语法体系第二讲 名词和数词 学案 高考英语一轮复习

“高考英语经典课程”专题二:名词及主谓一致一、兴趣导入joke-tellingTeacher:“Whyareyouoftenlateforschool?”Student:“Becausethesignsaid:SchoolZone,GoSlow!”知识点回顾(句子成分及句子结构）【单句改错】1..Thereisnodoubtthatdoexerciseisbeneficialtoourhealth.2..Ifoundthetestdifficult,butItriedhardtodoit;suddenlyMary,mybestfriend,askingmetolethercopymyanswers.3.Theteachersherearekindandhelpfully;theyarenotonlyourteachersbutalsoourfriends.4.Thankyousomuchfornotonlygivingmelife,butalsoteachmehowtobeagoodperson.5.Hopeyougoodhealthandmuchhappinesseveryday!6.Wetookoursfishingpolesandheadedforthelake.7.Idon'tbelievewhatyousaid,butbecauseyoucanproveit,youmaybeabletoconvinceme.8.Wefourweregreatlytouchedtoheartheoldman'sstory.9.TherewasUncleChen,gentlemanlivingnearmyhouse,whowasaveryfamouswriter.10.Goodnightandremember,you,deardiary,ismyonlysouvenirfrommypastlifeandmyonlyfriend.11.TherewillhaveafootballmatchinourschoolnextFriday.三．知识点讲解1、【谨记规则】可数名词有单复数形式，而不可数名词通常没有复数形式。表示一个人或事物用单数，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。可数名词复数变化规则1）规则变化1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：bookbagcatbed

2．以s.x.sh.ch结尾，加-es，如：bus,box---,brush,watch

3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i,再加-es，如：familystrawberrystory补充：daytoyboy

4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v,再加-es，如：记忆口诀：妻子()拿到去砍狼()，小偷()见了直发慌，躲在架()后保己()命()，半()片树叶()遮目光5.以“o”结尾的，加s或es,如：加es:黑人()英雄()喜欢吃西红柿()，土豆()

加s:动物园（）照片（）中的袋鼠（）可以用竹子（）听收音机（）和弹钢琴（）总结：2）不规则变化变元音：

manwomanpolicemanpolicewomanfoot--toothgoose--childphenomenonmediumbacterium datum 单复同形：

记忆口诀：农场里养的鹿（）和绵羊（），水里还有游的鱼（）；中（ ）日（ ）两国人来耍，回去告诉了瑞士人（ ）；形单实复：people policestaff cattle不可数名词不可数名词一般没有复数形式，不能与a/an或表示具体数量的词直接连用。这些名词前往往加some(一些)，any(任何，一些),

no(没有),

a

little(少许)等词。1）常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝change零钱(注：作“变化”讲时可数)不可数名词量的表达：“数词+名词+

of

+不可数名词”。需要注意的是，如果数词大于1时，量词要变为复数形式，不可数名词不能加s.

如：可数名词与不可数名词用法对比可数名词不可数名词1.

有单数和复数形式。1.

只有单数形式。2.

可以直接用

a/an或数词来修饰。2.

不能用a/an或数词修饰。3.可以用some,

any,

few,

a

few,

many,

a

lot

of来修饰可数名词复数。3.

可以用some,

any,

little,

a

little,much,alotof来修饰不可数名词。4.

提问数量用how

many.

4.

提问数量用how

much.

5.

单个可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；多个单数名词或复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。5.

