Unit-3-Lying全新版大学英语综合教程五课文翻译

Unit-3-Lying全新版大学英语综合教程五课文翻译Unit-3-Lying全新版大学英语综合教程五课文翻译Unit-3-Lying全新版大学英语综合教程五课文翻译资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月Unit-3-Lying全新版大学英语综合教程五课文翻译版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Unit3LyingTextATheTruthAboutLying1.I'vebeenwantingtowriteonasubjectthatintriguesandchallengesme:thesubjectoflying.I'vefounditverydifficulttodo.EveryoneI'vetalkedtohasaquiteintenseandpersonalbutoftenratherintolerantpointofviewaboutwhatwecan—andcannevernever—tellliesabout.I'vefinallyreachedtheconclusionthatIcan'tpresentanyultimateconclusions,fortoomanypeoplewouldpromptlydisagree.Instead,I'dliketopresentaseriesofmoralpuzzles,allconcernedwithlying.I'lltellyouwhatIthinkaboutthem.Doyouagree?SocialLies2.MostofthepeopleI'vetalkedwithsaythattheyfindsociallyingacceptableandnecessary.Theythinkit'sthecivilizedwayforfolkstobehave.Withouttheselittlewhitelies,theysay,ourrelationshipswouldbeshortandbrutishandnasty.It'sarrogant,theysay,toinsistonbeingsoincorruptibleandsobravethatyoucauseotherpeopleunnecessaryembarrassmentorpainbycompulsivelyassailingthemwithyourhonesty.Ibasicallyagree.Whataboutyou?3.Willyousaytopeople,whenitsimplyisn'ttrue,"Ilikeyournewhairdo,""You'relookingmuchbetter,""it'ssonicetoseeyou,""Ihadawonderfultime"4.Willyoupraisehideouspresentsandhomelykids?5.Willyoudeclineinvitationswith"We'rebusythatnight—sosorrywecan'tcome,"whenthetruthisyou'dratherstayhomethandinewiththeSo-and-sos?6.Andeventhough,asIdo,youmaypreferthepoliteevasionof"Youreallycookedupastorm"insteadof"Thesoup"—whichtasteslikewarmed-overcoffee—"iswonderful,"willyou,ifyoumust,proclaimitwonderful?7.There'sonemanIknowwhoabsolutelyrefusestotellsociallies."Ican'tplaythatgame,"hesays;"I'msimplynotmadethatway."Andhisanswertotheargumentthatsayingnicethingstosomeonedoesn'tcostanythingis,"Yes,itdoes—itdestroysyourcredibility."Now,hewon't,unsolicited,offerhisviewsonthepaintingyoujustbought,butyoudon'taskhisfrankopinionunlessyouwantfrank,andhissilenceatthosemomentswhentherestofusliarsaremuttering,"Isn'titlovely"is,forthemostpart,eloquentenough.Myfrienddoesnotindulgeinwhathecalls"flattery,falsepraiseandmellifluouscomments."Whenotherstellfibshewillnotgoalong.Hesaysthatsociallyingislying,thatlittlewhiteliesarestilllies.Andhefeelsthattellingliesismorallywrong.Whataboutyou

