国际移民组织：2020年世界移民报告

国际移民组织：2020年世界移民报告报告显示，跨国移民只占全球人口的3.5%,2019年全球77亿人口中有2.72亿人为跨国移民，相当于印度尼西亚的人口，其中52励男性、48师女性，74%的移民年龄在20至64岁之间。超过40%勺全球移民出生于亚洲国家，大多来自印度。因此，印度是2019年跨国移民最大的来源国，其次为墨西哥、中国、俄罗斯和叙利亚。美国仍然是最大的目的地国，2019年接收了5100万移民，其次为德国、沙特阿拉伯、俄罗斯和英国。统计显示，一半以上的跨国移民居住在欧洲和北美，约为1.41亿人。报告显示，2018年全球难民人数为2590万，其中52%的人年龄在18岁以下。叙利亚的难民人数最多，达610万，其次是哥伦比亚，达580万，以及刚果民主共和国，达310万。据估计，2018年全球因暴力和冲突而在境内流离失所的人数达4130万。报告表示，土耳其是最大的难民收容国，收容了370万难民，加拿大是最大的难民重新安置国，2018年安置难民人数超过了美国。2018年，菲律宾因新发灾难而流离失所的人数最多，达380万。截至2019年年中，约400万委内瑞拉人离开了自己的国家。委内瑞拉是2018年寻求庇护者最大的来源国，约有超过34万名寻求庇护者。报告显示，2018年，全球无国籍人口为390万，孟加拉国的无国籍人士最多，约有90万6000人，其次是科特迪瓦和缅甸。止匕外，高收入国家的移徙工人数量略有下降，但在其他国家，这一人群有所增加，尤其是在中等偏上收入国家，从2013年的1750万增加到2017年的3050万。报告指出，全球移徙模式因地区而异，大多数来自非洲、亚洲和欧洲的跨国移民移居到出生所在区域的其他国家，而大多数来自拉丁美洲、加勒比地区和北美洲的跨国移民则移居在出生地区以外。报告指出，国际汇款在2018年增至6890亿美元，前三大汇款接收国是印度、中国和墨西哥。美国仍然是最大的汇款发出国，其次是阿联酋和沙特阿拉伯。《世界移民报告》于20年前首次发布，今年的第十版提供了有关移民的最新数据和信息，以及对复杂和新兴移民问题的分析。今年的报告首次以纯数字形式发布，作为确保环境可持续性的一种措施。报告涉及的主题包括人口流动和环境变化、信息时代的移民贡献、儿童与不安全移民、移民与健康，这些内容不仅切合现实需要，而且与专业和普通读者都息息相关。该报告的共同作者王5丽・麦考利夫(MarieMcAuliffe)表示，为了获取有关移民的最新证据，报告的主要章节由该领域的一些主要研究人员撰写，而且在最终定稿之前已由权威的移民学者和专家进行了同行评审。国际移民组织表示，由于移徙一直是人们日益关注的问题，因此2020年的《世界移民报告》对于满足国际社会对基于证据的高质量研究不断增长的需求至关重要，同时也有助于揭穿意图影响公众的“假新闻”和错误信息及政治话语。®IOMUNMIGRATIONWORLDMIGRATIONREPORT2020Theopinionsexpreis«dinthereportarethoseoftheauthonanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheInternationalOrganizationforMigration(!OM).ThedesignationsemployeeandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthereportdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepanofI0Mconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorare，orofitsauthorities,orconcerningitsfrontiersorboundaries.IOMiscommittedtotheprinciplethathumaneandorderlymigrationbenefitsmigrintsandsociety.AianinteTgovcmmentalorganixation.IOKactswithitspartnersintheinternationalcommunityto:assistinmeetingtheoperationalchallengesofmigration;advanceunderstandingofmigntionissues:encouraoesocialandeconomicdevelopmentthroughmigration;andupholdthehumandignityandwell-beingofmigrants.Thb(UgshlpWoildMlgiatlonRepoithasbeenptoducedInUnewith10M*sEnvlionmentPolicyandbavaiUbleonlineonly.PrintedhardcopieshivenotbeenmadeInoldertoreducepjipet.printingindtransporUtlonTherepoit1$/WTnr.Publisher:International(hganizatSonforMigration17routedesMorillonsP.O.Box1712nGenera19SwitzerlandTel.:*41227179111Fax:“1227986150Email:hq@Website:ISSN1WI-55O2e-ISBN978-92-9O68-789-4CoverphotosTop:ChildrenfromTwoblandcanyliQhteritemsfromK)K$ddivwyoffoodaidfundedbyUSAID,withtransportsupportfromtheUnitedNations.OIOM2013/JoeUMRYMiddle:RicefieldsinSouthernBangladesh.©IOM2010/AmandaNEROBottom:FerrickIbetvillage,Chad.CIOM2018/AmandaNEROC2019InternationalOiganlzitionforMigration(IOM)Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,ftoredinaretrievaltyttem.ortnmmittedinanyfonnorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,ototherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpennHslonofthepublisher.UNMIGRATIONWORLDMIGRATIONREPORT2020Thisvolumeistheresultofahighlycollaborativeventureinvolvingamultitudeofpaitncrsandcontributorsunderthedirectionoftheeditors.TheWorldMigrationReport2020projectcommencedinMay2018andculminatedinthelaunchofthereportinNovember2019bytheDirectoiGeneralatthe110thsc$iionofI0MCouncil.Thefindings,interpretations,conclusionsandrecommendationsexpressedboeindonotneceswilyreflecttheviewsofI0MoritsMemberStates.