2023年高中化学会考方程式大全

2023年高中化学学业水平方程式一、非金属单质（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H）1、氧化性：F2+H2===2HF（阴暗处爆炸）F2+Xe（过量）==XeF22F?（过量）+Xe==XeF4（XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mr?+氧化为MnO4）nF2+2M===2MFn（M表示大部分金属）2F2+2H2O===4HF+Ch（水是还原剂）2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I27F2（过量）+L===2IF7F2+CH等体积）===2C1F（C1F属于类卤素：C1F+H2O==HF+HC1O）3F2（过量）+C12===2C1F3（C1F3+3H2O==3HF+HCQ）CI2+H2典整=2HC1（将H?在CL点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸）3cl2+2P座里=2PCb3cl2+2P座里=2PCbC12+PC13^=PC15Cl2+2Na=^=2NaCl3Cl23Cl2+2FeS=2FeCl3C12+Cu^B=CuC12Cl2+2FeCh===2FeC13（在水溶液中：ClCl2+2FeCh===2FeC13（在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl-）Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2C12+2KI===2KC1+I23c过量）+2KI+3H2O===6HC1+KIO33C12+I+3H2O=6H++6C1+IO35C12+l2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HC15Q2+I2+6H201OCI+IO3+12H+C12+2Br=20+Br2C12+2r=2Cl'+I2Cb+Na2s===2NaCI+SI CI2+S2=2CI+SICL+H2s===2HC1+Sl （水溶液中：Cb+H2s=2H++2C1+SIC12+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HC1C12+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2C1C12+H2O2===2HC1+OC12+H2O2===2HC1+O2C12+H2O2=2H++C1+O22Ch+3Fe建及Fe3O4 O2+K===KO2S+H2=^=H2S 2S+C=A=CS2 S+Zn=^=ZnSS+Fe0=FeS（既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取）S+2Cuq=Cu2s（只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取）3s+2Al=^=AhS3（只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取）催化剂、占檄 AN2+3H2^—2NH3 N2+3Mg*=Mg3N2 N2+3Ca=^=Ca3N2同6nl同仄N2+3Ba^=Ba3N2 N2+6Na=^=2Na3N N2+6K=^==2K3N

N2+6Rb=^=2Rb3N2+6Rb=^=2Rb3NP4+6H2^=4PH3H2+2LiA=2LiH2、还原性s+o?更空SO?N2+2AI直遢2AINP+3Na=^=Na3P2P+3ZnA=Zn3P2S+H2so“浓）q=3SC>2t+2H2OS+6HNO3（»）=^=H2SO4+6NO2t+2H2OS+4H++6==6NO2t+2H2O+S0j3s+4HNCh（稀）0=3SO2+4NOt+2H2O3s+4H++4NO；=^=3SO2+4NOt+2H2O放电N2+O2=^=2NO4P+5Ch鲤BCM常写成P2O5）2P+3X2=^=2PX3（X表示F2，Cl2,Br2）PX3+X2=^=PX5P4+20HNQ3（^）aIH3PO4+2ONO2t+4H2OC+2F2=^=CF4 C+2Cl2=A=CCl4C+O2（足量）亘丝co? 2C+C>2（少量）忠及2coC+CO2=^=2CO C+H2O=A=CO+H2（生成水煤气）2C+SiO20=Si+2co（制得粗硅）Si（粗）+2CL=^=SiCl4（SiCk+2H2===Si（纯）+4HCl）Si（粉）+。2叠5。2 Si+C直遢SiC（金刚砂）Si+2NaOH+H2Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2t（Si+20H+H2O=SiO丁+2H?t）3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化：（CL+H2O;^^H++C卜+HC1O）Cl2Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2OCl2+2Ca（OH）2==CaC12+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O3cl2+6KOH（浓）A5KCI+KCIO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH=^=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KoH（浓）+3H2O==PH3t+3KH2PO2（CI2+2OH=Cl+CIO+H20）（Ch+2OH=C1+C1O+H2O）（3CL+6OH'A5c「+CIO3-+3H2O）（3S+6OH42s2+SO32+3H2O）（4P+3OH+3H2O==PH3t+3H2PO2）11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3Po4+15H2SO43C+CaO=£BcaC2+COt3C+SQ直退SiC+2cot二.金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性2Na2O+O2=^=2Na2O22Na+H2a2NaH 4Na+O2Na2O+O2=^=2Na2O22Na+0?亘及NazCh2Na+S==Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2t2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2t2Na+2Hq=2Na++2OH+H2t2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH?一+H?tMg+Br2^=MgBr2Mg+Br2^=MgBr24Na+TiCL至鲤=4NaCl+TiMg+CL亘%MgCLMg+S4MgsMg+S4Mgs（Cu2s只能由单质制备）2Mg+O2^B=2MgO2Cu+S=^=Cu2SMg+2H20aMg（OH）2+H2t2Mg+TiCl4ffl=Ti+2MgC122Mg+CO2S=2MgO+CMg+H2S==MgS+H2Mg+H2so4==MgSC）4+H2t2A1+3cLs=2AlCbMg+2RbCl=2^=MgCh+2Rb2Mg+SiO2a2Mg0+Si（Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2t）4A1+3O2===2A12O3（常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧）4Al（Hg）+3O2+2xH2O===2（A12O3.xH2O）+4Hg（铝汞齐）4AI+3MnO2=S=2Al4AI+3MnO2=S=2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Fe2O3=s2Al+Fe2O3=s=AhO3+2Fe2Al+3FeO-Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCh+3H2t 2A1+6H+=2A13++3H2t2A1+3H2sO4===Ab（SO4）3+3H2t 2A1+6H+=2A13++3H2t2A1+6H2so4（浓）===A12（SO4）3+3SO2+6H?O （Al,Fe在冷，浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化）A1+4HNCM稀）===A1（NO3）3+NOt+2H2O A1+4H++NO3=A13++NOt+2H2O2Al+2Na0H+2H20===2NaA102+3H2t 2A1+2OH-+2H2O=2A1O2+3H2t2Fe+3B「2===2FeB门3Fe+2O2Fe+3B「2===2FeB门3Fe+2O2^=Fe3O42Fe+O2星运2FeO（炼钢过程）Fe+l2=^=FeI2Fe+S△FeS（FeS既能由单质制备，又能由禺子制备）3Fe+4H2O（g）=^=Fe3O4+4H2tFe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2t Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2tFe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++CuIFe+SnC14===FeC12+SnCb（铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+SnI Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++SnI三.非金属氢化物（HF,HCI,H2O,H2S,NH3）金属氢化物（NaH）1、还原性：4HC1（浓）+MnO2=^=MnCL+C12t+2H2O4H++2C1+MnO2=^=Mn2++C12t+2H2O4HC1（浓）+PbO2=^=PbCh+C12t+2H2O4H++2C1+PbO2^=Pb2++C12t+2H2O4HCl（g）+O2=^=2Cl2+2H2O16HCI+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5C12t+8H2O16H++1OC1+2MnO4=2Mn2++5Cl2t+8H2O6HC1+KC1O3==KC1+3C12t+3H2O6H++5C1+C1O3=3C12t+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3C12t+7H2O14H++6C1+Cr2O72=2Cr3++5Cl2t+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22HC1+F2=2HF+C12（F2气与HC1、HBr、HkH2S>NH3气体不能共存）2HBr+C12=2HCl+Br2（C12气与HBr、HLH?S、NH3气体不能共存）2H2S+3Ch（足量）叠=2SO2+2H2。 2H2S+Ch（少量）亘丝2sI+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3SI+2H2O H2S+H2so4（浓尸==SI+SO2t+2H2O3H2s+2HNC）3（稀）===3SI+2NOt+4H2O3H2s+2H++2NO3「=3sI+2N0t+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2so4===2MnSO4+K2so4+5SI+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2++5SI+8H2O3H2S+K2CnO7+4H2sO4===Cr2（SC）4）3+K2so4+3SI+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8^===2€?++38I+7H2OH2s+4Na2C）2+2H2O===Na2so4+6NaOHH2s+4Na2C）2+2H2O=8Na++SO；+OH加热2NH3+3CuO"'3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3C12===N2+6HC1 8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2t+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2t+2H2O4NH3+3C）2（纯氧）叠=2N2+6H2。 4NH3+5O2^==4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O（用氨清除NO）NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2t（生氢剂）NaH+H2O=Na++OH+H2t力口执4NaH+TiCl4=^=Ti+4NaCl+2H2tCaH2+2H2O=Ca（OH）2I+2H2t2、酸性：4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiOz的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2t2HF+CaC12===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeSI+H2tH2S+CuC12===CuSI+2HC1（弱酸制强酸的典型反应）H2S+Cu2+=CuSI+2H+H2s+2AgNO3===Ag2sI+2HNO3H2s+2Ag+=Ag2sI+2H+H2S+HgCl2===HgSI+2HC1H2S+Hg2+=HgSI+2H+H2S+Pb（NO3）2===PbSI+2HNC>3（铅试纸检验空气中H2S）H2S+Pb2+=PbSI+2H+H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2f（银器在空气中变黑的原因）

