新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解-Unit7

新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7xxx公司新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度新视野三版读写B2U7TextAWomanatthemanagementlevel1WhenMonicaappliedforajobasanadministrativeassistantin1971,shewasaskedwhethershewouldratherworkforamaleorafemaleattorney."Iimmediately

said

a

man,"

she

says.

"I

felt

that

amale-boss/female-employeerelationshipwasmorenatural,needingnopersonalaccommodationwhatsoever."But20yearslater,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion,shesaid,"Iwaspleasantlysurprisedthatfemalebossesaremuchmoreaccessibletotheiremployees;they'remuchmoresensitiveandintimatewiththeiremployees."2Femalebossestodayarestilfindingtheyfacesubtleresistance.Thereisstilasegmentofthepopulation,bothmenand,surprisingly,womenwhoreportlowtoleranceforfemalebosses.Thegrowingpresenceoffemalebosseshasalsoprovokedtwomajorquestionsthatrevolvearoundstyles:Domenandwomenmanagedifferently,and,ifso,isthatagoodthing?3Monicaisdisposedtothinkso,onbothcounts.Nowa40-year-oldmotheroffour,sheispresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members."Relationswithmyemployeesareprobablydifferentfromthoseofmalemanagersprecedingme,"shesays."Iknowwhatit'sliketohavetocalandsaymykidgotthemumpssoIwon'tbecomingin.Ihaveamoreflexiblestyle—notsoft,justmoreunderstanding."ThemanwhoisMonica'sassistantagrees,"Shetendstodelegatemoreandisalwayslookingforaconsensus.Peoplearehappyandflourishbecausetheyhaveaninputintodecisionsandtheyarenotmerebystanders;theirenergiesareharnessed.Ontheotherhand,consensustakeslonger."4So,arethedifferencessymbolicorreal

