本科毕业设计外文文献及翻译

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：AnalysisofFurtherReinforcementofEngineeringCostManagementbyConstructionEnterprises文献、资料来源：RegionalBusinessNews文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2013.12.06院（部）：管理工程学院专业：工程造价班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：张友全翻译日期：2015.外文文献：AnalysisofFurtherReinforcementofEngineeringCostManagementbyConstructionEnterprisesKeywords:Constructionenterprise,Engineering,CostmanagementAbstract：Inordertoalwaysremaininvincibleinmarketcompetitions,constructionenterprisesmustreinforceengineeringcostmanagement.Constructionenterprisesmustpersistinengineeringcostmanagementwhichmustrunthroughthewholeprocessofconstruction.Thus,morescientificandstandardmanagementmethodsmustbeadoptedtoimproveenterprisemanagementlevel.Thispapersetsforththesignificanceofengineeringcostmanagementofconstructionenterprises,discussesthemeasurestoperfectengineeringcostmanagementofconstructionenterprisesandanalyzesthewholeprocessofengineeringcostmanagementofconstructionenterprises.1.IntroductionConstructionenterprisescanwinthebiddingthroughfiercecompetitionsinrecentyears.Theprofitabilityofenterprisesafterthesuccessinthebidiscloselyrelatedtotheabilityofengineeringcostmanagement.Thus,engineeringcostmanagementofconstructionenterprisescannotjuststayinpre-settlement.Themaindevelopmentdirectionofoperatingmanagementisascribedtopost-accounting,whichwillreducecontrolforceofotherlinksandleadtothelackofsystematizedpositioningofengineeringcostmanagement.Theobjectiveofengineeringcostmanagementistoapplyscientificmethodstorationallyconfirmengineeringcostandgainthemaximumeconomicbenefitwiththeminimuminputsoastoachievesustainabledevelopmentofconstructionenterprises.2.SignificanceofEngineeringCostManagementofConstructionEnterprisesEngineeringcostmanagementofconstructionenterprisesmeansconstructionenterprisessuperviseandcontrolmanpower,financialresourcesandmaterialresourcesconsumedinproduction,operation,salesandpurchaseintheprocessofproductionandoperatingactivities,morestrictlycontrolcostexpenditureofconstructionenterprisesthroughtakingcostbudgetasthemainreferencesystemandcontrolpracticalcostonthebasisofensuingengineeringquality.Engineeringcostmanagementofconstructionenterprisesinvolvesthewholeconstructionprocessofaproject,characterizedbymarketability,variabilityandparticularity.Marketabilitymeansthemainbasisofconstructionenterprisesinengineeringcostmanagementisfinalpriceinthecontractsigned.Thistosomeextentcanreflectthedegreeofmarketcompetition.Variabilitymeansthedesigndrawingandmaterialpriceintheconstructionprocessarenotchangeless.Thisleadstovariabilityinconstructionengineeringcost.Particularitymeansgeographicpositionoftheengineeringofproject,constructionscaleandconstructionconditionsofeachconstructionenterprisehavedifferences.Thus,eachprojecthasparticularity.3.MeasurestoPerfectEngineeringCostManagementSystemofConstructionEnterprisesFirstly,ahigh-qualityteamshouldbebuilt.Anyconstructionenterpriseshouldbepeople-orientedinmanagement.Atpresent,manyconstructionenterpriseshaveshortcomings.Forexample,theengineeringcostpersonnel’sscopeofknowledgeisnarrow.Inparticular,theviewofsomeemployeesisnotopenenough.Thus,theycannotknowthedevelopmenttrendofconstructionmarket.Thisisagainstinternationalcompetition.Inthefuture,therequirementforengineeringcostpersonnelisthattheyshouldskillfullymastertheknowledgeofengineeringtechnologyandownrichengineeringcostexperienceandgoodprofessionalethics.Therefore,constructionenterprisesmustcarryoutprofessionaltraining,legalsystemandprofessionalethicseducationforengineeringcostmanagementpersonnelandcultivatetheirabilitytoaccuratelyjudgeandhandleproblems.Secondly,engineeringcostinformationnetworkshouldbesetup.Itisanimportantmeanstoimprovemarketcompetitivenessofenterprisesandbettermeetcurrentmarketdemand.Inconsiderationofcontinuousimprovementofsocialandeconomicstatus,someconstructionenterprisessetupmanysubsidiarycorporationswithindependentcorporatecapacitywhicharedistributedathomeandabroad.Eachenterprisehasthecharacteristicsofmobilityandcooperationandtakeschargeofdifferenttypesofconstructionprojects.Thus,throughthesetupofinternalcostinformationnetworkintheenterprise,engineeringcostdatafromdifferentregionsathomeandabroadcanbeorganizedandprocessed.Thisisofgreatsignificancefordevelopmentofconstructionenterprises.Finally,quotedpriceshouldbeformulatedandrevisedaccordingtopracticalconditions.Itisrequiredtoworkoutasetofrapidquotationschemesuitablefortheenterprisesoastoimprovethebidacceptanceprobability,marketcompetitivenessoftheenterpriseandensuresustainabledevelopmentoftheenterprise.Inordertoworkoutasetofquotationschemewithbothcompetitivenessandprofit,theenterprisemustmasterdynamicinformationofthecurrentmarket.Thecompositionofquotedcostshouldtrulyreflectthecostandmanagementexpenditureoftheconstructionproject.Constructionenterprisesshouldoverallconsiderandsetthequotedpriceforbiddingaccordingtotheprojectfeaturesandthemanagementabilityincombinationofpricechangesinconstructionmarketinrecentyears.4.AnalysisoftheWholeProcessofEngineeringCostManagementofConstructionEnterprises4.1AnalysisofEngineeringCostManagementinBiddingStageCurrently,China’sconstructionmarkethastransformedtothecompetitionsystemwhereenterprisesgainengineeringprojectsandachieveprofitundermarketeconomicsystemfromregardingcompletionofthetasksassignedasthemainobjectiveunderplannedeconomy.Therefore,biddinghasbecomethemainchanneltogaintasksinconstructionmarket.Suchcompetitionisveryfierce.Tosurviveandfurtherdevelopinfiercecompetition,itisrequiredtobebasedoncurrentmarket,overallseizetheopportunities,continuouslyincreasetheforcetoundertaketheprojectsandenhanceoperatingmanagementoftheenterprisestomakesurethemanagementefficiencycanbereached.AlthoughChina’sconstructionmanagementdepartmentputsforwardreformandstandardizationofthesequenceinconstructionmarket,shortcomingsstillexistincurrentconstructionmarket.Thus,toboostthebidacceptanceprobability,thebiddingdocumentsmustbewellpreparedtosatisfytherequirements.Inabidtopreparethebiddingdocuments,theprocessofpreparationofeconomicbidingdocuments(i.e.constructionbudget)isveryimportant.Firstly,informationsourcesshouldbemasteredwell.Thisisthepreconditionofconstructionprojectbidding.Informationsourcesincludebidinvitationinformationgainedfromtheconstructionmarket,otherbidinvitationadvertisementmediaorrelevantinformationsuppliedbycompanyemployeesorthepeers