2NHX液）+2Na==2NaNH?+H2t （NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3t）3、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX===NH4X（X：F、Cl、Br、I、S）NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4===（NH4）2SO4 nh3+h+=nh4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHC（）3+NH4Q（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）NH3+H2S==NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4++HS4、不稳定性：高温2HF H2+F2高温2HCI 高温2HF H2+F2高温2HCI H2+CI22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S加热«2+S2Hq晅退=2氏+。2催化剂2NH3^ -N2+3H22HIj=^=H2+I2四.非金属氧化物（SCh、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiCh、P2O3、P2O5、CI2O、CI2O3,CI2O5、CbO八C1O2）1、低价态的还原性：（SO2,CO、NO）2so2+O2+2H2O===2H2sO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）催化剂、催化剂、2sO2+O2/^2SO3SO2+NO2===SO3+NOSO2+CL+2H2O===H2so4+2HC1SOSO2+CL+2H2O===H2so4+2HC1SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+L+2H2O===H2so4+2HICh+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42-+2C1Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2BrI2+SO2+2H2ORH++SOJ+212NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和N02）NO+NO2+2OH=2NO2"C+Q点燃。re2 CO+CuO-CU+CO2加热3CO+Fe加热3CO+Fe2O3^^=2Fe+3CO22、氧化性：SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O催化剂C0+H9、加热、CO2+H2加热SO3+2KI^^=K2so3+hNO2+2KI+H2O===NO+l2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别澳蒸气和N02）4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+CuC11O+N2加热N2O+Zn^^=ZnO+N22NO2+CuC11O+N2加热N2O+Zn^^=ZnO+N2CO2+2Mg建罂=2MgO+C（82不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾）SiO2+2H2由&i+2H2O3、与水的作用：SO2+H2O===H2s。3SO3+H2O===H2SO4力口执SiO2+2Mg^=2MgO+SiSO3+H2O=2H++SO423NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO(NO3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO(NO2不是硝酸的酸酢)N2O5+H2O===2HNO3 N2O5+H2O2H++2NO3一P2O5+H2CK冷水)===2HPO3P2C)5+3H2O(热水)===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水，可作气体干燥剂)P2O5+3H2so4(浓)===2H3Po4+3SO3CO2+H2O===H2CO3C12O+H2O==2HC1OC12O7+H2O==2HC1O4 CI2O7+H2O2H++2cl0J4、与碱性物质的作用：SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2so4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2S()2t(硫酸工业尾气处理)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3I+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO?.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4I+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3催仆剂CO2+2NH3(过量)+H2O===(NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CO3---(NH2)2CO+2H2O催仆制CQ2+2NH3(NH2)2CO+H2O（工业制取尿素）CO2+2NaOH(过量)==Na2cO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH==NaHCO3C02+Ca(0H”(过量)==CaCCh+H202c02(过量)+Ca(OH)2==Ca(HCCh)2CO2+CaCO3+H2O==Ca(HCO3)220H+CO2=CO32+H20OH+CO2=HCO3Ca2++2OH-+CO2=CaCO3I+H20OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2++2HCO3CO2(不足)+2NaAlC)2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3I+Na2cO3CO2+3H2O+AIO2=A1(OH)3I+CO32CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O===Al(OH)3I+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AIO2=A1(OH)3I+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