同等学力英语辅导词汇语法讲义

同等学力英语辅导词汇语法讲义词汇部分看单词、背单词、用单词问题一、窄化词义一般只记一个单词的一个词义和一种用法，而考研英语作为一种较高程度的水平考试，它要求的是全面了解这个词的词义和用法，也就是我们常说的一词多义和一词多用。如1999年翻译题第72题中考到discipline，对于这个单词，许多考生都知道（或者只知道）是"原则"，而在题中它实际上另有其义--"学科"。再如1999年第74题和第62题都考了enquiry（或inquiry)，大家常把它理解成"询问"，但在这两个题目中它表示"探究、探索"。这些题明显是考查我们对一词多义的掌握。至于一词多用我们也可以举出很多例子，如2003年第61题就考了subject，这个词不仅可作名词，还作形容词和动词，从后面带ing来判断，它在题中肯定是个动词，意为"使臣服、使服从"；又如2001年第73题有一个短语piecetogether，piece一般做名词，表示"片，块、段"，这里显然作动词，而且表示"汇集"。可见不了解词汇的一词多义和一词多用，在考研中我们会遇到多少麻烦。问题二、孤立记词由于英语考试多数题型采用多项选项（multiplechoice）形式，考生在学习过程中容易养成"只知大概，不知具体"的毛病。adapt，adept，adopt三个词在四级考试时就应该弄明白，有的考研考生遇到它们仍是模棱两可；raise，rise，arise的区别对很多人来说又是一笔糊涂账；把migrationmovement（人口流动，2001年翻译题第75题）译成"移民运动"更是大部分同学的"杰作"，因为migrate，emigrate，immigrate这三个词在他们脑海里大概是一回事。考生丢分不一定是单词背得少，而往往可能是记得不够细致、不够精确。问题三、不识词性认词是掌握词汇最基本的要求，对于考研来说，光是知道一个词的词义是远远不够1的，你还必须知道这个词与其他词，尤其是其同义词和近义词的区别。在写作课上，我曾看到同学写下这样的句子：Withourowncar，wedon'thavetocostalotoftimewaitingforabus.cost一词应该换成spend，出错原因显然是没有弄清这两个词的区别：虽然都表示"花费"，cost常用sth.作主语，而spend常用sb.作主语，句中主语是we，所以要用动词spend。1998年词汇题第29题也是一个典型的例子：shoulder和carry都可表示"承担"，而且都与名词responsibility搭配使用，由于shoulder是人体的一个部位，作动词用应该是表示人发出"承担"的动作，而句中主语是post职位）（，所以选shoulder就不合适，正确答案应该是carry。对于词的辨析，同学们只有通过背练习、观察这个词的使用情况做出判断，如果只背词义，恐怕很难辨得清楚、用得正确。问题四、缺乏体验如果说认词和辨词是掌握词汇的初级阶段和中级阶段，那么用词便是掌握词汇的高级阶段。"考研英语难"的咏叹调之所以常挂考生嘴边，不是因为它要求的词汇量特别大（5500的词汇量跟TOEFL、GRE相比简直是小巫见大巫，但谁敢说考研比考托或考G更容易？），而是因为它逼着我们往深处发展。以翻译和写作为例，翻译就是五句话，句中往往没有生词，考生翻译成中文往往逻辑不通，语意含混；写作只需200个词，考生写的往往是些Chinglish（中式英语）。出现这种情况，其根本原因是对词的用法掌握不够，一个句子、一篇文章不是词的简单组合，它要求词与词、句与句之间有一种协调，这就说明背单词重要，背单词的用法更重要。词汇一:背单词的方法A)词根、词缀法80%的单词均由这种方法构成。掌握这种方法不但对于记单词非常有利，而且在猜词上也非常有帮助。范例1：2conformuniforminformformtransformperformconform:1）(to,with)遵守、适应、顺从reform2）相似、一致、符合Inaschool,studentsareaskedtoconformtomanyrules.体验：在社会中，人们被要求遵守法律。________________________________________________________________________________.衍生：conformability______形似：confer商谈、(on)授予；confirm确认、批准；confine限制、监禁；confuse使混乱、迷惑*inform:1）(of,about)通知、告诉、向…报告2）检举、告发Thesalesmanagerasksherstafftoinformhimofeverything.体验：人们要求政府（government）报告国家财政状况(NationalFinancialCondition)。______________________________________________________________________________.衍生：informative________；information________；形似：infer推断；infect传染；informal非正式的*perform:1）履行、完成、做2）演出、表演Theadultshouldperformtheirobligation（责任）totheirparents.3___；conformable________；conformation____体验：父母应该对他们的子女尽责。_________________________________________________________________________.衍生：*performance________；performable________；performer________；形似：*perfect完美的(adj.)、使完美(v.)；perfume香水；*reform:1）改革、改良、改造、改过自新、重新组成（动词v.）2）改革、改良、改过自新（名词n.）Chinahastakenplacegreatlyinmanywayssincesheperformed“ReformandOpeningupPolicy”.体验：由于改革，这个工厂在很多方面都发生了巨大的变化。___________________________________________________________________________.衍生：形似：refer提到、参考、把…归因于、叫人去…（以便得到援助）；refine精炼提纯；refrain(from)克制、戒除transform:1）使改观、使改变transportationModernartiststransformedoldartworkbyrepaintingthem.体验：工人们通过努力hardworking使得这座城市焕然一新。_______________________________________________________________________.衍生：transformer________；transformation________形似：*transfer转移、转让（v.）；迁移、换乘（n.）；transit通行、运输；translate翻译uniform:1）制服、校服2）相同的、均匀的、一致的Inanaverage*school,studentsareaskedtowearuniform.体验：在一间普通的公司里，职员们employees被要求穿着制服。____________________________________________________________________________.