Peace-KeepingLies8.Manypeopletellpeace-keepinglies:liesdesignedtoavoidirritationorargument,liesdesignedtosheltertheliarfrompossibleblameorpain;lies(orsoitisrationalized)designedtokeeptroubleatbaywithouthurtinganyone.9.Itelltheseliesattimes,andyetIalwaysfeelthey'rewrong.Iunderstandwhywetellthem,butstilltheyfeelwrong.AndwheneverIliesothatsomeonewon'tdisapproveofmeorthinklessofmeorholleratme,IfeelI'mabitofacoward,IfeelI'mdodgingresponsibility,Ifeel...guilty.Whataboutyou?10.Doyou,whenyou'relateforadatebecauseyouoverslept,saythatyou'relatebecauseyougotcaughtinatrafficjam?11.Doyou,whenyouforgettocallafriend,saythatyoucalledseveraltimesbutthelinewasbusy?12.Doyou,whenyoudidn'trememberthatitwasyourfather'sbirthday,saythathispresentmustbedelayedinthemail?13.Andwhenyou'replanningaweekendinNewYorkCityandyou'renotinthemoodtovisityourmother,wholivesthere,doyouconceal—withalie,ifyoumust—thefactthatyou'llbeinNewYorkOrdoyouhavethecourage—orisitthecruelty—tosay,"I'llbeinNewYork,butsorry—Idon'tplanonseeingyou"14.(DaveandhiswifeElainehavetwoquitedifferentpointsofviewonthisverysubject.Hecallsheracoward.Shesaysshe'sbeingwise.HesaysshemustassertherrighttovisitNewYorksometimesandnotseehermother.Towhichshealwayspatientlyreplies:"WhyshouldwehaveuselessfightsMymother'stoooldtochange.WegetalongmuchbetterwhenIlietoher.")15.Finally,doyoukeepthepeacebytellingyourhusbandliesonthesubjectofmoneyDoyoureducewhatyoureallypaidforyourshoesAndingeneraldoyoufindyourselfready,willingandabletolietohimwhenyoumakeabsurdmistakesorloseorbreakthings16."Iusedtohavearomanticideathatpartofintimacywasconfessingeverydumbthingthatyoudidtoyourhusband.Butafteracoupleofyearsofthat,"saysLaura,"haveIchangedmymind!"17.Andhavingchangedhermind,shefindsherselftellingpeacekeepinglies.Andyes,Itellthemtoo.Whataboutyou?ProtectiveLies18.Protectiveliesareliesfolkstell—oftenquiteseriouslies—becausethey'reconvincedthatthetruthwouldbetoodamaging.Theyliebecausetheyfeeltherearecertainhumanvaluesthatsupersedethewrongofhavinglied.Theylie,notforpersonalgain,butbecausetheybelieveit'sforthegoodofthepersonthey'relyingto.Theylietothosetheylove,tothosewhotrustthemmostofall,onthegroundsthatbreakingthistrustisjustified.19.Theymaylietotheirchildrenonmoneyormaritalmatters.20.Theymaylietothedyingaboutthestateoftheirhealth.21.Theymaylietotheirclosestfriendbecausethetruthabouthertalentsorsonorpsychewouldbe—orsotheyinsist—utterlydevastating.22.Isometimestellsuchlies,butI'mawarethatit'squitepresumptuoustoclaimIknowwhat'sbestforotherstoknow.That'scalledplayingGod.That'scalledmanipulationandcontrol.Andwenevercanbesure,oncewestarttojugglelies,justwherethey'llland,exactlywherethey'llroll.23.Andfurthermore,wemayfindourselveslyinginordertobackuptheliesthatarebackingupthelieweinitiallytold.24.Andfurthermore—let'sbehonest—ifconditionswerereversed,wecertainlywouldn'twantanyonelyingtous.25.Yet,havingsaidallthat,Istillbelievethattherearetimeswhenprotectiveliesmustnonethelessbetold.Whataboutyou?Trust-KeepingLies26.Anothergroupofliesaretrust-keepinglies,liesthatinvolvetriangulation,withA(that'syou)tellingliestoBonbehalfofC(whosetrustyou'dpromisedtokeep).Mostpeopleconcedethatonceyou'veagreednottobetrayafriend'sconfidence,youcan'tbetrayit,evenifyoumustlie.ButI'vetalkedwithpeoplewhodon'twantyoutellingthemanythingthattheymightbecalledontolieabout.27."Idon'ttellliesformyself,"saysFran,"andIdon'twanttohavetotellthemforotherpeople."Whichmeans,sheagrees,thatifherbestfriendishavinganaffair,sheabsolutelydoesn'twanttoknowaboutit.28."Areyousaying,"herbestfriendasks,"thatyou'dbetrayme"29.Franisverypainedbutveryadamant."Iwouldn'twanttobetrayyou,so…don'ttellmeanythingaboutit."30.Fran'sbestfriendisshocked.Whataboutyou?31.Doyoubelieveyoucanhaveclosefriendsifyou'renotpreparedtoreceivetheirdeepestsecrets?32.Doyoubelieveyoumustalwayslieforyourfriends?33.Doyoubelieve,ifyourfriendtellsasecretthatturnsouttobequiteimmoralorillegal,thatonceyou'vepromisedtokeepit,youmustkeepit?34.Andwhatifyourfriendwereyourboss—ifyouwereperhapsoneofthePresident'smen—wouldyoubetrayorlieforhimover,say,Watergate?35.Asyoucansee,theseissuesgetterriblysticky.36.It'smybeliefthatoncewe'vepromisedtokeepatrust,wemusttellliestokeepit.Ialsobelievethatwecan'ttellWatergatelies.Andifthesetwostatementsstrikeyouasquitecontradictory,you'reright—they'requitecontradictory.Butfornowthey'rethebestIcando.Whataboutyou?37.Therearethosewhohavenotalentforlying.38."Overtheyears,Itriedtolie,"afriendofmineexplained,"butIalwaysgotfoundoutandIalwaysgotpunished.IguessIgavemyselfawaybecauseIfeelguiltyaboutanykindoflying.ItlooksasifI'mstuckwithtellingthetruth."39.Forthoseofus,however,whoaregoodattellinglies,forthoseofuswholieanddon'tgetcaught,thequestionofwhetherornottoliecanbeahardandseriousmoralproblem.Ilikedtheremarkofafriendofminewhosaid,"I'mwillingtolie.Butjustasalastresort—thetruth'salwaysbetter."40."Because,"heexplained,"thoughothersmaycompletelyacceptthelieI'mtelling,Idon't."41.Itendtofeelthatwaytoo.42.Whataboutyou?关于说谎的真相朱迪斯·维奥斯特我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题：关于说谎的问题。我觉得这个题目很难写。所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎——什么事情绝对不可以说谎——持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。最后我得出结论，我不能下任何定论，因为这样做就会有太多的人立即反对。我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧。我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法。你们觉得对吗？