.Enterpriseexpertgroupshouldanalyzeandscreentheinformationgainedandcannotblindlyinputmanpowerandfinancialresources.Secondly,itisrequiredtoputthequestion-answeringprocessintopractice.Beforeanenterprisepreparesthebiddingdocuments,theenterprisemustcarefullyreadthebidinvitationdocumentsandcomprehensivelydigesttheconstructiondrawingsandotherrequirementsputforwardbythebidinvitingpartysoastofindouttheproblemsanddoubtsandthenconsulttothebidinvitingparty.However,thequestionsmustbeselective:forthequestionswhichwillinfluencetheengineeringcostorfuzzyquestions,theenterprisecanclearlyputforwardthemtothebidinvitingparty;butforthequestionswhichmaybecomethebasisforclaimsinthefutureorhaveinsignificantinfluenceonthecostcanbeneglected.Thirdly,whenpreparingeconomicbiddingdocuments,theenterprisemustbemeticulous.Thisisbecausethepossibilityofadjustmentoftheprojectissmall.Thus,itisrequiredtoaccuratelycalculatequantitiesofthedrawings.Ifthedrawingsarenotcompleteanditisrequiredtoestimateaccordingtoexperience,itshouldbepracticalandrealisticduringconsultingmarketprice.Duringpreparingbiddingdocuments,itisrequiredtoaccordwiththerequirementsofbidinvitationdocuments.Arbitrarychangesarenotallowed.Itisrequiredtocollectandconfirmthebidding.Afterthebudgetresultisgained,itisrequiredtosetthelayoutaccordingtotheformatofthebidinvitationdocuments.Thefinalbidpriceisthekeypoint.Duringconfirmingthebidprice,bidevaluationmethodconfirmedinthebidinvitationdocumentsshouldbefollowed.Meanwhile,thedecision-makerofthebiddingenterpriseshouldfullyknowspecificcontortionsoftherivalsparticipatinginthebidding,fuzzilymeasurethequotedpriceofotherenterprisesandthebasenumberofthebidoftheownerandselectrationalscheme.Duringbidding,theeconomicbidisimportantofcourse.However,whenthescoresofeachbiddingunitapproximates,thetechnicalbidandcomprehensivescoreofanenterprisehavethedecisiveeffect.Constructionconditionsandqualificationofaconstructionenterprisewillinfluencethecomprehensivescoreofthebidingdocuments.Iftheawardsgainedbythebiddingunitaremore,thescorewillbehigher.Thisrequirestheconstructionenterprisesupervisesthequalitystrictlyintheconstructionprocessandstrivestocreategoodprojects.4.2EngineeringCostManagementinConstructionStageTheconstructionstageisthemainstageofcostmanagement.Inthisprocess,theworkshouldbeimplementedfromthefollowingfouraspects.1)Carryoutmarketsurvey.Itisrequiredtograspthepriceofvariousmaterials.Inthewholeconstructionprocess,thecostofthematerialsoccupiesalargeproportioninthetotalcost.Thus,thekeytocontrollingengineeringcostistostrictlycontrolthepriceofmaterials.Thisrequiresenterprisesimplementingoverallmarketsurveysoastograspthepriceofmaterialsofdifferentspecificationsindifferentareastimelyandaccurately.Inaddition,internalinformationnetworksetupbytheenterpriseshouldbeappliedwelltocollect,organizeandcomparevariouskindsofinformationsoastofindoutthematerialswithhighercostperformanceandsavefunds.2)Carefullycalculatethequantities.Statisticsofthequantitiesisoneofthecostperformancejobsinengineeringcostmanagement.Thestatisticalpersonnelshouldbecomprehensivelyfamiliarwiththesituationsoftheconstructionsiteandrelevantprofessionalknowledgeandknowwellthecontentandstandardinthebidinvitationdocumentsaswellasthecontentandstandardinthecontract.Meanwhile,theyshouldmastersomecommonsenseaboutconstruction,accuratelycalculatetheitemsoftheproject,strivetoimplementcostcalculationworkandmakesuretheprogresspaymentcanbepaidtimely.Atthesametime,thestatisticalpersonnelshouldcloselycooperatewiththecostbudgetingpersonneltotimelyfindouttherelevantfactorsofclaimforcompensation.3)Economyandtechnologyfusemutually.Althougheconomyandtechnologybelongtodifferentsubjects,whethersocialandeconomicbenefitscanbemaximizedintheconstructionprocesstoalargeextentdependsonmutualcombinationofthetwo.Ineconomyandtechnology,theformerbelongtothepurposeandthelatterbelongstothemeans.Thetwosupplementeachotherandshouldbevalued,orelsebadconsequenceswilloccur.Therefore,onthebasisofensuringfullcompletionofthetasksontime,theconstructionenterpriseshouldcarefortheeconomicbenefitsoastoensuregoodeconomicbenefitthroughscientifictechnicalmeans.Toensuretheprojectquality,itisrequiredtocompletelyeradicatethattheexpenditureisgreatlyhigherthanthecontractcostduetotheimprovementofconstructionstandardwhichdoesnotcomplywiththereality.Theabovetwomeasuresarenotfeasible.Tofuseeconomicmanagementandtechnicalscheme,engineeringcostmanagementmeasuresshouldbeactivelyissuedtopromotetheconstructionstageandincreasetheprofitoftheenterprise.Thus,theconstructionenterpriseshouldfullyconsiderqualityandconstructionperiodrequirementsintheprocessofpreparationofconstructionschemeandconstructionorganizationdesignandconfirmmorerationalconstructionorganizationdesign.4)Improvetheawarenessofclaimforcompensation.Itisnecessarytostrivetotaketheopportunitytoenhanceclaimforcompensation.Theconstructionenterprisemustimproveitslegalconsciousness.Commonitemsforlegalconsciousnessmainlyincludetheclaimsforvariation,forcemajeureanddelay.Theconstructionenterpriseshouldbeveryfamiliarwiththecontentsofthebidinvitationdocumentandthecontractsoastobetterseizethegoodopportunityforclaim.Althoughnotallclaimswillgainsuccess,anyopportunityforclaimcannotbemissed.Theconstructionenterpriseshouldpayattentiontocollectingallevidentiarymaterialsrelatedtotheclaimforimplementationoffutureclaim.4.3AnalysisofEngineeringCostManagementinCompletionStageInthecompletionstage,itisrequiredtopaymoreattentiontocollectingandpreparingfinalaccountforthecompletedproject.Oncetheprojectcompletionsettlementcannotbeimplementedinadvance,thesituationwheretheownerandsupervisingpersonnelaretransferredwillcertainlyoccur.Thiswillinfluenceconfirmationofprojectcost.Thus,itisrequiredtoimplementprojectsettlementworkasearlyaspossible.Inprojectsettlement,therelevantmaterialsshouldbepreparedwellinadvance,mainlyincluding:quotedpriceinthebidingstage,writtenminutesofmeetingsformedbybothpartiesintheconstructionprocess,acceptanceinspectionrecordsforhiddenworkssingedbybothparties,effectiveas-builtdrawing,contactsheetsforengineeringdesignchanges,constructionorganizationdesignandothervariousmaterialsaswellasthesupplementedandnewlyaddedunit-pricematerialsapprovedbytheownerandthesupervisorintheconstructionprocessandnewprocesssupplementquotaapprovedandconfirmedbytheowner.Meanwhile,itisrequiredtocombineprojectconstructiondrawing,designchange,certificateoftheconstructionsite,materialpricedifferenceandbudgetadjustmenttotimelypreparecompletionsettlementmaterials.Duringcompletionsettlement,itisrequiredtocomprehensivelyunderstandthearticlesinthecontract,accuratelycalculatethequantities,contrasttheactualcostputforwardbythefinancialpersonnel,strivetoavoidomissionandstriveforrationalandlegalincomesourcesasmanyaspossible.Itisrequiredtofullycomprehendandrationallyapplythequota,combinetheconstructionsituationsandstrivetoberational.Theprojectsettlementmaterialsshouldmekeptorderlyandcompleteforfutureaudit.Aftertheprojectcompletionsettlementispreparedwellandsubmitted,engineeringcostmanagementpersonnelshouldtaketheinitiativetocommentatewithandcontacttheownerortheauditunitsoastostrivetohandleallsettlementproceduresintheprovidedtimelimit.5.ConclusionsInoneword,costmanagementisanindispensableimportantconstituentpartinenterprisemanagementprocess.Theworkefficiencywilldirectinfluencetheproductioncostandoperationbenefit.Thus,itisofgreatsignificancetofurtherenhanceengineeringcostmanagement.Eachconstructionenterprisemustbebasedonenhancementofengineeringcostmanagementtoimproveoperatingmanagementabilityoftheenterprise.References[1]C.Wang.Constructionandapplicationofprojectcostmanagementinformationsystem,J.EnterpriseEconomy,2013.02.73-75.[2]Y.Z.Xiao.Constructionengineeringofcostmanagementinformationsystem,J.ValueEngineering,2013.11.[3]Y.H.Wu.Explorationofprojectcostmanagementinformationsystem,J.EstateandScienceTribune,2013.11.[4]C.J.Shu.Researchonintegratedinformationmanagementsystemofconstructionprojectcost,D.WuhanUniversityofTechnology,2013.06.,DittmanK.C,Engineeringcostmanagementschemeaimingatconstructionenterprises.Managers'Journal,2013(22)中文译文：工程管理的进一步增强取决于施工企业关键词：建筑企业，工程，成本管理摘要:为了在市场竞争中立于不败之地，施工企业必须加强工程管理。为此建筑施工企业必须坚持工程管理为此必须掌握建筑施工的全过程。因此，必须采用更加科学、规范的管理方法，以提高企业管理水平。本文阐述了施工企业工程管理的重要意义，分析了施工企业的工程管理的全过程，并探讨了完善施工企业的工程管理的措施。1.简介施工企业在近几年赢得激烈的竞争投标。在竞标成功后，企业的盈利能力与企业工程管理的能力是密切相关的。因此，施工企业的工程管理不能仅仅停留在预结算阶段。这将减少其它环节的控制力，导致缺乏工程管理的系统化定位工程管理的。其目标是运用科学的方法，合理确定工程造价，获得最大的经济利益与最小的投入，从而实现建筑施工企业的可持续发展。2.施工企业的工程管理的意义施工企业的工程管理是指施工企业在成本预算控制建筑施工企业的成本支出随之而来的工程质量的基础上，主要参考系统和控制成本，更加严格地考虑在生产经营活动过程中实际监督和控制的人力，财力和物力消耗在生产、经营、销售和采购。施工企业的工程管理涉及到的项目，其特点是施工全过程市场化、多变性和特殊性。市场化是指施工企业工程管理的主要依据是最终的价格签订了合同。这在一定程度上可以反映市场的竞争程度。变异是指设计图纸和材料价格在施工过程中的变异。这导致变异的建设工程造价。特殊性是指各施工企业项目，建设规模和建设条件的地理位置都有差异。因此，每个项目都有特殊性。3.完善建筑施工企业工程管理系统的方法首先，应该建高质量团队。任何建筑施工企业要坚持以人为本的管理。目前，许多施工企业有缺点。例如，工程造价人员的看法是不足够开放。因此，他们不能知道建筑市场的发展趋势。在未来，对于工程造价人员的要求是应该熟练掌握工程技术的知识和自身丰富的工程造价的经验和良好的职业道德。因此，施工企业必须对工程管理人员进行法律制度和职业道德的专业培训，培养自己准确判断和处理问题的能力。其次，应设置工程造价信息网。这是提高企业的市场竞争力，更好地满足当前市场需求的重要手段。考虑到社会和经济地位的不断提高，一些建筑企业建立了许多公司的子公司与分布在国内外独立法人资格。每个企业在负责不同类型的建设项目中都有流动性和合作的特点。因此，通过建立来自不同地区的企业内部成本信息网络，就可以组织和处理在国内外工程造价数据。这对建筑施工企业的发展具有重要意义。最后，报价应根据实际情况来制定和修订。这是需要制定出一套适合本企业的快速报价方案，以便企业的市场竞争力，提高报价中标概率，保证了企业的可持续发展。为了制定出一套既竞争力和利润的报价方案，企业必须掌握目前市场的动态信息。引述成本的组成应真正反映建设项目的成本和管理费用。施工企业要全面考虑，并根据项目的特点和近年来在建筑市场价格变化相结合的管理能力设置报价招标。4.施工企业的工程管理的全过程分析在招投标阶段工程管理分析目前，在我国建筑市场已经转变为竞争系统，企业获得的工程项目，实现在市场经济，从利润关于指定为计划经济下的主要目标任务的完成。因此，招投标已成为主要的渠道获得在建筑市场的任务。这种竞争是很激烈的。为了生存和进一步发展的激烈竞争，它需要根据当前的市场，整体把握机遇，不断提高部队承接项目，增强了企业的经营管理，以确保管理效率可以达到。虽然建设管理部门提出了改革和市场建设序列的标准化，不足之处仍然存在当前建筑市场。因此，为了提高中标概率，必须做好投标文件准备，以满足需求。不过，为了准备招标文件，编制招标的经济文件（即建设预算）的过程是非常重要的。首先，信息来源应掌握好。这是建设工程招标投标的前提条件。信息来源包括从建筑市场获得招标信息，其他招标广告媒体或通过公