衍生：uniformity________；uniformization________；形似：unification统一化、单一化；unify统一、使一致4B)意群、集团important______________________________________importance_____________________________________good__________________________________________bad___________________________________________responsible__________________________________C)拆分、读音petrolphenomenonsentimental,soartendstovegetable/vegetation常见词缀（前缀）（1-10否定;11-12-使得;13-14共同;其他）：1、anti-反、抗anti-Japanese(=against,opposite)anti-Fascistanti-missileantiaircraft注意：anticipate预料，预期；antique古董，古代的请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习2004.71：Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithanti-freezefromanarcticfish,andinsertingitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.A.qualityB.propertyC.priorityD.quantity2、de-除去、否定、下、离开deceivedefrostdepartdeclinedecide决定；decent大方注意：decade十年（期）debate辩论；；的5请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习1--2003.40：ActorPierceBrosnanmayplaythedeadlysuperspyinthemovies,butinreallifeheisa___________fatherandalovinghusband.A.devastated练习2--2004.31：YoucanusetheCourseCalendartohelp____yourstudentsofimportantdatesinthecourse,suchastestdates.A.warn3、dis-否定disabledisagreedisappeardisappointdisapprovedischargeB.remindC.convinceD.depriveB.deservedC.desperateD.devoted注意：distinct独特的；discourse论文、(on,upon)讲述；display显示、表现练习2003.35：Thethreedisrespectfulsonsbegantofeelworriedabouttheultimate____ofthefamily’sproperty.A.proposal练习2003.27：Nearlyeleventhousandpeoplehavebeenarrestedfordefyingthebanonstreettrading.A.criticizing4、il-不、非illegalilliterateB.neglectingC.blamingD.disclosingB.disposalC.removalD.salvation注意：illuminate照明、照亮；illusion幻觉；illustration说明，阐明请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习1--2004.32：Amongpicturebooksfor4-8-year-olds,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith_____illustrations.A.imaginableB.imaginative6C.imagingD.imageless练习2—2002.40：Thefollowingaccountbytheauthor_______thedifferencebetweenEuropeanandAmericanreactions.A.illustrates5、im-不、非impartialimpatientimpossibleimbalanceimmatureB.acquiresC.demandsD.deletes注意：(使得…)impose加重；练习1--2004.24：请找出共性，猜测使用方法：impress压印；impulse推动；impact影响__________________________________________________________________Inspiteofaproblemwiththefaultyequipment,someveryusefulworkwasaccomplished.A.imperfect练习2--2003.16：Theverysightoftheimposingbuildingsassuredthesetouristsofthesignificantchangesinthiscity.A.instinctive6、in-不、非independentindirectindispensableincorrect注意：（使得…）inaugurate开始，就职；influence影响;incline使倾斜、倾向请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习1--2004.29：Fromobservers’estimatesofthebrightnessofthefireball,he___thatthebodyinthespacewasbetween40feetand260feetindiameter.A.deducedB.reducedC.inducedD.producedinevitableinfiniteinformalB.impressiveC.institutionalD.imaginaryB.temporaryC.emergencyD.reinstalled练习2--2003.21：Thenastylanguageoflocalofficialsmakesthemseemveryignorantandrude.A.artificialB.indecentC.humorous7D.lively7、ir-不、非irregularirrespectiveirrigate灌溉；注意：irritate激怒；请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________8、mis-误mistakemisconductmisleadmisunderstandmisery痛苦；mission任务；mistress注意：mischief危害；miserable悲惨的；情妇请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________03年作文题目："Whatwillmoneybringus,fortuneormisfortune?"9