社交性谎言和我交谈过的大多数人都说，他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的，也是必要的。他们认为这是一种文明的行为。他们说，要不是这类无关紧要的谎言，人与人之间的关系就会变得粗野不快，无法持久。他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢自大。对此，我基本赞同。你呢？

你会不会跟人说：“我喜欢你的新发型，”“你气色好多了，”“见到你真高兴，”“我玩得很尽兴，”而实际上根本不是这么回事儿？

你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物，或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加？

你婉辞邀请时会不会说“那天晚上我们正好没空——真对不起，我们不能来，”而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐？

虽然像我那样，你也想用“太丰盛了”这种委婉的托辞，而不是盛赞“那汤味道好极了”(其实味同重新热过的咖啡)，但如果你必须赞美那汤，你会说它鲜美吗

我认识一个人，他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言。“我不会那一套，”他说，“我生来就不会那一套。”讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不对，当然有损失——那会损害你的诚信度。”因此你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但除非你想听老实话，否则你也不会去问他的真实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊”的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的“奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话”。别人说些无伤大雅的谎言，他则不。他说社交性谎言还是谎言，无关紧要的小小谎言还是谎言。他认为说谎不合道德。你呢？

息事宁人的谎言不少人为了息事宁人而说谎：那种意在避免生气或争吵的谎言，意在使说谎者免受可能的责备或烦恼的谎言；意在(或据认为理应)不伤害他人而又能帮助避免麻烦的谎言。我有时也说这种谎，不过我总觉得不该说。我知道为什么要说这种谎，但说这种谎终究不对。每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己是在逃避责任，觉得……愧疚。你呢？