Plausiblestudiessuggestthatmen

aretypicalyhierarchical,goal-orientedandfeelentitled.Women,bycontrast,managediplomaticaly,andsharepower.Thatpointofviewisoftenchalengedandargued.Someproclaimthatmenandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandaspirationsbasicalymanageinthesameway.Thisviewisechoedbyyoungerwomen,especialythosewhohaveencounteredlittlegenderdiscrimination.ThatwascertainlythelessonforNicole.Whenherfatherdiedofaheartattack,shewasanemployeeatapetroleumproductsexportcompany.Shequitandtookoverherfamily's160-acrefruitfarminSt.David'sCounty.Onherfirstdayinthefield,aworkercaledher"darling"."Hewastryingtotestme.Iwasshakingwithanger,"saysNicole,now34."Istooderectandsaid,‘Youwouldn'thavecaledmyfatherdarlingandyou'renotgoingtotakethatlibertywithme.Ifyoudo,I'lfireyou.'"5Whenwomenworkforwomen,adifferentdynamicoftentakesover.Susan,acashierinaTorontoauctionhouse,saysthatshehasexploredfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecanrelyonthemmore.Whilewomenmayfeelmoreateasewithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakeconcessionstothenewworkingstyles.Brian,amarinebiologist,says,"IttookmeacoupleofyearsbeforeIfeltcomfortableenoughtorelaxaroundafemalemanager.Infact,myrelationswithherweremuchmorebusinesslike."6Tosomeextent,themale-femaledifferencescomedowntoconflictingstyles.Onefemalevice-presidentdiscussedthetimesheburstintotearsduringameeting."Menthinkthattearsareanuclearweaponinaconventionalwar.Theytakeexceptiontoawomancrying,inferringthatshe'sfeelingunhappyorviolated."Themenfailedtounderstandthatwhatpromptedhertearswasnothurtbutgenuinerage."Whenwecry,it'sbecausewehavealthisvalidragethathasnoappropriaterelease,"shesays."Womencry;mengetreliefbygoingonwiththeoffenseorbyveilingtheirfeelingstoappearcomposed."7Deborah,presidentofafirmwithitsheadquartersinToronto,saysthateven********if men do understand, they sometimes react differently totheidenticalinformationandtohercooperativemanagementstyle.8Deborahsaysthatherauthorityissometimesunderminedbyperceptionsabouthergender."Itstemsfromthewholesocialcontextoftraditionalrolesformenandwomen,"shesays."Momwouldtelyoutodothings,butperhapsyouwouldn'ttakeasmuchnoticeaswhenDadtoldyoutodothings.Menalsohaveastrongerurgetocontrol,"shesays.9Forfemalebosses,thegreatexpectationofsomefemaleemployeesisonemoreobstacle.Juniorwomenassumeafemalebosswilpromotethemmorequicklythanamanwould.But,theyalsoexpectfemalebossestobemoreself-sufficient."Theyask,‘Whycan'tyouscanyourownstuff'or‘Whycan'tyoudoyourownfiling'"saysoneseniorfemaleexecutive.10Ontheotherhand,thereisnodisputethatafewdecadesagotheywould*********rarely have had a female boss in the workplace.Nina, amanagementconsultantsaysshe'svaguelyoptimistic."I'mlookingforwardtotheday,beforeIdie,whenwerecognizethatthebestmanagementstyleswilbecomposedofthebestthatbothgendersbringtothetable..."Wel,shepauses,maybenotbeforeshedies,perhapsinherdaughter'slifetime.LanguagePoints:1WhenMonicaappliedforajobasanadministrativeassistantin1971,shewasaskedwhethershewouldratherworkforamaleorafemaleattorney.(Para.1)Meaning:Monicawasaskedifshewouldliketoworkforamaleorafemalelawyerwhensheappliedforamanagingjobatalawfirmin1971.Sentencestructurenote:“wouldrather”句型1wouldrather的意思是“宁愿；宁可；更；最好；还是…为好”，后接动词原形，表示优先选择的一种方式。其否定形式是wouldrathernotdosth.,wouldrather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用wouldrather。例如：*Ifyou/hewouldratherbealone,we’lalleavehere. 如果你/他宁愿独自呆着，那我们会都离开这儿。2wouldrather后接从句时，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时，表示希望或宁愿某人按某特定的方式做某事，这个结构常常表达的是现在或将来的行为。例如：*I’dratheryoudidn’tmakeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing. 我想目前你还是不要对此事发表任何评论。2“Ifeltthatamale-boss/female-employeerelationshipwasmorenatural,needingnopersonalaccommodationwhatsoever.”