不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；但不可数名词前有复数名词短语修饰时，谓语动词用复数。小试牛刀：

写出下列各词的复数

dish_________thief_________baby___________mango_______watch_______child_______photo________diary_______day________foot________book_______dress________tooth_______sheep______box_______strawberry_______thief_______peach______sandwich_______man______woman_______paper_______juice________water________milk________rice__________tea_______child_______boy_______story________

2）抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词，前面可加不定冠词，用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作，常意为“一次……的事情；一个……的人；一种……的东西”。如：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Yourcontributionwillcertainlymaketheeventahugesuccess.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。小试牛刀：（2016.全国卷）Butfortouristslikeme，pandasareitstop____(attract)．3）物质名词的复数现象paper(纸)—papers(证件，论文) custom(风俗习惯)—customs(海关)sand(沙子)—sands(沙滩，沙漠) water(水)—waters(水域，水体)time(时间)—times(时代) wood(木头，木材)—woods(树林)名词的所有格1）有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加­'s。hisfather'sboss他爸爸的老板2）无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。thewindowoftheroom这个房间的窗户3）双重所有格：of+名词“‘s”结构afriendofhermother's她妈妈的一个朋友 twophotosofhers她的两张照片例：(2019·郑州质量预测)NowI'mfeelingregretfulanddisturbed.I'mnotsurewhetheracomputer'srepairshopcangetthedocumentsback.三．考点精讲：考点1：语法填空解题“三定向”

一.根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式（1）不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式;

(2)有these,those,several,all,many,both,apairof,avarietyof,different,afew等修饰可数名词时名词用复数形；（3）名词前有oneof，among时用名词复数形式。

【思路点拨】1.

The

team

who

won

the

three

world(championship)wouldalwaysgetthiscup.2.

Interested

in

their

work,

she

pickedup

a

pair

of(scissor).3.Duringthefestival,whichlaststhreesorfourdays,peoplearedressedintheirbestclothesandparticipatedavarietyofrichandcolorful(activity).4.Althoughtheyareseenascompanionsandpartofthefamilytoday,ChinaandWesterncountrieshavedifferentcultural(belief)aboutdogs.5.Aboveall,commercialinterestsoftenoutweigheducational(complaint)abouttheunbearableadvertisements.二.根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式

名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要虑用名词的复数形式。

【思路点拨】1.Whilehereareamazingstoriesofinstanttransformation,formostofus,the(change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.2.Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.三.根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式

表示两个（或两个以上）的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需复数形式【思路点拨】1.Timandhisteamsetouttoseektheeffectsofphoneuseon(passer-by).2.ItthinksthatChinglishmayhurtpeople'sabilitytospeakstandardEnglishandmakeithardforthemtocommunicatewith(foreigner).3.Unabletoexpresshimselfeasilyinconversation,heusesaspecialtypewritertowriteletterstohisfriends,andbeautiful(poem).考点2：三招巧解短文改错解题一.分清名词单复数看到several，afew，many，oneof,anumberof，largenumberof，agreatmany等和具体数字（two，three）等时，要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。【思路点拨】l.Thetwothingthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.Itisnoteasyforourparenttobringusup.Ifailedtorespondtotheirquestion.Theteachersoftenencourageustomakemorefriendintheschool.Duetosomerichtouristattraction,everyyearmanyvisitorscometomyhometown,wheretheycannotonlyappreciatethebeautifulscenery,butalsoenjoythedeliciousfood.二．明了不可数名词看到information，evidence，advice，baggage，news，homework，work，fun，progress，knowledge,furniture,luggage,strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式【思路点拨】1.Hehasmuchknowledgesandhisteachingmethodisscientific.2.Lookingatthespotwherehethoughtthe"fly"wasagain,hewassoangrythatheslappeditwithallhisstrengths.3.Alotofinformationscanbestoredinit.4.She'sgettingmarriednextmonthanddecidestobuysomedecorationsandfurnitures.三．注意词性错误看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词（短语），要想到后跟名词形式。【思路点拨】1.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldgivemeareplyatyourearliestconvenient.2.Firstly,itisofvitalimportanttohaveapositiveattitude.3.Irestartedtopickupmyconfidentagain. 当堂过手训练一、用所给名词的适当形式填空：1.Howmany________(sheep)arethereonthehill?

2.Thereissome________(food)inthebasket.