TMdesignationsemployedandthepretenUtionofmateriilthroughoutthereportdonotimplytheexpreitlonofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofI0Mconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofitsluthortties,orconcealingitsfrontiersorboundaries.Allreasonableeffortshav«beennudetoensuretheaccuracyofthedatareferredtointhisreport,includingthroughd^Uverification.Weregretshowewi.anyditjenortthatmiyremain.Unletsotherwisestated,thisreportdoesnotrefertodataoreventsafterJune2019.Thestonesbehindthephotoataphsamberoundonpaqev.Editorial,reviewandproductionteamEditorsMnieMcAuliffe(10M)andBinodKhadria(JawdihaiUlNehruUniversity)I0MreviewersEvaAkermanBorje.UuraBartolini.MarianaBeheran,ElizabethCollett,JillHeike,ManuelHoff,DinaIonesco,MicheleKleinSolomon.JobstKoehler,UuraLungarotti,ChiaraMilano,DariaMokhnicheva,MirelaShuteriqi,JasperTjadenandMariamTraoreChazalnoelAcademicrevieweisMaiujaAsis.JeigenCarling,StephenCastles.HowaidDuncan,GibxilFaaLElizabethFerris,FrancoisGemenne,lanGoldin.SakikoKanbara,SusanMartin,MarcoPedrotti,MartinRuhs,NandoSigona,RonaldSkeldon,FeUdtyThomas.AnnaTrUndafytUdouandCathyZimmermanProductionmanagerValerieHaggerProjectMiministrationFrancesSolinapandAurelieBenGavrielCopyeditorMichaelGibbonReportlayoutRamilRecintoI0MresearchteamMarieMcAuliffe,ttlineBauloz.AdrianKitimb),MichelleNguyen(partproject),AdamSawyer(partproject),SophieQu(partproject)TransUtionSpanishTranslationUnit(I0M)FrenchTranslationUnit(I0M)AcknowledgementsTheeditorsarepaiticulailygratefultotheauthorsofthethematicchaptersandtoalloftheI0Mandacademicrevieweiswhoprovidedconstructivefeedbackonthediaftchapters.WeaieespeciallygratefultoIOMsDkectoiGcneiaLAnt6nioVitorino,andmcmbeisof10MssenioiIradeishipteam,whosuppoitedthisWoildMigrationReport,includingLauraThompson,EugenioAmbrosi,JillHeike.MicheleKleinSolomonandClaiissaAzkoul.WealsowishtoacknowledgethegovernmentsofSwit£eiUndandGermanyfoitheirfinancialcontributionstowardthecompletionoftheleport.AdditionalfundingtosupporttianslatlonshasbeenreceivedfromtheSwissGovernment,theCanadianGovernment,USAfor10M.I0MRegionalOfficeforSouthAmericaandI0MRegionalOfficeforCentralandNorthAmericaandtheCaribbean.Wewishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheircontributionstothereport:IdilAtak(InternationalJournalofMigrationandBorderStudies),VincentChetail(RefugeeSurveyQuarterly).HowardDuncan(InternationalMigration),AlanGamlen(MigrationStudies),DonaldKerwin(JournalonMigrationandHumanSecurity),EmmanuelMaMungandVeroniquePetit(RevueEurop^ennedesMigrationsInternationales),AnnaTriandafyllidou(JournalofImmigrantandRefugeeStudies),JamieWindeis,PieterBevelander,CynthiaFeliciano.FilizGaiipandMatthewHall(InternationalMigrationReview),RossChainey(WorldEconomicForum).HannahCaddickandAmyLeach(OverseasDevelopmentInstitute),RobertMcMahon{CouncilonForeignRelatians),JasonNaselliandAlanPhilips(ChathamHouse),HomiKhaias,DanyBahaiandMenellTuck-Piimdahl(Blockingsliutitution).ContributorsReportoverview:ProvidingperspectiveonmigiationandmobilityinincreasinglyuncertaintimesAuthors:MaiieMcAuliffeandBinodKhadriaResearchassistants:AdrianKitimboandBertiOlintoMigrationandmigrants:AglobaloverviewMaincontributors:MarieMcAuliffe,(MineBauloz,MichelleNguyenandSophieQuResearchassistantsandothercontributors:JulianeKlatt,AdamSawyer,AinanKitimbo,ReshmaMathews,KateDearden,TristanO'Shea,NoelleDarbellay,SarahKnight.MuhammadRizkiandClaireGalez-DavisChaptei3:Migrationandmigrants:Regionaldimensions&nddevelopmentsMaincontiibutors:MaiieMcAuliffe,AdrianKitimbo.GuyAbel,Adam$4wye:andJulianeKlattResearchaisistantsandothercontributors:BertiOlinto,ReshmaMathews,AlexanderDoggen,DamienJiusclmc.AliceKimani.LisaLimAhKun,RudolfM&xwald,KristinaMejo.LucieBertilleMotuin,SophieNonnenmacherSofianeOuaret,AmrTaha.EzequielTexido,MarikoTomiy&nu.LauraNistri,AlinaKlehrandEvaFonsMigrationresearchandanalysis:Growth,reachandrecentcontributionsMaincontributors:MarieMcAuliffe,CilineBaulozandMichelleNguyenReseaichassistantsandothercontiibutors:MarieMundlei.IdilAtak(InternationalJournalofMigrationandBorderStudies),VincentChetail(RefugeeSurveyQuarterly),HowardDuncan(/nternahonalMgmtion).AhnGamlen(MigrationStudies),DonaldKerwin(JournalonMigrationandHumanSecurity),EmmanuelMaMungandVtroniquePetit(RevueEurop^ennedesMigrationsInternationales),AnnaTriandafyllidou(JournalojImmigrantandRefugeeStudies).JamieWinders,PieterBcvclander,Cynthiafelidano.FilizGaiipandMatthewHall(InternationalMigrationReview),RossChainey(WorldEconomicForum),HannahCaddickandAmyLeach(OverseasDevelopmentInstitute),RobertMcMahon(CouncilonForeignRelations),J&sonNaselliandAlanPhilips(ChathamHouse),HomiKhai&s.DanyBaharandMenellTuck-Primckhl(BrookingsInstitution)ReflectionsonmigrantscontributionsinaneraofincreasingdisruptionanddisinformationAuthors:MarieMcAuliffe.AdrianKitimboandBinodKhadriaResearchAssistant:MichelleNguyenMigration,inclusionandsocialcohesion:Challenges,recentdevelopmentsandopportunitiesAuthors:CelineBauloz,ZanaVathiandDiegoAcostaResearchAssistant:Mich«lhNguy«nMigrationandHealth:Keyissues,governanceandanientknowledgeqapsAuthors:JoVearey,ChartesHuiandKolithaWickramageChildrenandunsalemigiauonAuthors:JacquelineBhabhaandGuyAbelHumanmobilityandadaptationtoenvironmentalchangeAuthors:RobertOakes.SoumyadeepBanerjeeandKokoWarnerMigiantscaughtincrises:Contexts,responsesandinnovationAuthors:NassimKajidirHeavenCrawley,LorenzoGuadagnoandCamilleKasavanResearchAssistants:M6lis$aCometandThomasYeboahRecentdevelopmentsintheglobalgovernanceofmigration:AnupdatetoWorldMigrationReport2018Authors:KathleenNewland.MarieMcAuliffeandCelineBaulozPhotographsParticipatoryvideoteamrecordingtheirstoriesandmessagesofhopeinHerat.Afghanistan.Agroupof13younqAfghanwomenandmenspentaweektogetherinHerattoexchangeexperiences,directandproduceafilmaboutmigration.TheinitiativeispartofI0M*sGlobalMigrationFilmFestivalParticipatoryVideoProjecttoengagemigrantsandhostcommunitiesinparticipatoryfilmmakingthatstrengthenssocialcohesion.CIOM/AmandaNEROPartiManyVenezuelanstravellingthroughthecontinentdo$obyfootcarryingtheiichildrenandpouessions.Camlnantes.orwalkers,tiekalongmajorhighwaysandthroughdifficulttenain.Theymustgothroughmountainousareaswheretemperatuiesdropbelowzeioandthroughscorchinghotareaswherewaterisscarce.Manymakethisjourneywithjustalightjacket,rubberflipflopsandasmallbackpackwiththemostessentialitemstheymanagetocarry,olOM/MuseMOHAMMEDAerialviewofinternallydisplacedpersonsinWauprotectionofcivilianssite.SouthSudan,clOM/RainerGONZALEZPALAUTheKutupalongRefugeecampnearCox'sBazar,Bangladesh.©IOM/Mus?MOHAMMEDAbdulaiAdum,MixammeteVillage,CentralAfricanRepublic.©lOM/AmandaNEROPartIIIOMsheltersinBakasxiinternallydispUccdpersonsCamp.Nigeria.©lOM/MuscMOHAMMEDRobeiro,anex-combatantfromanillegalparamilitarygroupinColomia,carriesharvestedchilipeppers.Robeiroisoneof300beneficiariesofanincomegenerationprojectimplementedbyI0KColombia.