(Para.1)Meaning:Ifeltthattherewasnoneedtocompromiseinarelationshipbetweenamalebossandafemaleemployeesinceitwasmorenatural.3But20yearslater,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion,shesaid,“Iwaspleasantlysurprisedthatfemalebossesaremuchmoreaccessibletotheiremployees;they’remuchmoresensitiveandintimatewiththeiremployees.”(Para.1)Meaning:However,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion20yearslater,Sherespondedthatitwasanicesurprisetofindoutthatfemalebosseshadbeenmucheasiertoapproach,moreunderstanding,andclosertotheirworkers.Meaningbeyondwords:Heranswerwasentirelydifferentfromwhatshehadresponded20yearsbefore.Itcanbeassumedthatshegainedthisparticularfeelinggradualy.4Femalebossestodayarestillfindingtheyfacesubtleresistance.(Para.2)Meaningbeyondwords:Femalebossestodayarestilexperiencinggenderdiscrimination,thoughitmaynotalwaysbeobviousornoticeable.5Thereisstillasegmentofthepopulation,bothmenand,surprisingly,womenwhoreportlowtoleranceforfemalebosses.(Para.2)Meaning:Aportionofpeople,menand,unexpectedly,evenwomenstatethattheycanhardlybearworkingwithfemalebosses.6Thegrowingpresenceoffemalebosseshasalsoprovokedtwomajorquestionsthatrevolvearoundstyles:Domenandwomenmanagedifferently,and,ifso,isthatagoodthing(Para.2)Meaning:Withthenumberoffemalebossesincreasing,twoquestionshavebeenraisedintermsofstyles:DomenandwomenworkdifferentlyArethedifferencesgoodformanagementifthereareany?7Monicaisdisposedtothinkso,onbothcounts.Nowa40-year-oldmotheroffour,sheispresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members.(Para.3)Meaning:Monica,a40-year-oldmotheroffourchildrenandpresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members,isinclinedtolookatthesetwopointspositively:Womendomanagedifferentlyfrommenandthatisagoodthing.Note:“Apublicsectorlaborunion”(alsopublicsectortradeunion)referstoalaborunionwhichprimarilyrepresentstheinterestsofemployeeswithinpublicsector(government-owned,supportedorregulated)organizations.Publicsectorunionshavebecomesomeofthelargerormoreinfluentialunionsincertainareasoftheworldinrecenttimesasprivatesectorunionmembershiphasdeclinedsharply.8“Relationswithmyemployeesareprobablydifferentfromthoseofmalemanagersprecedingme,”shesays.“Iknowwhatit’sliketohavetocallandsaymykidgotthemumpssoIwon’tbecomingin.Ihaveamoreflexiblestyle—notsoft,justmoreunderstanding.”(Para.3)Meaning:Shesaidthatshewasperhapsdifferentformthepreviousmalemanagersinrelationwiththeemployeesbecausesheknewwhatitmeantwhensomeonehadtomakeaphonecaltellingherthatheorshewouldn’tgotoworkduetotheilnessoftheirchild.Sheaddedthatshewasmoreflexibleandunderstandingbutnotweakerintermsofworkingstyle.Meaningbeyondwords:Inabroadsense,femalebossesarebetterthanmalebossesinboss-employeerelationsbecausetheyaremoreunderstandingandtendtoshowmoreconsiderationtotheiremployees.9ThemanwhoisMonica’sassistantagrees,“Shetendstodelegatemoreandisalwayslookingforaconsensus.Peoplearehappyandflourishbecausetheyhaveaninputintodecisionsandtheyarenotmerebystanders;theirenergiesareharnessed.Ontheotherhand,consensustakeslonger.”(Para.3)Meaning:ThemanwhoisMonica’sassistantholdsthesameopinionthatsheusuallygivespeoplemorerightsandisalwaysseekingagreement.Sincepeoplehavetheirvoiceheardindecision-makingandarenotplayingtheroleofawitnessonly,theyfeelhappyandsuccessful.Inthisway,theirenergiesareutilized.However,ittakesmoretimetoreachanagreement.Meaningbeyondwords:Again,femalebosseswouldseekmoreaccommodationandagreementthanmalebosses,whichhelpstobringemployees’initiativeintofulplay.10So,arethedifferencessymbolicorrealPlausiblestudiessuggestthatmenaretypicallyhierarchical,goal-orientedandfeelentitled.Women,bycontrast,managediplomatically,andsharepower.