3.Thebabyhasonlytwo________(tooth)now.

4.Thereisalotof________(water)inthebottle.

5.Therearefive________(people)inhisfamily.

6.Let'stake________(photo),OK?

7.Ihavelotsof________(tomato)here.

8.The________(leaf)onthetreeturn-yellow.

9.The________(child)areplayinggamesontheplaygroundnow.10.Their________(dictionary)looknew.

11.Iseeyouhaveafewwhite________(hair).

12.Theyare________(woman)doctors.

13.Canyougivemesomebottlesof____(orange),please?

14.Therearemany________(fox)inthepicture.

15.Iwouldlikesomeapple________(juice).Iamverythirsty.二、语法填空（1）Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed...（2）Then，handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof________(achieve)．（3）Recent________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly．（4）SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C．，influencedthe________(develop)ofchopsticks.（5）Anysmellmightattractnatural________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.（6）Itisimportanttopayyourelectricitybillontime，aslate________(pay)mayaffectyourcredit.（7）Wecanachievealotwhenwelearntoletour_______(different)unite，ratherthandivideus.（8）The12thChinaArtsFestivalwillbringaseriesofart(activity)totheChineseeconomicandartcenter,Shanghai.（9）GroletwontheWorld'sBestPastryChefbothin2017and2018，andhasover1million(follower)onInstagram（10）Aboutanhourlater,thefoodwasready,andwesatatthetableenjoyingthedeliciousfoodincludingfishand(vegetable). 反思总结： 拓展练习阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式(每空至多3词)。SeeingtheGreatWallTheGreatWall1．(snake)morethan6,000kilometers.Firstbuilttokeepoutinvaders,itisnowapopulartourist2．(attract)．Badalingisthemostfamousofthefivesections3．lienearBeijingandcanbeaccessed4．(easy).AbouttwohoursawaybybusliesJinshanling.Thiswell-preservedsectionofthewallhasnotbeenrepairedsince1570!Ifyou’relookingfora5．(peace)walkandamazingviews，thisisthespot6．(visit).AboutsixkilometersfromJiayuguancityinGansuprovince,youcanvisitJiayuguan.ItwasthestartingplaceforthesectionoftheGreatWall7．(build)duringtheMingDynasty.Thispassisthebestpreserved8．theGreatWallmilitaryforts(军事要塞).TheeasternendoftheGreatWallisShanhaiguaninHebeiprovince.TheeasttoweroftheShanhaiPassiscalledtheFirstPassUnderHeaven.StandnearthetowertoseetheroaringseaononesideandtheGreatWallonthe9．.WhereveryouchoosetovisittheGreatWall,youwillbe10．(amaze).ItislikenootherstructureonEarth.短文改错Tomwashavingmuchtroublesgettingupinthemorningandwasalwayslatewithwork..Hisbosswantedtofirehimifhedidn’tstartcomingontime,buthewenttothedoctorforahelp.Thedoctorgavehimsomemedicineandtoldhimtotakethembeforehewenttobed.Themandidastoldandsleepreallywell,wakeupbeforethealarmhadevengoneoff.Hehadtimeforaproperlybreakfastandwasstillthefirstreachthefactory.”Boss,”hesaid,”thatmedicinereallyworks!”I’mpleasingtohearit,”saidhisboss,”butwherewereyouyesterday?”专题二:数词[思维导图]一、数词的分类1.基数词：表示数目多少的数词100以内单词的拼写：1）1至12各不相同：2）13至19加-teen3)整十位数加-ty4)hundred是“百”，thousand是“千”，million是“百万”，billion是“十亿”。