©lOM/DiegoSAMORABurmesemigrantworkerinBangkok,clOM/BenjaminSUOMELAChaptei7IOMThailand'sMigrantHealthAssessmentCentreonSilomRoadinBangkokprovideshealthscreeningsformigrantswhoaieabouttomigrateabioad.oI0M/BfnjaminSUOMELAChildrenplayattheplayroomattheProcessingCentreforSyrianfamiliesresettlingtoCanada,olOM/MuseMOHAMMEDBercyistheprincipalofanelementaryschoolonUdotIsland,FederatedStatesofMicronesia.Duringthetyphoon,oneoftheirbuildin9swasseverelydamaged.Thenewbuildingisusedasalibraryforstudents,elOM/MuseMOHAMMEDMawEvacuationsinN«luialDisasten(MEND)•QuezonCity,thePhilippiim.©I0M/Ch4iU3aSORIANOThesecondworkshopoftheInternationalDialogueonMigration2017offeredaglobalplatformtodiscussandanalysemigrants,vulnerabilitiesandcapacities,guideappropriatepolicy,programmaticandoperationalresponsestoaddressthem,andenhanceresiliencethroughpiotectionandassistanceservices,olOM/MuseMOHAMMEDReferencesChriftmotherissohappytofindhersonafterhewacseparatedfromhismotherindlittlebrotherduringtheirmigration.©I0MAppendicesAmeerahandAnajiaspendtimepractisingtheirdrawingskillsafterclass(thePhilippines),elOM/JulieBATULATableofcontentsTOC\o"1-5"\h\zEditorial,reviewandproductionteamiiiAcknowledgements-iiiContributorsivPhotographs"vListoffigures&ndtables-viiiListofappendices-miFoxewoid——xvChapter1-Reportoverview:ProvidingperspectiveonmigrationandmobiUtyinincreasinglyuncertaintimes1PartI:Dataandinformationonmigrationandmigrants....^M.16Qiapter2-Migrationandmigrants:Aglobaloverview19-Migrationandmigrants:Regionaldimensionsanddevelopments53-Migrationresearchandanalysis:Growth,reachandrecentcontributions125PARTII:ComplexandEmergingMigrationIssues158-Reflectionsonmigrants'contributionsinaneraofincreasingdisruptionanddisinformation-161-Migration.Inclusionandsocialcohesion:Challenges,recentdevelopmentsandopportunities185-Migrationandhealth:Cuirentissues,governanceandknowledgegaps209-Childrenandunsafemigration231-Humanmobilityandadaptationtoenvironmentalchmge253Chapter10-MigrantscaughtincriiM：Contexts,recponMfandinnovation271Qiapter11-Recentdevelopmentsintheglobalgovernanceofmigration:AnupdatetotheUlforldMigrationReport2018291Appendices313References-367ListoffiguresandtablesTOC\o"1-5"\h\zTable1.KeyfacuandfiguresfiomtheWorldMigrationReports,2000and2020101.Internationalmigrants.1970-201921internationalmigrants,bymajorregionofresidence,200,to2019(millions)24Proportionalpopulationchangebyregion,2009-201925Top20destinations(left)andorigins(right)ofinternationalmigrantsin2019(millions)26Top20countriesofemigrationin2019(proportion)27InflowsofforeignnationalsintoOECDcountries,permanentmigration,2000-2016(millions)MMigrantworkersbydestinationcountryincomelevel,201)and201733Table2.Migrantworkers,bysexandincomelevelofdestinationcountries,201714Geographicdistributionofmigrantworkersbysex.201735Table3.topcountriesreceiving/sendingremittances(2005-2018)(cunentUSDbillions)36Numberofrefugeesbytop5countliesoforiginasof2018(millions)40Numberofrefugeesbytop5hostcountriesasof2018(mfllions)41Numberofrefugeesresettledbymajorresettlementcountriesin2005-2018(thousands)42Top20countrieswiththelargeststockofinternallydisplacedpersonsbyconflictandviolenceattheendof201844Newinternaldisplacementsbyconflictanddisasters.2008-2018(millions)46Majoipopulationsofstatelesspeisonsbytop10repoitingcountixesasof201848-TOC\o"1-5"\h\zMigrantsto,withinandfromAfrica1990-2019-55Top20countrieswiththelargestproportionalpopulationchangeinAfrica.2009-201956Figure3・Top20Africanmigrantcountriesin201957hguie4.Top20migiationconidoisinvolvingAfricancountlies.201958Hguie$.Top10AfricancountrietbytoUlrefugeesandasylumseekers,201859Top20Africancountriesbynewinternaldisplacement!