、non-非、不nonsensenonexistentnon-nativespeaker请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________2004阅读第5篇：Imaginehavingaverystronggluethatisnon-toxicandsoflexiblethatitcanpenetratethetiniestholesandcorners,stickingtoanysurface,evenunderwater.10、un-不、无undounemployedunexpectedunfairunforgettableunnecessaryunpleasantunprecedentedunintelligible注意：unite联合/unit单元/unique独一无二的/universal普遍的/university大学请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习2004.20：Allinformationreportedtoorlikewiseobtainedbythecommissionisconsidered8unfortunateunlikeunquestionableunusualunveilconfidential.A.inasimilarwayC.inadirectway练习2002.20：PersonalityinAmericansisfurthercomplicatedbysuccessivewavesofimmigrationfromvariouscountries.A.uninterrupted11、em-使得embargoembarkembedembraceemergeemployB.successfulC.forcefulD.overwhelmingB.inanotherwayD.inanunauthorizedway请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习2003.25：Thenewgovernmentembarkeduponaprogramofradicaleconomicreform.A.initiated12、en-使得enableencodeencounterencourageendangerendeavorendureenforceenhanceenjoyenlargeenlightenenrichensureentailentitle请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习2002.18：Manyofthelocalresidentslefthomestowardoffthedangerofflooding.A.overcome13、con-共同concentrateconcludecondenseconferconfineconfirmconserve请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习2002.35：Mrs.Browncouldn’tshakethe_______thatthesekidswereindeeptroubleanditwasuptohertohelpthem.A.conversionB.conviction9B.producedC.adoptedD.implementedB.encloseC.encounterD.avoidC.conservationD.convention练习2003.39：Tomwas___________ofacrimehedidn’tcommit.Hefoughtformanyyearstoclearhisname.A.convicted14、com-共同B.convincedC.conceivedD.condemnedcombinecommunicatecommutecompetecomposecompresscompromise请找出共性，猜测使用方法：__________________________________________________________________练习2001.18：Nextsemester,Susanmusttakethreecompulsorycourses.A.formalB.voluntaryC.practicalD.required前缀训练（with情态动词：can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,need,dare）1、ab-脱离，离开abolish废除、取消abnormal反常的abroad海外的abuse滥用练习:在任何情况下，人们也不能放弃希望。在任何情况下inanycase2、auto-自己，独自automatic自动的练习:能can希望hope放弃abandon(vt.)automation自动化autonomy自治在过去10年，拥有自己的汽车可能仅仅是梦想。十年decade拥有havedream3、bi-自己的oftheirown汽车automobile仅仅是only梦想有二的，双边的bicycle=bike自行车；binary二进制练习:双边关系的发展可能将会复苏两国落后的经济。双边的bilateral(adj.)发展developmenteconomy4、ex-由…出来，自10复苏awake落后的lagged经济excel胜过；except除了；exclude除了；exile流放；export出口；expedite派出，加速练习2002.16:I’dliketotakethisopportunitytoextendmyheart-feltgratitudetothehost.A.increase练习:B.prolongC.intensifyD.express除了Frank，他们肯定去过那里了。除了except肯定musthavebeen5、extra-超过，以外练习2001.33:Marysucceededinliving______herextraordinaryreputation.A.upto练习:B.upC.downD.on老实讲，完成这个工程可能需要花费一笔非常巨大的资金。老实讲Tobehonest完成工程tocompletetheprogram的、特别的extraordinary资金capital6、hyper-超可能might花费cost非常hyperlink超级链接；hypermarket超市；hypersonic超声的7、inter-在一起，交互interruptinteract互相影响；interchange交换；interpersonal人与人之间的打断练习:我必须打断他们的谈话，因为我担心我们会迟到。打断interrupt谈话conversation担心beafraidthat…迟到belate8、over-过度的，上面的overestimateoverflowoverheadoverlapovercoatovercomeoverdooverloadoverlookovernightoverseas练习:overtakeoverthrowovertimeoverwhelming总的来说，人们应该采取一些行动。11总的来说overall9、post-在…后应该oughtto采取行动takemeasurespostpone使拖延(vt.)练习:postgraduate研究生没有人敢拖延这件重要的事情。