H50HI+NaHCOjCO2+C6H5O-+H2OC6H50HI+HCO3SQ+CaO直遢CaSiCh（炼钢造渣）SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiCh+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）SiCh+Na2cCh直暹Na2SiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)SiCh+CaCCh直遢CaSiCh+CO2(制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH==NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH==2NaNO2+H2O(制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五.金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性：6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe（NO3）3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H++NO3=Fe3++NO2t+2H2O2、氧化性：Na2O2+2Na=^=2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na?。）MgO,AI2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe?O3+3H2A2Fe+3H2。（制还原铁粉）Fe3O4+4H2=^=3Fe+4H2O CuO+H2=^Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI==6FeI2+8H2O+2l22Fe3O4+16H++4I=6Fe2++8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe直逼3FeO（炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂）FeO+C直遢=Fe+CO（高温炼钢调节C含量）2FeO+Si直遢=2Fe+SiCh（高温炼钢调节Si含量）3、与水的作用：Na2O+H2O==2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na++2OH-2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2t2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH+O2t（此反应分两步:Na2C>2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2；2H202===2比0+。2H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaCh+H2so4（稀）===BaSO4+H2O2）MgO+H2O===Mg（OH）2（缓慢反应）4、与酸性物质的作用：Na20+SCh==Na2so4 Na2O+CO2==Na2cO3 MgO+SO3===MgSO4Na2O+2HCl==2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na++H2O2Na2C）2+2CO2==2Na2co3+O2tNazCh+H2so4（冷，稀）===Na2sO4+H2O2MgO+H2so4===MgSG>4+H2。MgO+2H+=Mg2++H2OAI2O3+3H2so4===A12（SO4）3+3H2。A12O3+6H+=2A13++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O （AI2O3两性氧化物）AI2O3+2OH=2A1O2+H20FeO+2HCl===FeC12+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2++H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+6H+=2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeC12+2FeCh+4H2OFe3O4+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2O六.含氧酸1、氧化性：4HClCh+3H2s===3H2so4+4HC1CIO3+3H2S=6H++SO42+C1HC1O3+HI===HIO3+HC1cioj+r=io3+cr3HC1O+HI===HIO3+3HC13HC1O+I=IO3+3H++C1HC1O+H2SO3===H2SO4+HC1HC1O+H2SO3=3H++SO42+C1HC1O+H2O2===HC1+H2O+O2tHC1O+H2O2=H++C1+H2O+O2t（氧化性:HC1O>HC1O2>HC1C）3>HC1O4,但浓，热的HC1O4氧化性很强）2H2s。4（浓）+cA^C02t+2SO2t+2H2O2H2so4（浓）+S=^=3SO2t+2H2OH2SO4+Fe（Al）室温下钝化 6H2so4（浓）+2Fe£=Fe2（SO4）3+3SO2t+6H2O2H2so“浓）+Cu=^=CuSO4+SO2t+2H2OH2so4（浓）+2HBr===SO2t+Br2+2H2O （不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr）H2sCM浓）+2Hl===SCht+I2+2H2O （不能用浓硫酸与Nai制取HI）H2so4（稀）+Fe===FeSO4+H2t2H++Fe=Fe2++H2tH2so3+2H2s===3SI+3H2O4HNO3（»）+C=^=CO2t+4NO2t+2H2O6HNO3（i«）+S=^=H2SO4+6NO2t+2H2O5HNC）3（浓）+PAH3Po4+5NO2t+H2O5HNCh（稀）+3P+2H2OA3H3PO4+5NOt5H++5NO333P+2H20a3H3Po4+5NOJ6HNCh（浓足）+Fe===Fe（NCh）3+3NO2t+3H2O4HNCh（浓）+Fe（足尸==Fe（NO3）2+NCht+2比0（先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe?+的盐）4HNCh（稀足）+Fe===Fe（NCh）3+NOt+2H2O4H++NO3+Fe=Fe3++NOt+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe（NO3）3+3N2Ot+15H2O30H++6N0j+8Fe=8Fe3++3N2Ot+15H2O36HNO3+1OFe===10Fe（NO3）3+3N2t+18H2O36H++6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2t+I8H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe（NO3）3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H++3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H2O4Zn+10HNCh（稀）==4Zn（NCh）2+N2Ot+5H2O4Zn+1OH++2NO?-=4Zn2++N2Ot+5H2O4Zn+1OHNCh（稀）==4Zn（NO3）2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+lOH++NO3=4Zn2++NH4++5H2O2、还原性：H2so3+X2+H2O===H2so4+2HX（X表示Ch,Br2,l2）H2so3+X2+H2O4H++SO42-+X2H2so3+Ch==2H2sO42H2so3+O2EH++SO42-H2sCh+H2O2===H2so4+H2OH2sO3+H2O2=2H++SOj-+h2O5H2so3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2so4+2H2so4+3比0

5H2so3+2MnOJ=2MP+4H++3so4?+3H2OH2so3+2FeCb+H2O===H2so4+2FeCk+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3++H2O=4H++2Fe2++SO42-（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（强酸制弱酸酸）H2so4（浓）+CaF24CaSO4+2HFtH2so4（浓）+NaClANaHSCU+HC"H2so«浓）+2NaCl=^=Na2so4+2HC1tH2s0“浓）+NaNO3A=NaHSO4+HNO3t3H2so”浓）+Ca3（PO4）2JCaSC）4+2H3Po42H2so“浓）+Ca3（PO4”a2CaSO4+Ca（H2Po4）2 （工业制磷肥）3HNO3+Ag3P04==H3Po4+3AgNCh3H++Ag3PC>4=H3Po4+3Ag+2HNO.1+CaCO3==Ca（NO3）2+H2O+CO2t2H++CaCO3=Ca2++H2O+CO2t（用HNCh和浓H2sO4不能制备H?S,HI,HBr,SO2等还原性气体）4H3PO4+Ca3（PO4）24=3Ca（H2Po4）2 （重钙）H3PoM浓）+NaBr4NaH2PO4+HBrt（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸）H3Po4（浓）+NaI=^=NaH2PO4+HIt4、不稳定性：光昭2HC1O=^=2HC1+O2t（保存在棕色瓶中）4HNO3=&4NO2t+02t+2H2O（保存在棕色瓶中）H2SO3AH2O+SO2t（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H2co3aH2O+CO2t（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H4SiO4=^=H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3A=SiO2I+H2OH2S2O3=^=H2O+S\+S02t（在加热或酸性条件下分解）七.碱1、低价态的还原性：4Fe（OH）2+O2+2H2O===4Fe（OH）32、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO2（>M）==Na2SO3+H2OOH+SO2=SO32+H20NaOH+SO2（足）==NaHSChOH+S02（足尸HSO3-2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2OOH+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3==2NaAlO2+H2O20H+A12O3=2A1O2+H2O2KOH+C12==KC1+KC1O+H2OCh+20H=C1+C10'+H20NaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2OH++OH=H2ONaOH+H2s（足）==NaHS+H2OOH+H2S=HS+H202NaOH+H2S(少量)==Na2S+2H2O2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCh==Al(OH)3I+3NaCl30H+A13+=A1(OH)3INaOH+Al(OH)3==NaAlO2+2H2O (AlCh和A1(OH)3哪个酸性强？)OH+A1(OH)3=A1O2'+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl=^=2CaC12+2NH31+2H2O(实验室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClA=NaCl+NH31+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgC12+2NH3•H2O (A1(OH)3+NH4cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4I+2H2O2H++2OH+Ba2++SO42=BaSO4I2H2O3、不稳定性：Mg(OH)2=^=MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3aAi2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3=^=Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH)2AaCuO+H2O 2AgOH==Ag2O+H2OA.盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe==3FeCl2 2Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu===2FeC12+CuC12(用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+2FeCb+Zn(少量)===2FeCh+ZnC12 2Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+FeCh+Ag===FeCl2+AgClI 2Fe3++CF+2Ag=2Fe2++2AgCl IFe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSCh+Ag2sO4l(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应2FeCb+H2s===2FeCL+2HCl+SI 2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++S I2FeC13+2KI===2FeCh+2KCl+I2 2Fe3++2I=2Fe2++I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgC12 Fe2++Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl==NaCl+N2t+2比0(实验室制氮气)NH4++NO2=N2t+2H2O2、还原性：2FeCl2+3CL===2FeCb(在水溶液中不需加热)2Fe2++3Cl2=2Fe3++6Cl3Na2s+8HNC>3(稀尸==6NaNO3+2NOt+3S+4H3S2+8H++2NOj=2NOt+3S+4H2O3Na2so3+2HNCh(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NOt+H203SO32+2H++2NO3=3SO42+2NOt+H2O2Na2so3+Ch===2Na2sO4(Na2sO3在空气中易变质)Na2sCh+sANa2s2O3Na2S+Cl2==2NaCl+SI(在水溶液中)S2+C12=2C1+SI3、与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4==Cu(OH)2I+CaSO4l(波尔多液)MgCl2+2NH3•H2O===Mg(OH)2I+2NH4clMg2++2NH3•H2O=Mg(OH)2I+2NH4+AICI3+3NH3•H2O===A1(OH)3I+3NH4CIAF++3NH3•H2O=A1(OH)2I+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3•H2O===Fe(OH)3I+3NH4clFe3++3NH3•H2O=Fe(OH)3I+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3•H2CX不足)==Cu(OH)2I+(NH4)2SO4Cu2++2NH3•H2O=Cu(OH)2I+2NH4+

Cu(OH)2+4NH3•H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3•H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH+4H2O铜氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3•H2O(S)==Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O 总方程式Cu2++4NH3•H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2O 铜氨溶液AgNOs+NHj•H2O==AgOHI+NH4NO3 2AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3•H2O=2[Ag(NH3)2]++2OH+3H2O 银氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3•H2O==Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg++2NH3-H2O=[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2O 总方程式ZnSO4+2NH3•比0(不足)==Zn(0H)2I+(NH4)2SO4Zn2++2NH3•H2O=Zn(OH)2I+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3•H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3•比0(足)==Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2。Zn2++4NH3•H2O=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O 总方程式或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸PO43+2H+=H2PO4HPO?+H+=H2PO4H2PO或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸PO43+2H+=H2PO4HPO?+H+=H2PO4H2PO4+H+=H3PO4CO32+H+=HCO3HCOs+H+=CO2t+H2ONaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCOs+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2t3Na2co3+2AlCb+3H2O==2Al(OH)3I+3CO2t+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）3COj2+2A13++3H2O=2A1(OH)3I+3CO2t3Na2co3+2FeCb+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）3COj2+2Fe3++3H2O=2Fe(OH)3I+3CO2t3NaHCO3+AlC13===Al(OH)3I+3CO2t3HCCh+A13+=2A1(OH)3I+3CO2t3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3I+3CO2t3HC0j+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3I+3C0?t3Na2S+A12(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3I+3H2st3S2+2A13++3H2O=2A1(OH)3I+3H2st3NaAlO2+AlC13+6H2O==4Al(OH)3I+3NaCl3A1O2+A13++6H2O=4A1(OH)313NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O==3Al(OH)3I+Fe(OH)3I+3NaCl3AIO2+Fe3++6H2O=3A1(OH)3I+Fe(OH)3INaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O==Al(OH)3I+NH3•H2O+NaClA102+NH4++2H2O=A1(OH)3I+NH3•H20Na2CO3+H2O+CO2===2NaHCO3CO32+H2O+CO2=2HCO3Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2==2NaHSO3+CO2t(1:2)CO32+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3+CO2t2Na2co3(足)+H2O+S()2==Na2so3+2NaHCC>3(CO2中的SO2不能用Na2cCh洗气)2C0?