(disasterandconflict),301860Migrantsto,withinandfiomAsia,1990-2019-69Top20countrieswiththelargestproportionalpopulationchangeinAsia.2009-2019...70Tdp20Asianmigrantcountriesin201971Figuie10.Top20migrationconidorsfiomAslancountries,201972Hguie11.Top10Asiancountriesbytotalrefugeesandasylumseekers.201873Figure12,TopAsiancountriesbynewinternaldisplacements(disasterandconflict),201874Figure13.Migrantsto,withinandfromEurope,1990-201986FigureU.Top20countrieswiththelargestproportionalpopulationchangeinEurope.2009-201987Top20Europeanmigrantcountriesin2019-88Top20migrationcorridorsinvolvingEuropeancountries.201989Top10EuropeancountriesbytotalrefuQeesandasylumseekers,201890Top20Europeancountriesbynewinternaldisplacements(disasteiandconflict),201891Rgure19,Migrantsto,withinandfromLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,1990-201996Uguie20.Top20countlieswiththelaigestproportionalpopulationchangeinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,2009-201997Top20LatinAmericaandUiibbeanmigrantcountriesin201998Top10migrationconidorsinvolvingLatinAmericaandCaribbeancountries,?01999Top10LatinAmericaandCaribbeancountriesbytotalrefugeesandasylumseekers.2018100TopLatinAmericaandCaribbeancountriesbynewintenuldisplacements(disasterandconflict),2018101Migrantsto,vrithinandfiomNorthernAmerica.1990-2019107CountrieswiththelargestproportionalpopulationchangeinNorthernAmerica,2009-2019108MainmigiationcounlilesInNoithernAmericain2019108Figure78.Top10migrationcorridortinvolvingNorthernAmericancountries.2019109NumbersofrefugeesandasylumseekeisinandfromNorthernAmericancountries,2018110TopNorthernAmericancountriesbynewinternaldisplacement(disasterandconflict),2018110Migrantsto,vrithinandfromOceania,1990-2019114CountrieswiththelargestproportionalpopulationchangeinOceania,2009-2019115Oceaniamigrantcountriesin2019116Top10migrationcorridorsinvolvingOceaniacountries,2019117Numbersofrefugeesandasylumseekeisinandfrom(keaiucountlies,2018..118TopcountriesinOceaniabynewinternaldisplacements(disasterandconflict),2018119-Flguru1.Numberofacademicpublicationson"immigiatlon"OR"emigration-*1271.Examplesofgovernmentfundingofmigrationre«arch..129Numberofarticlespublishedbyselectedjournalsin2017and2018,byregion138Distiibutionofprimaiyacademicaffiliationsofauthorsbyselectedjournalsin2017and2018,byregion140ImpactFactorofselectedjournals142Table2.Top10articleswiththehighestAltmetricAttentionScoieforselectedjournals,2017and2018143Distributionofnumbersofviewsanddownloadsof181articlesfrom2017and2018.selectedjournals-145Table3.Examplesofkeyglobalmaterialpublishedin2017and2018146DownloadsofWorldMigrationReport2018comparedwith2015edition153ProportionofI0Mresearch-relateddownloadsbytheme153Flguie8・PiopoitlonofI0Mlescaich-ielateddownbadsbyregion154Table1.Factorsinfluencingimmigrants'civic-politicalcontributions169Table1,Summaryofthemaininclusionmodels189Rgure1.Thedeterminantsofmigranthealththroughoutthemigraboncycle212Table1.Summaryofmainhealthconcernsofselectedmigrantgroupsinvulnerablesituations.215Figure2・Globalagendasfoxadvancingmigrationandhealthgals224Globalmigrantsunder20yearsofage236Shaieofglobalmigrantsunder20yearsofage237Flguie3.IntelnationalmigranU(millions)undec20yeanofage,bylegion238Rgure4.Shareofinternationalmigianttunder20yearsofage.byregion239Table1.lOM/UNHCR/educationsector-RohingyachildandyoithpopulationinCox'sBazarRefugeecamps,Bangladesh,January2019240Figure$.DemographicbreakdownofMyanmarrefugeesinBangladesh240Figure6・DemographicbreakdownofVenezuelansinColombia241TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThreedifferentwaysofframinginteractionsbetweenenvironmentalchangeandmigration256Examplesfromempiricalteseaich258Figure1.Emergenceofhumanmigrationasariskmanagementtopicininternationalclimatepolicy265Internationatdataonmigrantsandcrises281MigrantroutesinMexico,cycloneriskandpasteaithquakes283MigrantpresenceandtransitthroughLibya,andoccunenceofviolence284rheOECDguidelinesoninnovationadaptedfoxlesponsesmigrantscaughtincrisis286Whatdoes“migrant'mean?294SummaryofthecompactsandUnitedNationsNetworkprecesstimelines295GlobalCompactforMigrationobjectivesbycategory298thematicareasoffocusinCRRFandProgrammeofAction300ListofappendicesChapter3TOC\o"1-5"\h\zAppendixA.UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs:RegionsandSubregions..313Chapter4Abriefoverviewofacademicpublishing318Contributionsfiomacademicjournals321Termsanddefinitionsrelatingtomigrants/inclusionandsocialcohesion338Thelegalframeworkofmigrantinclusion341MainfindingsoftheImmigrantCitizensSurvey343Keyprioritiesandactionsformonitoringmigranthealthanddevelopingmigrantsensitivehealthsystems345LessonslearnedinadvancingaNationalMigrationHealthPolicyandactionframeworkinSriLanka347HealthIntheimplementationoftheGlobalCompactforSafe.OrdeilyandRegularMigrationM350Chapter9AppendixA.RoUcyprocessesofsignificanceforthegovernanceofenvironmentalmigration351TOC\o"1-5"\h\zAppendixA.Differentcrisissituations,differentimpactsonmigrants356Timelineofmainmultilateralinitiatives,processes,agteementsanddeclaxationsdevotedorrelevanttomigration356ConvergenceanddiveroencebetweentheGlobalCompactforMiarationandpriorglobalmigrationinitiativesandprocesses360ForewordI0M,sresponsibilitytoprovideanobjectiveandbalancedaccountofmigrationgloballyh^sneverbeenmoreimportant.Notonlyisthepoliticalsalienceofmigiationhigh,andfrequentlyfcveied.butthecapacityforrapidlydis$«minatingdisinformationtoinfluenceth«publicdiscoursehasexpanded.Twentyyearsago,IOMpublishedthefirstWorldMigrationReportwiththestatedaimofprovidinganauthoritativeaccountofmigrationtrendsandissuesworldwide.Withtheinitialreportpublishedin2000.theserieshasquicklybecomeestablishedaslOMsflagshippublication.TheearlyV/orldMigrationReportswerehamedaroundspecificthemes.TheyprovideddeepdivesintotopicssuchnUbouimobility,migi&ntwell-beingandcommunicationonmloratlon.But.withtime.theiewasasensethatthebroadeilandscapeandcomplexityofmigrationissuesw&sbeingneglected.Timeshavechanged,dramaticallyso.Migrationisnowatop-tierpoliticalissueinterconnectedtohumanrights,development,andgeopoliticsatnational,regionalandinternationallevels.Accordingly,IOMhasenhancedtheflagshipseriestoensurethattheWorldMigrationReport$infact,aworldmigrationreport.Wehaverevampedtheseriestoofferamorestrategiccontributiontothepublicdebate.Wehavestrengthenedoiucollaborativepartnershipswithscholarsand）即liedleseaxchersinordertobenefitfromtheiidiverseexpertiseandknowledge.Wehavemadecontentandstiuctui&lchangestoIncreasetheWorldMigrationReportsutilitytotheevidencebaseonmigrationglobally,inUnewithlOMsgiowingloleindatacollectionandanalysis.TheWorldMigrationReport2018isthemostdownloadedofallIOMputlicatlons.Itisdearlyfulfillingtheneedtoprovideabalancedunderstandingofmigration'scomplexities,presentthelatestglobaldataandinformationinanaccessibleway,andexploreandexplaincomplexandemergingmigrationusues.AstheUnitedNations*migrationagency,IOMhasanobligationtodemystifythecomplexityanddiversityofhumanmobility.ThereportalsoacknowledgesIOM'scontinuingemphasisonfundamentalrightsanditsmksiontosupportthosemigrantswhoarcmostinneed.ThisispartkvUrlyrelevantintheAreasinwhichIOMwoikstoprovidehunianitaiianassistancetopeoplewhohavebeendisplaced,includingbyweatherevents,conflictandpersecution,ortothoiewhohavebecomestrandedduringcrises.Likewise,IOMrenuinscommittedtosupportingMemberStatesastheydrawuponvariousfonnsofdata,researchandanalysisduringpolicyformuUtionandreviewprocesses.Indeed,thisisreflectedinI0MrsConstitutionwheretheneedformigrationresearchishighlightedasanintegralpartoftheOrganization'sfunctions.TheWorldMigrationReportisacentialcomponentofthisimportantfunction.InthiseiaofheightenedinteiestandactivitytowardsmigiationandixigidnU.wehopeItibZOZOeditionoftheWorldMigrationReportbecomesakeyreferencepointforyou.Wehopeithelpsyoutonavigatethishigh-prohleanddynamictopicduringperiodsofuncertainty,andthatitpromptsinflectionduringquietermoments.ButmostbnporUntly.wehopethatyouleainsomethingnewfiomtheicportthatc&ninformyourownwork,beitinstudies,researchandanalysis,policymaking,communication,ormigrationpractice.Ant6nloVltorino-j-DirectorGeneralREPORTOVERVIEW:PROVIDINGPERSPECTIVEONMIGRATIONANDMOBILITYININCREASINGLYUNCERTAINTIMESM3fieMcAu&fte,Head.81，ResearchDivrnon,IOMMdB«nodKhtdnt.%NHifuUnivers^y.M3fieMcAu&fte,Head.81，ResearchDivrnon,IOMMdB«nodKhtdnt.%NHifuUnivers^y.Se«.lorevxrple,5t4,2010,GoMin.C><neronmd2011;KOMf,2016,TrtendoFyMou.2018.Ikrnbefry,20l・.Stone.2016.IntroductionThelong-termandgrowingbodyofevidenceonmigrationandmobilityshowsthatmigrationisinUrgepartrelatedtothebioaderglobaleconomic,socialpoliticalandtechnologicaltransformationsthatareaffectingawiderangeofhigh-prioritypolicyissues.7Astheprocessesofglobalizationdeepen,thesetiamformationsincreasinglyshapeouilives-inourworkplaces,inourhomes,inoursocialandspirituallives-aswegoaboutourdailyroutines.Increasingnumbersofpeopleareabletoaccessinformation,goodsandsendeesfromaroundtheworldbecauseoftheongoingexpansionindistance-shrinkingtechnologies.Theieisalsoasensethatweaieinthemidstofaperiodofconsideiableuncertiinty.Manycommentatorshavecalledintoquestionthesolidityofaspectsoftheglobalpoliticalorderf}rgedintheimmediateafternuthofthetwoworldwars,includingastheyrelatetoalliancesandcommoninterests.'OthenarecallingthistimetheN>geofanger",tracingbackthecurrentsen$eofgeopoliticiluncertaintyanddiscontenttoadominMitandrelentlessfocuson"logic*andwUberalrationalism**attheexpenseofemotionalresponsiveness.MKha2017IOM.2017.MKha2017IOM.2017.Itiswithinthiscontextthatthisworldmigrationreportfocusesondevelopmentsinmigrationoverthelasttwo-yearperiod,withanemphasisonprovidinganalysisthattakesintoaccounthistoricalandcontemporaryfactors.Historicalinrecognitionthatmigrationanddisplacementocauwithinbroaderlong-termsocialsecurity,politicalandeconomiccontexts.Contemporaryinrecognitionthatweaxeinthemidstofprofoundglobalttansformations,andthattheresultantchangestoou:dailylivesajeimpactingthecurrentenviionmentinwhichmigrationoccursandisdiscussed.Whathashappenedinmigration?AlothashappenedinmigrationinthelasttwoyearssincethereleaseoftheWorldMigrationReport2018inlate2017?TheworldhaswitnessedhistoricchangeatthegloballevelwithUnitedNationsMemberStatescomingtogethertofinalizetwoglobalcompactsontheintermtionalmanifestationsofmigrationanddisplacement:theGlobalCompactforSafe,OrderlyandReqularMigration,andtheGlobalCompactonRefugees.Thefinalizationofthecompactsisaresultofdecades-bngeffortsbyStates,internationalorganisations,civilsocietyorganizationsandotheractors(suchasprivitesectororganizations)toimprovehowmigrationisgovernedattheinternationallevel.IntheyearsleadinguptoStatescommittingtodevelopthecompacts/numerousdialogues,workshops,consultationsandsideeventsatinternational,regional,nationalaswellaslocallevelshaveenableddifterentmigration"realities,tobesharedandthemanyareasofcommoninteresttobeexpandedthroughdeeperundentandingsofthebenefitsofmigrationaswellasthechallengesitmaypresent.Thecompacts,therefore,builduponmanyyearsofengagementonthekeyissuesunderpinningthetwocompacts.Theunfortunaterealityisthattherehavebeenmajormigrationanddisplacementeventsduringthelasttwoyears;eventsthathavecausedgreathardshipandtiaiimaaswellaslos3oflife.Foremosthavebeenthedisplacementsofmillionsofpeopleduetoconflict(suchaswithinandfromtheSyrianArabRepublic,Yemen,theCentulAfricanRepublic,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongoandSouthSudan),extremeviolence(suchasinflicteduponRohingyaforcedtoseekufetyinBangladesh)orsevereeconomicandpoliticalinstability(suchasfacedbymillionsofVenezuelans).Therehasalsobeengrowingrecognitionoftheimpactsofenvironmentalandclimatechangeonhumanmobility(suchasplannedmigration/relocationanddispUcement)rincludingatpartofglobaleffortsandinternationalpolicymechanismstoaddrestthebroaderimpactsofclimatechange.StatedcofTwnitmemwmxttcuUtedinthe2016NewYbckDecUrMionforHefugeeixdMgr«nts(UNGA.2016).$«cchaptec9ofthtireportfordetailedditcusMon.Seech«ptm2StatedcofTwnitmemwmxttcuUtedinthe2016NewYbckDecUrMionforHefugeeixdMgr«nts(UNGA.2016).$«cchaptec9ofthtireportfordetailedditcusMon.Seech«ptm2and3ofthisreportfordiximionsonglobalandreg*on>lmigrabond«taardinkxmationUND€VK.XH8;ILO,X)18V/ehavealsoseenthescaleofInternationalmigrationincreaseInlinerlthrecenttrends.Thenumberofinternationalmigrantsisestimatedtobealmost272millionglobally,withnearlytwo-thirdsbeinglabourmigrants.1Thisfiguielemainsaverysmallpeicentageoftheworld*!population(at3.5%),meaningthatthevastmajorityofpeopleglobally(96.5%)areestimatedtoberesidinginthecountryinwhichtheywereborn.However,theestimatednumberandproportionofinternationalmigrantsalreadysurpassessomeprojectionsmadefortheyear2050.whichwereintheorderof2.6percentor230million.See.forex*np«e.IOM2003.Thatsaid,itiswidelyrecoflnixedthatthescaleandpxeofinternationalmigrationisnotoriouslydifficulttopredictwithprecisionbecauseitiscloselyconnectedtoacuteevents(suchassevereinstability;economiccrisisorconflict)aswellaslong-termtrends(suchaidemographicchange,economicdevelopment,communicationstechnologyadvancesandtransportationaccess).2011UNDeSA,2003UND€SAX>19b.Wealsoknowfromlong-termdatathatintematioiulmigrationisnotuniformacrosstheworldbutisshapedbyeconomic,geographic,demographicandotherfactorsresult