5）三位数的基数词（101999），要在百位数和十位数之间加and.。117：2.序数词：表示先后顺序的词。口诀：一、二、三特殊记，八去t,九去e，ve要用f替。整十变y为ie，若要变成“第几十几”，只需各位变序就可以。第一到第十第十一到第十九第二十以上序数词前一般要加theMikewon(the)firstprizeinthespeechcontest.序数词前一般要加theMikewon(the)firstprizeinthespeechcontest.Hefaredbetterinthesecondtest.比较：Therichmanhasboughttwocars.Buthewantstobuyathirdonethisweek.Hefaredbetterinthesecondtest.比较：Therichmanhasboughttwocars.Buthewantstobuyathirdonethisweek.表示编号表示编号theTwelfthLesson=LessonTwelve第12课表达表达“一两天/周/月/年”aweekortwo=oneortwoweeks一两周表达表达“一个半”one/anhourandahalf=oneandahalfhours一个半小时分数表达法分数表达法1/5读作onefifth；3/5读作threefifths;1/4可读作aquarter“数词+-+名词”作定语“数词+-+名词”作定语aneight-yearboy一个八岁的男孩；afive-minutewalk步行5分钟的路程比较：afiveminutes’walk步行5分钟的路程与最高级连用表示“第几长/宽/高/……”GuangzhouisthethirdlargestcityinChina.广州是中国的第三大城市。thelast表示“最不可能的”Heisthelastpersontotellalie.他是最不可能撒谎的人。表达“某人第几次做某事”与最高级连用表示“第几长/宽/高/……”GuangzhouisthethirdlargestcityinChina.广州是中国的第三大城市。thelast表示“最不可能的”Heisthelastpersontotellalie.他是最不可能撒谎的人。表达“某人第几次做某事”Itwasthefirsttimehehadbeenoutwithheralone.这是他第一次单独和她出去。表达“几十多岁”inherthirties在她三十多岁时年代表示法inthe1990’s或inthe1990s在20世纪90年代数词的用法三、几个特殊的结构1、Firstly,shedidnotintendtomarryatall;secondly,shemeanttogoonwithherstudies.首先，她根本不打算结婚；其次，她打算继续学习。2、Acomputerconsistsofthousandsofcomponents.电脑由成千上万个部件组成。3、Hundredsofpeoplewereinjuredwhenthetrainwentofftherails.火车出轨时，数百人受伤。4、Thelibrarysubscribestoscoresofperiodicals.图书馆订购了几十种期刊。5、Heplannedtobuydozensofreferencebooks.他计划买几十本参考书。当堂过手训练单句填空1.(2018福建福州)However,intheurbandistrictofBeijinghousesalonghutongsstilloccupyone_______(three)ofthetotalarea,providinghousingforhalfofthepopulation.2.(2018山西孝义)Whattheylearnthelpedthemmake_____firstairplaneflightin1903.3.Heisthe_______(five)persontoaskmethesamequestion.4.Ihavereadthetenthchapterbutnotthe_________(twelve).5.Itwasthe________(three)timeoneofhiscarshadgoneupinflames.6.Osakaisthe________(two)largestcityinJapan.7.YuriGagarinbecamethefirstman______(fly)inspace.单句改错1.Hediedwithinafewdaysofhisninetybirthday.2.Thestationisaten-minuteswalkfrommyhouse.3.Threefifthofthestudentsarewomen.4.Atthefirst,heseemedsurprisedbymyquestions.5.Ijustwanttogivethesekidsthesecondchance.6.Billyisfourteenyearsoldandinninthgrade.四、巩固练习（家庭作业）短文改错Ofalltheteachersinmyprimaryschool，theonewhoimpressedmemostwasMrs.Huang.Shewasmyfivegradeteacher.ShewasabletomakinglearningfunandIlikedherclassesverymuch.Besides，shemademeleaderofmanygroupproject，whichgavemeconfidence.ThatwaswithherhelpthatIsoonbecametopstudentinourclass.Lookedbackonit，I'mveryproudforhavingsuchanexcellentteacher.ThereasonwhyIdidsogoodwasthatshemademetofeelconfident.IamreallygratefultoherandIhopedonedayIwillbecomeateacherlikeher.