(Para.4)Meaning:So,thequestioniswhetherthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalemanagersarerepresentativeorrealAccordingtoacceptablestudies,menliketoseeksocialstatus,workforgoalsandbegivenauthority.Ontheotherhand,womenmanagewithskilandflexibilityandliketoshareauthority.Meaningbeyondwords:Intermsofmanagementskils,thisparthighlightsthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalebosses.Theplausiblereasonsmaypossiblybetracedtotherespectivecharactertraitsofbothsexes.Note:Goal-orientedisacompoundadjective.Agoal-orientedpersonorteamworkshardtoachievegoodresultsinthetasksthattheyhavebeengiven;agoal-orientedplanoractivityisbasedonanumberofthingsthatmustbeachieved.Thewordorientedmeansgivingalotoftime,effortandattentiontooneparticularthing.Itcanbecombinedwithdifferentnounstoderivedifferentmeaningssuchasfamily-orientedandexport-oriented.11Thatpointofviewisoftenchallengedandargued.Someproclaimthatmenandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandaspirationsbasicallymanageinthesameway.(Para.4)Meaning:Therealdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalemanagersoftensparkarguments.Somepeopledeclarethatgeneralyspeaking,menandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandambitionsmanageinthesameway.12Thisviewisechoedbyyoungerwomen,especiallythosewhohaveencounteredlittlegenderdiscrimination.ThatwascertainlythelessonforNicole.(Para.4)Meaning:Thisviewisagreeduponbyyoungwomen,especiallythosewhohaveseldombeentreatedunfairly.Nicolecertainlylearnedalessonfromherexperience.Meaningbeyondwords:Theimplicationisthatmenandwomendomanagedifferently.Onlyyoungwomenwhohaveneverencounteredgenderdiscriminationwouldassumethereisnodifferencebetweenmaleandfemalemanagers.Nicole’spersonalexperiencewouldserveasalessonforyoungwomen.13Whenherfatherdiedofaheartattack,shewasanemployeeatapetroleumproductsexportcompany.Shequitandtookoverherfamily’s160-acrefruitfarminSt.David’sCounty.(Para.4)Meaning:Whenherfatherdiedduetoaheartattack,Nicolestoppedworkingforanexportcompanyofpetroleumproductsandtookcontrolofherfather’s160-acrefruitfarminSt.David’sCounty.Note:Thisisalsoafigurativeuseof“fightingthefires”,whichmeans“todispersethestrikes”.14Onherfirstdayinthefield,aworkercalledher“darling”.“Hewastryingtotestme.Iwasshakingwithanger,”saysNicole,now34.“Istooderectandsaid,‘Youwouldn’thavecalledmyfatherdarlingandyou’renotgoingtotakethatlibertywithme.Ifyoudo,I’llfireyou.’”(Para.4)Meaningbeyondwords:Nicole’spersonalstoryabouthowoneofherworkersaddressedheronherfirstdayinthefielddepictsgenderdiscrimination-baseddisrespect:Menwouldinstinctivelythinktheyaresuperiortowomen,sothemaleworkerdidn’tshowtheappropriaterespecttohisboss,Nicole.15Whenwomenworkforwomen,adifferentdynamicoftentakesover.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Whenwomenworkfortheirfemalebosses,theycanalwaysseeandexperiencedifferentworkingandcommunicationstylesfromthoseadoptedbytheirmalebosses.Note:Here,“dynamic”meansthesetofforcesthatexistinasituation,especiallyarelationship,andaffecthowitchangesordevelops.Forexample:*There’saverysupportivedynamicbetweenthemembersofthegroup. 组员们之间互相支持，互相鼓励。16Susan,acashierinaTorontoauctionhouse,saysthatshehasexploredfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecanrelyonthemmore.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Susanhasestablishedfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecantrustthemmorethanmalebosses.17Whilewomenmayfeelmoreateasewithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakeconcessionstothenewworkingstyles.(Para.5)Meaning:Althoughwomenfeelmorecomfortableandrelaxedwithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakechangesintheirbehaviortoadapttothedifferentworkingstyles.Meaningbeyondwords:Thefactthatmenhavetoadjustthemselveswhentheyhaveafemalebossisprobablybecauseofsomepsychologicalreasonwhichmakesthemfeelsomewhathardtogetalongwiththeoppositesex.18Brian,amarinebiologist,says,“IttookmeacoupleofyearsbeforeIfeltcomfortableenoughtorelaxaroundafemalemanager.Infact,myrelationswithherweremuchmorebusinesslike.”(Para.5)Meaning:Brian,amarinebiologist,saysthatittookhimacoupleofyearsbeforehefeltateaseworkingaroundafemalemanager.Anyway,hisrelationswithherwereofabusinesstypeonly.*businesslike:a.effectiveandpracticalinthewaythatyoudothings 处事务实的；有效率的；讲究实际的Toteachthestudentsgoodbusinessmanners,thisactivitywashandledinabusinesslikemanner.为了培养学生良好的商务礼仪，这项活动是以务实的方式进行的。Note:Thewordbusinesslike,asexplainedabove,isdifferentfromwordslikechildlike.Similarwordsforyourattention:lifelike(逼真的；栩栩如生的),warlike(好战的；善武的).19Tosomeextent,themale-femaledifferencescomedowntoconflictingstyles.(Para.6)Meaning:Tosomedegree,themale-femaledifferencesinmanagementlieincontradictingworkingstyles.20Onefemalevice-presidentdiscussedthetimesheburstintotearsduringameeting.“Menthinkthattearsareanuclearweaponinaconventionalwar.Theytakeexceptiontoawomancrying,inferringthatshe’sfeelingunhappyorviolated.”(Para.6)Meaning:Onefemalevice-presidenttalkedaboutthetimewhenshecouldnotholdbackhertearsatameeting.Shesaidthatmenconsideredwomen’stearsjustasunfairweapons.Theywereangryatwomenwhowerecryingandthoughtthatthesewomenfeltunhappyoroffended.21Themenfailedtounderstandthatwhatpromptedhertearswasnothurtbutgenuinerage.(Para.6)Meaning:Themendidnotknowwhatmadewomencrywasnotbeinghurtbuttheiranger.22“Whenwecry,it’sbecausewehaveallthisvalidragethathasnoappropriaterelease,”shesays.“Womencry;mengetreliefbygoingonwiththeoffenseorbyveilingtheirfeelingstoappearcomposed.”(Para.6)Meaning:Shesaysthatwomencrybecausetheyhavenowheretoreleasetheirreasonableanger.Whilewomencrymenseektoreleasetheirangerbycontinuingwiththeirattacksonwomenorbyhidingtheirfeelingstolookcalm.Meaningbeyondwords:Thisexamplefurthercontraststhedifferentworkingstylesbetweenmenandwomen,triggeredbytheirpersonalitytraits.23Deborah,presidentofafirmwithitsheadquartersinToronto,saysthatevenifmendounderstand,theysometimesreactdifferentlytotheidenticalinformationandtohercooperativemanagementstyle.(Para.7)Meaning:AccordingtoDeborah,presidentofafirmwithitsmainofficelocatedinToronto,evenifmendounderstandwhywomencry,theysometimesreactdifferentlytosimilarinformationandtohercolaborativestyle.24Deborahsaysthatherauthorityissometimesunderminedbyperceptionsabouthergender.(Para.8)Meaning:AccordingtoDeborah,herauthorityissometimesweakenedbybiasedopinionofwomen.25“Itstemsfromthewholesocialcontextoftraditionalrolesformenandwomen,”shesays.“Momwouldtellyoutodothings,butperhapsyouwouldn’ttakeasmuchnoticeaswhenDadtoldyoutodothings.Menalsohaveastrongerurgetocontrol,”shesays.(Para.8)Meaning:Shesaysthatpeople’sdifferentreactionstowardfemalebossesandmalebossescomefromoursocialbackground:thetraditionalrolesformenandwomen.Peoplewouldpaymoreattentiontowhattheirdadtoldthemtodothanwhattheirmomwouldtellthem.Menalsohaveastrongerdesiretocontrol.26Forfemalebosses,thegreatexpectationofsomefemaleemployeesisonemoreobstacle.Juniorwomenassumeafemalebosswillpromotethemmorequicklythanamanwould.(Para.9)Meaningbeyondwords:Asfemalebossesmanagemorediplomaticalyandoftenseekconsensus,femaleemployeesusuallyexpecttogetpromotedmorequicklybywomenbosses.Thisisanotherobstacleforfemalebosses.27But,theyalsoexpectfemalebossestobemoreself-sufficient.“Theyask,‘Whycan’tyouscanyourownstuff’or‘Whycan’tyoudoyourownfiling’”saysone

seniorfemaleexecutive.(Para.9)Meaningbeyondwords:Femaleemployees,however,wouldalsoexpectfemalebossestodomorebyt