没有人none敢dare拖延postpone重要的important事情event10、pre-在…前predict预测preface前言prevent预防练习:premise前提prepare准备prevail流行preview预习事实上，人们需要开始保护濒危野生动物。事实上Infact需要need开始beginto保护preserve濒危野生动物endangeredwildanimals11、pro-居前，领先progress进步prolong延长prominent卓越的promote促进propel鼓励prospect展望练习:旅游可能是促进本地经济发展的一个有效手段。旅游tourism本地的local可能might有效的effective手段way促进promote12、sub-,suc-,suf-,sup-submarine潜水艇练习:次，亚，在下，低于substandard低于标准的succeed继承successive继承的我们应该继承那些优秀的传统，以此来获得更大的发展。应该should继承succeedprogress13、super-在…上，加之superb极好的练习:优秀的excellent传统tradition获得gain发展superficial表面的supervise监督对于孩子而言，父母应该经常监督他们。12对于…而言asfaras…(be)concerned父母parentssupervise14、trans-横过，变换transcribe转录transfect使传染翻译应该oughtto监督transfer转移transform变形translatetransmute改变transmit传送transparent显然的transplant移植transport运输练习:在很多地方，人们需要从其他地点运输一些水果和蔬菜。蔬菜vegetable需要need地点spots运输transport水果fruit15、tri-使用在名词或形容词的开头，表示“三”其他：triangletriangular16、under-在…下，次于undergraduate本科生underline强调undermine破坏underground地下的understand了解undertake承担练习:一个勇敢的人敢于经受各种磨难和挑战。勇敢的brave经受undergo(vt.)各种sortsof磨难hardships常见词缀（后缀）：(1-3动词后缀4-6副词后缀练习的句子中均带有从句1、-en使…7-17名词挑战challenge18-形容词)widen扩大broaden扩大strengthen加强sharpen使锋利shorten缩短enrich丰富练习2001.24Floodshaveunderminedthefoundationoftheancientbridge.A.weakenedB.reachedC.spoiledD.covered练习：事实证明，学习研究生课程使得我们扩大了眼界，丰富了阅历。事实fact证明prove研究生课程courseofMaster’sdegree扩大了widen眼界horizon丰富了enrich阅历experience2、-ify…化13classify分类clarify澄清diversify使多样magnify放大simplify简化specify指定unify团结purify提纯练习：我认为我们必须澄清这些问题。否则，后果将会很严重。认为believe3、-ize…化必须haveto问题problem后果outcomes严重seriouscivilize/civilise使文化idealise/idealize理想化dramatize戏剧化modernize现代化globalize使全球化industrialize使工业化练习：很明显，经济全球化有利也有弊。明显obvious练习2003.38：经济economy利advantages弊disadvantagesThereareoftendiscouragingpredictionsthathavenotbeen_______byactualevents.A.verifiedB.utilizedC.mobilizedD.modified4、-ly（参看副词）carefully小心地beautifully美丽地quickly迅速地练习1--2004.21：Televisionadvertisementsdomorethanmerelyreflectdominantideologies.A.exactly练习2--2003.19：Presumably,excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.Atheoretically练习3--2003.24：Itisanticipatedthatthiscontractwillsubstantiallyincreasesalesoverthenextthreeyears.A.apparently练习4--2002.21：Withoutquestion,people’slivesinChinahaveimproveddramaticallyinthe14B.faithfullyC.repeatedlyD.simplyB.PracticallyC.IncrediblyD.ProbablyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadilypasttwodecades.A.OutofthequestionB.NodoubtC.NaturallyD.Obviously练习：作为政府，小心地考虑这个问题是非常必要的。作为as政府government考虑take…intoaccount/considerationnecessary5、-ward(s)必要的forward向前backward后退upward向上downward向下leftward向左rightward向右练习：关于这个政策，一些人提出了他们的看法，即政府应该延期执行它。关于withregardto政策policy提出看法putforwardanargument延期postpone/putoff6、-wiselikewise同样地otherwise否则clockwise顺时针练习2004.20：Allinformationreportedtoorlikewiseobtainedbythecommissionisconsideredconfidential.A.inasimilarwayC.inadirectwayB.inanotherwayD.inanunauthorizedway练习：人们认为我们必须尽快解决这件事，否则它将会影响到今后的发展。认为agree必须haveto尽快assoonaspossible解决dealwith否则otherwise影响influenceon…badly今后的发展tomorrow’sdevelopment7、-cion,-sion,-tion动作、状态preparation准备promotion提升suspicion怀疑tension紧张练习1--2004.33：Asskiesfillwithmillionsofmigratingbirds,Europeanscientistssaytheseasonalmiracleappearstodependonaseeming____:Thefatterthebird,themoreefficientlyitflies.15A.interruptioncontradictionB.descriptionC.qualificationD.