremixedupwiththefeelingof7________beingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacilitywithwordsandapoweroffacinginunpleasantfacts,andIfeltthatthiscreated8________asortofprivateworldwhichIcouldgetmyownbackformyfailure9________ineverydaylife.Therefore,thevolumeofserious—i.e.seriously10________intended—writingwhichIproducedallthroughmychildhoodandboyhoodwouldnotamounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.2010年Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:thatis,everylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosay1________________thethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.2________________Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitive3________________peoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthe4_____________faultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimos,itissaid,canspeakaboutsnowwithfurthermoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecanin5______________English,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive'isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.Thisexampledoesnotcometolightadefect6______________inEnglish,ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilar7____________environments.TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms8____________fordifferentkindsofsnow,presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant.9_____________Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimos'life.10____________2009年Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference(1___________betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthe(2___________littlelistenerhasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,oreven(3____________grandchildren.Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.With(4_____________theplaygroundlore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassed(5___________onwithintheveryhouritislearnt;andinthegeneral,itpasses(6_____________betweenchildrenofthesameage,ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If,therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjustforfifty,itfollowsthatit(7__________hasbeenretransmittedoverandover;verypossiblyithaspassed(8___________alongachainoftwoorthreehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainsliveaftersomuchhandling,(9____________toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe(10____________2008年Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent1_______partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate2_______agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother3_______racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates4_______splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa5_______differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone6_______proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,though,asonemanputit,thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish7_______andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone8_______knows,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.9_______Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhaveshowntheworld10_______thatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.2007年Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthatnoonecanmakeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest1__________recordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand2__________emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguage3_________originatedincriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe4__________necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:therearenoremotetribes,noancientrecords,providingevidenceofalanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcries5__________thanwefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsenceofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butin6__________othergroundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilarnoisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthat7___________suchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,servestoemphasizeonthefundamentaldifference8___________betweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysaythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementarelargelyreflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,9____________whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethathavetobelearntandthatare10___________whollyconventional.2006年Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas1_______tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticular2_______message:theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalvocabularyanda3_______setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis4_______thoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish5_______speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognises,increasesinsizeashegrowsoldasaresultofeducationandexperience.6_________But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsnomorethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother7_________memberofhislinguisticcommunity;hebastogivethesystemaconcretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomost8____________commonformsoftransmission-bymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans(speechorbyvisualsigns(writing.Andtheseare9_____________amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements.10____________2005年TheUniversityasBusinessAnumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyearmuchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylowrateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbecauseofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingincommon1________stock.Iamskeptical.Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizesitsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;andincreasinglythe2_________outlookofuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseof3___________businessfirms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomicuncertainty4__________increasesthedemandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingincomefromajob(thisisprimarilyafactorin5__________graduateandprofessional-schooltuition;thepoorone'sjobprospects,6___________themoresenseitmakestoreallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable.Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudents7___________includesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,givingstudentsagovernancerole,andeliminaterequiredcourses.8_________Sky-hightuitionshavecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortenthe9___________rigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneed-justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheirbest10____________customer.2004年Oneofthemostimportantnon-isthepowertoinvestigate.Thispowerisusuallydelegatedtocommittees-standingcommittees,specialcommitteessetforaspecific(1_______purpose,orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersofbothhouses.(2_______futurelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflofficialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,tolaythe(3_______relyoutsideexpertstoassistinconductinginvestigativehearings(4_______andtomakeoutdetailedstudiesofissues.(5_______isthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsanditsresults.Most(6_______committeehearingsareopentopublicandarereported(7_______neverthelessrepresentoneimportanttoolavailabletolawmakers(8_______toinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublicinterestsinnationalissues.(9_______testimonyfromunwillingwitnesses,andtocitefofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestifyandforperjuryofthesewhogivefalsetestimony.(10_______2003年DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwarperiodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablishfamilies.Theyquicklybroughtdowntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomenandbroughtthebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheightaftermorethanahundred(1_______yearsofasteadydecline,producingthe“babyboom.”Theseyoung(2_______adultsestablishedatrendofearlymarriageandrelativelylargefamiliesthatwentformorethantwodecadesandcausedamajor(3_______buttemporaryreversaloflong-termdemographicpatterns.Fromthe1940sthroughtheearly1960s,Americansmarriedatahighrate(4_______andatayoungeragethantheirEuropecounterparts.(5_______Lessnotedbutequallymoresignificant,themenandwomenwho(6_______formedfamiliesbetween1940and1960neverthelessreducedthe(7_______divorcerateafterapostwarpeak;theirmarriagesremainedintacttoagreaterextentthandidthatofcoupleswhomarriedinearlieraswell(8_______aslaterdecades.SincetheUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubious(9_______distinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld,thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurinthesameextentin(10_______Europe.Contrarytofearsoftheexperts,theroleofbreadwinnerandhomemakerwasnotabandoned.2002年Therearegreatimpedimentstothegeneraluseofastandardinpronunciationcomparabletothatexistinginspelling(orthography.Oneisthefactthatpronunciationislearnt…naturally‟andunconsciously,andorthographyislearnt1._____deliberatelyandconsciously.Largenumbersofus,infact,remainthroughoutourlivesquiteunconsciouswithwhatourspeechsounds2______likewhenwespeakout,anditoftencomesasashockwhen3______wefirstlyheararecordingofourselves.Itisnotavoicewerecognizeatonce,4_______whereasourownhandwritingissomethingwhichwealmostalwaysknow.5_____Webeginthe…natural‟learningofpronunciationlongbeforewestartlearningtoreadorwrite,andinourearlyyearswewentonunconsciously6.___imitatingandpracticingthepronunciationofthosearoundusformanymorehourspereverydaythanweeverhavetospend7.___learningevenourdifficultEnglishspelling.Thisis„natural‟,8.___therefore,thatourspeech-soundsshouldbethoseofourimmediatecircle;afterall,aswehaveseen,speechoperatesasameansofholdingacommunity9.___andgivingasenseof'belonging'.Welearnquiteearlytorecognizea„stranger‟,someonewhospeakswithanaccentofadifferentcommunity-perhapsonlyafewmilesfar.10._2001年theyieldsandthepriceofwheatinalmostasmuchfeelingasiftheyweregrowers.Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasing1.__2._thewesterncrop.ForyearsWheatpricesweregenerallylowintheautumn,sofarmerscouldtheysoldtheirwheatsoonshortlyafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,justtoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.Onvariousoccasions,producergroups,askedfirmercontrol,butthegovernmenthadnowishtobecomeinvolving,at3.4._5._6._7._Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglifecosts,thefederalgovernmentappointedabo8.__board.Tohandlewiththecropof1919,thegovernmentappointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard,withtotalauthoritytobuy,sell,andset