你由于睡过头赴约会迟到了，会不会说是因为碰上堵车才晚到的？

你忘了给朋友打电话，会不会谎称打过好几次，可电话老占线？

你忘了父亲的生日，会不会说寄给他的礼物准是给耽搁了？

你打算去纽约市度周末，但又不想去看望住在那里的母亲，你会——必要的话用谎言——隐瞒你将到纽约的事实，还是会勇敢地——或者说狠心地——说：“我要来纽约，可是抱歉，我不打算来看望你”

(戴夫和妻子伊莱恩正是在这个问题上有两种颇不相同的观点。他称她为懦夫。她说自己处理这事是明智的。他说她应该维护自己有的时候去纽约但不去看望母亲的权利。对此她总是耐心地回答说：“我们何必无谓地争吵呢？我母亲年纪大了，不会改了。我对她说个谎，我们相处得就更好。”)最后一点，你会不会在钱的问题上对丈夫说谎，以求太平你会不会少报买鞋子的钱你出了什么荒唐的错误或丢失了物品打碎了器皿时是不是常常想对他撒谎，而且会对他撒谎“过去我往往不切实际地以为亲密关系的一个组成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如实告诉丈夫。可这么过了几年之后，”劳拉说，“我就改了主意!”改主意后，她在不知不觉中说谎话求太平了。没错，我也说这种谎。你呢？

保护性谎言保护性谎言就是因为人们认为事实真相危害性太大而说的谎言，这类谎言通常事关重大。他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身。他们说谎不是为个人私利，而是因为他们相信，那是为他们对之说谎的人好。他们对自己所爱的人撒谎，对最信任自己的人撒谎，就是因为他们认为这样做是有正当理由的。他们会在金钱或婚姻问题上对子女说谎。他们会对垂死者隐瞒真实病情。他们会对密友说谎，因为关于其才能、其爱子或其精神状态的实话会——不妨说他们坚持这么认为——使其身心受到极大伤害。有时我也说这种谎，可我明白，声称自己懂得什么事他人应该知道，这未免太自以为是了。这无异于充当上帝。这无异于操纵和控制他人。而我们一旦开始玩起谎言戏法，就再也无法知道谎言何时会收场，究竟会滑向何方。而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。而且——我们不妨直说——如果情形倒过来，我们当然不愿意别人对自己说谎。不过，话虽如此，我还是觉得有时保护性谎言还非说不可。你呢？

信守承诺的谎言另一类谎言是信守承诺的谎言，涉及三方的谎言，即A（你）为了C（你答应为其信守承诺者）而对B说谎。大多数人承认，一旦你答应不背叛朋友的信任，你就不能背叛，哪怕你必须说谎。但我与之交谈过的人中也有人不想听那些他们也许得为之说谎的事。“我不为自己说谎，”弗兰说，“我也不愿为别人说谎。”她承认，这就意味着如果她最好的朋友有风流韵事的话，她绝对不想知道。“你是说，”她最好的朋友问，“你会出卖我？”弗兰心里很为难，但态度十分坚决。“我不想出卖你，所以……别跟我说这事。”弗兰最好的朋友深感震惊。你呢？

你是不是认为，如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隐密，你仍会有好朋友？

你是不是认为你必须一直为朋友说谎？

你是不是认为，如果朋友透露的一个秘密是违反道德或法律的，而一旦你答应保密，你就得真的保密？

如果你的朋友正好是你的上司——如果你恰好就是总统班底的人——比如说在水门事件这个问题上，你是背叛他还是为他说谎？

可以想见这些问题非常棘手。我以为，一旦我们答应信守承诺，我们就是说谎也得信守承诺。同时我也认为，在水门事件这类事情上我们不能说谎。如果你觉得这两点自相矛盾，那你就对了——这两者的确自相矛盾。但目前我只能如此。你呢？

有些人不擅说谎。“许多年来，我一直试图说谎，”一位朋友解释说，“可我总是露馅，总是为此受罚。我想人家看出我说谎是因为我一说谎就觉得内疚。看来我只能说真话了。”可是，对我们这种擅于说谎的人来说，对我们这种说谎又不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题。我颇为赞同一位朋友的话，他说，“我愿意说谎。但只把这作为最后一手——真话总比谎话好。”“因为，”他解释说，“哪怕别人对我的谎话完全信以为真，我自己可无法相信。”本人也有同感。你呢？

TextBWhiteLiesSisselaBok1Whiteliesareattheotherendofthespectrumofdeceptionfromliesinaseriouscrisis.Theyarethemostcommonandthemosttrivialformsthatduplicitycantake.Thefactthattheyaresocommonprovidestheirprotectivecoloring.Andtheirverytriviality,whencomparedtomorethreateninglies,makesitseemunnecessaryorevenabsurdtocondemnthem.Someconsiderallwell-intentionedlies,howevermomentous,tobewhite;inthisbook,Ishalladheretothenarrowerusage:awhitelie,inthissense,isafalsehoodnotmeanttoinjureanyone,andoflittlemoralimport.Iwanttoaskwhethertherearesuchlies;andifthereare,whethertheircumulativeconsequencesarestillwithoutharm;and,finally,whethermanyliesarenotdefendedas“white”whichareinfactharmfulintheirownright.2Manysmallsubterfugesmaynotevenbeintendedtomislead.Theyareonly“whitelies”inthemostmarginalsense.Take,forexample,themanysocialexchanges:“Hownicetoseeyou!”or“Cordiallyyours.”Theseandathousandotherpoliteexpressionsaresomuchtakenforgrantedthatifsomeonedecided,inthenameoftotalhonesty,nottoemploythem,hemightwellgivetheimpressionofanindifferencehedidnotpossess.Thejustificationforcontinuingtousesuchacceptedformulationsisthattheydeceivenoone,exceptpossiblythoseunfamiliarwiththelanguage.3Asocialpracticemoreclearlydeceptiveisthatofgivingafalseexcusesoasnottohurtthefeelingsofsomeonemakinganinvitationorrequest:tosayone“can’t”dowhatinrealityonemaynotwanttodo.Onceagain,thefalseexcusemaypreventunwarrantedinferencesofgreaterhostilitytotheundertakingthanonemaywellfeel.Merelytosaythatonecan’tdosomething,moreover,isnotdeceptiveinthesensethatanelaboratelyconcoctedstorycanbe.4Stillotherwhiteliesaretoldinanefforttoflatter,tothrowacheerfulinterpretationondepressingcircumstances,ortoshowgratitudeforunwantedgifts.Intheeyesofmany,suchwhiteliesdonoharm,provideneededsupportandcheer,andhelpdispelgloomandboredom.Theypreservetheequilibriumandoftenthehumanenessofsocialrelationships,andareusuallyacceptedasexcusablesolongastheydonotbecomeexcessive.Manyargue,moreover,thatsuchdeceptionissohelpfulandattimessonecessarythatitmustbetoleratedasanexceptiontoageneralpolicyagainstlying.ThusBaconobserved:Dothanymandoubt,thatifthereweretakenoutofmen’smindsvainopinions,flatteringhopes,falsevaluations,imaginationsasonewould,andthelike,butitwouldleavethemindsofanumberofmenpoorshrunkenthings,fullofmelancholyandindisposition,andunpleasingtothemselves?5Anotherkindofliemayactuallybeadvocatedasbringingamoresubstantialbenefit,oravoidingarealharm,whileseemingquiteinnocuoustothosewhotellthelies.Sucharetheplacebosgivenforinnumerablecommonailments,andthepervasiveuseofinflatedgradesandrecommendationsforemploymentandpromotion.6Alargenumberoflieswithoutsuchredeemingfeaturesareneverthelessoftenregardedassotrivialthattheyshouldbegroupedwithwhitelies.Theyaretheliestoldonthespurofthemoment,forwantofreflection,ortogetoutofascrape,orevensimplytopassthetime.Sucharetheliestoldtoboastorexaggerate,oronthecontrarytodeprecateandunderstate;themanyliestoldorrepeatedingossip;Rousseau’slies.InReveriesoftheSolitaryStroller,JeanJacquesRousseausays:“NeverhaveIliedinmyowninterest;butoftenIhaveliedthroughshameinordertodrawmyselffromembarrassmentinindifferentmatters…when,havingtosustaindiscussion,theslownessofmyideasandthedrynessofmyconversationforcedmetohaverecoursetofictionsinordertosaysomething.”]1toldsimply“inordertosaysomething”;theembroideringonfactsthatseemtootediousintheirownright;andthesubstitutionofaquicklieforthelengthyexplanationsonemightotherwisehavetoprovideforsomethingnotworthspendingtimeon.7Utilitariansoftencitewhiteliesasthekindofdeceptionwheretheirtheoryshowsthebenefitsofcommonsenseandclearthinking.Awhitelie,theyhold,istrivial;itiseithercompletelyharmless,orsomarginallyharmfulthatthecostofdetectingandevaluatingtheharmismuchgreaterthantheminuteharmitself.Inaddition,thewhiteliecanoftenactuallybebeneficial,thusfurthertippingthescalesofutility.Inaworldwithsomanydifficultproblems,utilitariansmightask:Whytakethetimetoweightheminuteprosandconsintellingsomeonethathistieisattractivewhenitisanabomination,orofsayingtoaguestthatabrokenvasewasworthlessWhybothereventodefinesuchinsignificantdistortionsormakemountainsoutofmolehillsbyseekingtojustifythem