拓展练习I-HOUSE2017—2018DININGSERVICESNOTICEMealsHoursDaysBreakfast7:15am—9:30amMonday—FridayLunch11:30am—1:30pmMonday—FridayDinner6:00pm—8:00pm[Monday—SundayBrunch9:30am—1:00pmSaturdays&SundaysInternationalHouse(I-House)servesmealsthatinternationalstudentscanchoosefrom.Onholidaysonlyonemealisserved.Mealsdonotcarryoverfromtermtoterm.YouhavetheoptionofpurchasingextramealsthroughDiningServices.IncludedintheI-HouseRoom&Boardpackageisaresidentmealplan.Themealsperperiodwillbeasindicated:MealCards—DiningServicesoperateonacomputerizedsystem.YourstudentIDorI-HouseAccessCardwillserveasyourmealcardandgetcodedinthecomputersystem.NOMEALSSHALLBEPROVIDEDWITHOUTPRESENTATIONOFAVALIDMEALCARDORCASH.Ifyourcardisdamaged,youareresponsibleforreplacingyourcardandthencontactDiningServicestohaveitcodedagainbeforeenteringthediningarea.RemovalofFoodorSupplies—RemovingfoodorsuppliesfromtheDiningFacility,withoutpermission,mayresultinadditionalchargestoyourRoom&Boardtopaythecostsoranyrelatedexpenses.SpecialDiets—DiningServicesprovideavarietyofmealoptions,includingreligiousselections.Althoughnotguaranteed,specialdietscanusuallybeaccommodatedwithinourability.Youmayarrangeameetingwithourdiningstafftodiscussanyspecialdietconcernsorfoodallergiesbye-mailing.PhysicalDisabilities—TheInternationalHouseDiningFacilityisaccessibletoalldisabledresidents.However,theresidentsmustbeaccompaniedbytheirpersonalnursesformealassistance.Theywillreceiveamealfreeofchargeatthetimeassistanceisgiven.1.Howmanymealsareusuallyservedeveryweek?A.17. B.18. C.19. D.20.2.Whatcanyoudoifyourmealcarddoesn’tworkproperly?A.Payincash. B.Getfoodfree. C.Haveitrepaired. D.Getitcoded.3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Theservicestheremeetdifferentneeds.B.Thefoodinservicesisdeliciousandsafe.C.Removingfoodwillresultingreatcharges.D.Thediningstaffareprofessionalandpolite.巩固练习11--100数词你会几个？？？默写0-10可数名词复数：用基数词表示量twobooks不可数名词：不可以用数字一个一个数出来的名词。无单复数之分，但可用下面的公式表示其量的复数。数词+计量单位名词（可数）+of+不可数名词ApieceofpaperTwopiecesofpaperThere___________twobooksandapenonthedesk.There___________apenandtwobooksonthedesk.There___________aboxofmilkinthefridge.There___________twoboxesofmilkinthefridge.[牛刀小试]1、把单数变成复数coat_______skirt_______dress_______house_______watch_______car_______brush_______box_______toy_______umbrella_______ticket_______teacher_______son_______student_______job_______life__________shelf_________piano_________sheep_________foot_________child_________Chinese________baby_________photo________tomato___________she_________this_______is_________banana________apple________potato___________2、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Weare________(student).2.Ihavefive________(watch).3.Herfatherisa________(doctor).4.What’syour______(job)?5.Whataretheir________(job)?6.These_________(shelf)arenotverygood.7.Two________(wolf)areintheforest.8.The____________(housewife)areverylazy.9.Ihavetwo________(knife).Doyouneedone?10.Thereisa_______(hero).Therearetwo_______(hero).11.This_______(potato)isverynice.12.Therearetwored_________(tomato)onthetable.13.Wehavefour________(piano)inourschool.(一)单选题：1.The_______ofmosttreeswillfallinautumn.AleafB.leafs