+H2O+SO2=SO32+2HCO3(2:1)Na2cO3+SO2==Na2sO3+CO2 (1:1)CO32+SO2=SO32+C02NaHCO3+SO2===NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗气)2HCO3+SO2=2HSO3+CO2

2NaHCO3+SO2==Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3+SO2=SO32+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl===H2SiO3I+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O===H4SiO4I+2NaClSiO32+2H+=H2SiO3l或SiO32+2H++H2O=H4SiO4INa2SiO3+CO2+2H2O===H2SiO3I+Na2cO3SiO32+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4I+CO325、盐与盐复分解反应Na2SO4+BaC12==BaSO4I+2NaCl（沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸）SO32+Ba2+=BaSO4INa2sO3+BaC12==BaSChI+2NaCl（沉淀溶于盐酸，在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失）SO32+Ba2+=BaSO3INa2cCh+BaC12==BaCO3I+2NaCl（沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失）CO32+Ba2+=BaCO3I（NaHCOj不反应）Na2cO3+CaCb==CaCO3I+2NaClCO32+Ca2+=CaCO3（NaHCOj不反应）Ag++Cl=AgClIAg++Br=AgBrIAg++I=AgII3Ag++PO43=Ag3Ag++Cl=AgClIAg++Br=AgBrIAg++I=AgII3Ag++PO43=Ag3PO4ICu2++S2=CuSIFe3++3SCN=Fe(SCN)3(血红色，用于Fe'+的特性检验)6、不稳定性：Na2s2O3+H2sCh===Na2sO4+SI+SO2t+H2OS2O32+2H+=SI+SO2t+H2ONH4C1A=NH3t+HC1tNH4l=NH3t+HIt 2HI^^H2+I2NH4I=NH3t+H2t+I2tNH4HCO3=NH3t+H2O+CO2t2KNO3a2KNO2+O2f2Cu（NO3）3^=2CuO+4NO2t+O2t2AgNO3=^2Ag+2NO2t+O2t（保存在棕色瓶中）5NH4NO3A4N2f+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO3^=8N2t+4NO2t+O2t+20H2Ot（硝酸钱爆炸反应）2KMnO4^=K2MnO4+MnOi+O2t2KC1O3=^=2KC1+3O2t2NaHCChANa2cO3+H2O+CO2tCa（HCO3）2=^=CaCO3+H2O+CO2tCaCO3CaCO3S^CaO+CO2tMgCOiS^MgO+COat九、电离方程式1、酸的电离（H2so4、HNO3、HC1,HBr、HI、H3Po4、HF、H2so3、CH3coOH、H2cO3、H2S>HNCh、C6H5OH、HCN、HC1O）H2SO4==2H++SO42或：H2SO4+2H2O==2H3O++SO42HNO3==H++NO3或：HNOj+H2O==H3O++NO3(以下雷同)HC1==H++CI'HBr==H++Br-HI==H++rH3PO4^=2H++H2PO；H2PO；^^H++HPO;HPO:;^^H++PO,HF^^H++F-H2so3；=^H++HSO； HSO3^^H++SO;CH3coOH;=^H++CH3coO-H2co3^=^H++H8； h8；^=^H++C0；H2S^^H++HS-HS^^H++S2-HNO2?^H++NO； C6H5OHj=^H++C6H5O,(苯酚不是酸，显酸性)HCN==^H++CN-HC1O^^H++C1Oh2o^^h++oh2H2O^=^H3O++OH2,碱的电离(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2,Mg(OH)2>A1(OH)3,NH3•H2O)NaOH==Na++OH-KOH==K++OH-Ba(OH)2==Ba2++2OH-Mg(OH)2^^Mg2++2OH-A1(OH)3^^A13++3OH-酸式电离：Al(OH)j^^H++A10j+H2ONH3•H20^^NH；+20HCa(OH)2==Ca2++2OH-(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2==Ca2++2OH-(石灰悬浊液)3、盐的电离(NaCl、Na2so4、NaHSO4>Na2so3、NaHSCh、MgSO4>CaSO4,Ah(SO4)3>C11SO4、AlCb、AgNCh、CH3coONa、NH4NO3、FeCb、Na2cO3、NaHCCh、Na2S.NaHS、NaH2Po4、Na2HPO4xNa3Po4、KI、NaBr,NaClO、AgCkCaCO3)NaCl==Na++Cl-Na2so4==2Na++SO：NaHSO4==H++Na++SOjNa2so3==2Na++SO；NaHSO3==Na++HSO3-(错误书写：NaHSO3==Na++H++SO42)MgSO4==Mg2++SO：A12(SO4)3==2A13++3SO;CuSO4==Cu2++SO^AlCl3==Al3++3CrAgNO3==Ag++NO3CH3COONa==CH3COO-+Na+NH4NO3==NH4++NO3