8Trivialitysurelydoessetlimitstowhenmoralinquiryisreasonable.Butwhenwelookmorecloselyatpracticessuchasplacebo-giving,itbecomesclearthatallliesdefendedas“white”cannotbesoeasilydismissed.Inthefirstplace,theharmlessnessofliesisnotoriouslydisputable.Whattheliarperceivesasharmlessorevenbeneficialmaynotbesointheeyesofthedeceived.Second,thefailuretolookatanentirepracticeratherthanattheirownisolatedcaseoftenblindsliarstocumulativeharmandexpandingdeceptiveactivities.Thosewhobeginwithwhiteliescancometoresorttomorefrequentandmoreseriousones.Wheresometellafewwhitelies,othersmaytellmore.Becauselinesaresohardtodraw,theindiscriminateuseofsuchliescanleadtootherdeceptivepractices.Theaggregateharmfromalargenumberofmarginallyharmfulinstancesmay,therefore,behighlyundesirableintheend—forliars,thosedeceived,andhonestyandtrustmoregenerally.9Inthepost-Watergateperiod,nooneneedregardaconcernwiththecombinedandlong-termeffectsofdeceptionasfar-fetched.Butevenapartfrompoliticallife,withitspeculiarandengrossingtemptations,liestendtospread.Disagreeablefactscometobesugar-coated,andsadnewssoftenedordeniedaltogether.Manylietochildrenandtothosewhoareillaboutmattersnolongerperipheralbutquitecentral,suchasbirth,adoption,divorce,anddeath.Deceptivepropagandaandmisleadingadvertisingabound.Alltheseliesareoftendismissedonthesamegroundsofharmlessnessandtrivialityusedforwhiteliesingeneral.10Itisworthtakingacloselookatpracticeswhereliesbelievedtrivialarecommon.Trivialityinanisolatedliecanthenbemoreclearlyseentodiffermarkedlyfromthecostsofanentirepractice—bothtoindividualsandtocommunities.

无伤大雅的小谎西塞拉·博克

无伤大雅的小谎处于欺骗这个范畴的另一端，与重大时刻撒谎大不一样。它们是最常见的、最轻微的欺骗行为。这类小谎经常听到，