FeCb==Fe3++3C『Na2co3==2Na++8：NaHCO3==Na++HCO；（错误书写：NaHCO3==Na++H++CO--）Na2S==2Na++S2-NaHS==Na++HS- （错误书写：NaHS==Na++H+S2-）NaH2PO4==Na++H2PO；Na2HPO4==2Na++HPO（错误书写：Na2HPO4==2Na++H++PO）Na3Po4==3Na++PO，KI==K++F NaBr==Na++B「NaClO==Na++ClOAgCl?^Ag++Cr（难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离）CaCO3^=iCa2++CO；*（错误书写：CaCO3==Ca2++COj"）CaSO4^^Ca2++SO;（错误书写：CaSO4==Ca2++SO丁）3、熔融电离NaCl笈曜NaCl笈曜=Na++Cl一熔融“MgCL里与Mg2++2CTNa2O^2=2Na++O2 Al2O3=ffi=2Al3++3O2十、水解反应1、单水解--可逆水解NH4C1+H2O^^NH3•h2o+hciNH4++H2O^^H++NH3•H2OFeCh+3H2O^=iFe（OH）3+3HClFe3++3H2O^=^Fe（OH）3+3H+AlC13+3H2O^=iAl（OH）3+3HClA13++3H2O;=±A1（OH）3+3H+CuSO4+2H2O?^Cu（OH）2+H2SO4（金属活动顺序表中Mg?+以后的阳离子均水解）NaHCCh+HzOk=H2cCh+NaOH（NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO,电离大于水解）Na2CO3+H2O^^NaHCO3+NaOHCO32+H2O;^^HCO3+0H'NaHCCh+HzOk=H2cCh+NaOH（第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加）Na2SO3+H2O5^^NaHSO3+NaOHSO32+H2O^^HSO3+0H'NaHSCh+HzCh^H2so3+NaOH（第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加）HSO3+H20^^H2so3+0HNa2S+H2O^=iNaHS+NaOHS2+H2O^^HS+OHNaHS+HzO^^HzS+NaOH（第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加）Na3POa+HzOj^^Na2Hpeh+NaOHNazHPCU+HzOM=NaH2Po4+NaOHNaH2POd+HzO^^H3P04+NaOHHS+H2O^^H2S+OHPO?+H2O;^^HPO42+0H'HPO42+H2O;=iH2PO4+OHH2PO4+H2Na3POa+HzOj^^Na2Hpeh+NaOHNazHPCU+HzOM=NaH2Po4+NaOHNaH2POd+HzO^^H3P04+NaOHCH3COONa+H2O?^^CH3COOH+NaOHCH3COO+H2O^^CH3COOH+OHC6H5ONa+H2O；=^C6HsOH+NaOH C6H5O+比0^=i06H5OH+OH'2、双水解CH3coONH4+H2O;=iCH3coOH+N%•H20NH4F+H2O^^HF+NH3•H20AhS3+6H2O==Al(OH)3I+H2sf(隔绝空气，密封保存)Mg3N2+6H2O==Mg(OH)2I+NH,t(隔绝空气，密封保存)Na3P+3H2O==3NaOH+PH3t(隔绝空气，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2O==Zn(OH)2I+PH3t(Zn3P2一种老鼠药，P%剧毒神经毒剂)CaC2+2H2O==Ca(OH)3I+C2H2t(隔绝空气，密封保存)C2H5ONa+H2O==C2HsOH+NaOHH^一、电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是情性电极条件下的电解申解2NaC14-2H2O2NaOH4-H2t+C12t(-)2H2O+2e-==H2t+2OH或2H++2e==H2t(+)2C1-2e-==Cl2t申解2C1+2H2。 2OH+H2t+CI2t申解CuCl2Cu+Cl2t(-)Cu2++2e-==CuI(+)2CI-2e-=ChtCu2++2C1电解CuI+C12t申解2CuSO4+2H2O2CuI+O2t+2H2so4(-)2Cu2++4e-==2CuI(+)2H?O-4e-==。2t+4H+或：40H-4e-=Cht+2H2O4Hg^=±4H++40H♦ 申解2Cu2++2H2O2CuI+O2t+4FT申解2H2。pe2H2t+02t(-)4H++4e-==2H2t(+)40H-4e-==O2t+2H2O中性电解4H2O=^4H++40H由解2H2OH2t+02t酸性水解：(-)4H++4e==2H2t(+)2H2O-4e==O2t+4H+4OH-4e-==O2t+2H2O2H2O=2S=H2t+O2t碱性水解：(-)4H2O+4e-==2H2t+40H或：4H++4e==2H2t(+)4OH-4e-==O2t+2H2O2H2。=H2t+O2t2、电镀：镀件作阴极，被镀金属作阳极，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：CuSC>4电镀液镀件(-)Cu2++2e==CuI纯铜(+)Cu-2e==Cu2+镀锌：ZnSCU电镀液镀件(-)Zn2++2e==ZnI纯锌(+)Zn-2e==Zn2+镀银：AgNCh电镀液镀件(-)Ag++e==AgI纯银(+)Ag-e==Ag+镀银：NiS04电镀液镀件(-)Ni2++2e==NiI纯银(+)Ni-2e==Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：2NaCl(熔融)=^=2Na+CLt(-)2Na++2e-==2Na(+)2C1-4e==。212Na++2Cl(熔融)= 2Na+CLt2Al2()3(熔融)电解4A1+2O2t(-)4Al3++12e==4Al(+)602T2e==3Ch3熔融电解4AF++6O：苏志4A1+3O2t申解NaHFx熔融) Hzt+F2t(-)2H++2e==H2t(+)2F-2e-==F2t申解2HFH2t+F2t十二、原电池反应x—Y(电解质溶液)或X//电解质溶液//Y(1)不可逆电池苏打电池：Zn—Cu(H2sCU)Zn极(-)Zn-2e==Zn2+(氧化反应)Cu极(+)2H++2e==比t(还原反应)离子方程式Zn+2H+==H2t+Zn2+化学方程式 Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2t铁碳电池：Fe—C(H2co3)Fe极(-)Fe-2e==Fe2+(氧化反应)C极(+)2H++2e==H2t(还原反应)离子方程式Fe+2H+==H2t+Fe?+(析氢腐蚀)铁碳电池：Fe—C（H2O>O2）Fe极（-）2Fe-4e==2Fe2+（氧化反应）C极（+）O2+2H2O+4e==4OH-（还原反应）化学方程式 2Fe+O2+2H2O==2Fe（OH）2（吸氧腐蚀）4Fe（OH）2+O2+2H2O==4Fe（OH）32Fe（OH）3==Fe2O3-nH2O+（3-n）H2O（铁锈的生成过程）铝银电池：Al—Ni（NaCl溶液、。2）A1极（-）4A1-12e==4AF+ （氧化反应）Ni极（+）302+6^0+12e