练习2--2002.45.Evenatdiscountedprices,thesepowerfulAIDSdrugsarefarbeyond_______formostoftheworld’s40millionHIV-infectedpeople.A.reachimagination8、-ness状态、性质fitness恰当性awareness知道seriousness严肃B.controlC.comprehensionD.kindness慈善illness疾病sickness疾病brightness亮度consciousness意识darkness黑暗练习2004.18：Herstoryshowshowgentlestubbornnessandanindifferencetohonorsandfamecanleadtogreatachievements.A.persuasion9、-ance-enceB.determination性质、状态C.devotionD.reservationimportance重要性significance重要性confidence信心preference偏爱、优先选择练习2003.45：“Sinceweareexchanging___________,Itoohaveasecrettoreveal,”saidMary.A.transferences10、-ty,-ityB.transactions抽象名词reality现实cruelty残酷specialtyC.confidencesD.promisesvitality重要性ability能力专业activity活identity身份maturity成熟性练习2002.20:opportunity机会unity团结一致PersonalityinAmericansisfurthercomplicatedbysuccessivewavesofimmigrationfromvariouscountries.A.uninterruptedoverwhelming11、-ment运动16B.successfulC.forcefulD.movement移动government政府development发展achievement成就movement运动amusement娱乐活动enrichment丰富increment上升练习2002.19：TheStateCouncilwilllaydownnewrulesthataimtomakemanagementcompatiblewithinternationallyacceptedconventions.A.conferences12、-ism主义B.conversationsC.practicesD.formationsidealism理想主义realism现实主义capitalism资本主义socialism社会主义练习2003.22:Weshouldn’ttreatchildrenaspeersorfriends,butguidetheminmakingtheirchoices,evenifitmeanswithsomediscipline.A.persuasionB.punishmentC.rewardsD.criticism13、-an,-al,-ant/-ent,-ee（被动）/-er（主动）,-ian，-ist（人，主义者ism匹配）American美国人African非洲人musician音乐家politician政治家vegetarian素食主义者professional专家assistant助理peasant农夫student学生employer/employee雇主/雇员trainer/trainee培训员/培训学员artist艺术家学家14、-age性质、状态、行为breakage破坏marriage婚姻percentage百分比postage邮资sewerage污水练习:在大城市，水的需求量越来越大。这将会导致这些城市缺水。scientist科学家economist经济学家psychologist心理需求量demandfor越来越多becomeincreasing缺shortage15、-ology学科、论、研究将会might导致leadto短biology生物学；oceanology海洋资源学；philology语言学；psychology心理学练习2002.38Technologyhas_______thesharing,storageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.17A.finished练习:B.furnishedC.functionedD.facilitated正如人们所见，科技在带给人们利益的同时，也产生了一些危害。正如人们所见Itiswellwitnessthat…不但…而且notonly…butalso技术technology带来bringabout16、-ship性质、状态利益benefits产生pose危害riskshardship苦难friendship友谊leadership领导能力；membership成员relationship关系练习2004.阅读4：Yetmultipleauthorship---howevergooditmaybeinotherways---presentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.17、-hoodchildhood童年brotherhood兄弟关系neighborhood四邻练习2004文章3：DiegoChiapello,legallyblindsincebirth,isn’toneofItaly’sfamous“mama’sboys”wholivewiththeirparentsintoadulthood.46.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribes“mama’sboys”?A.Ordinary.练习2003.34:Howstrangeitisthatthehabithedevelopedinhischildhoodstill________him.A.takesto练习:B.clingstoC.attendstoD.addstoB.Optimistic.C.Dependent.D.Desirable.falsehood错误，虚妄对于一个国家，维持良好的周边邻里关系是非常重要的。对于Of国家nation维持maintain邻里neighborhood良好stableimportant18、-ible,-able,-ble可…的，能…的重要的unbelievable不可信的tolerable可忍受的capable能干的comfortable舒服的18comparable可比的readable易读的responsible负责的accessible易受影响的compatible兼容的feasible可行的sensible明智的visible显著的19、-alnational国家的exceptional例外的20、-enGolden金色的21、-fulwoolen羊毛wooden木制的充满…的，具有…性质的cupful一满杯fearful可怕的armful一抱之量awful可怕的handful少数的的helpful有益的；peaceful平静的playful爱玩耍useful有益plentiful大量的wonderful奇妙的thoughtful有思想性的，体贴的22、-ic,-ical类似…的，具有…的academic理论的pessimistic悲观的practical现实的23、-ish似…的，有…的Swedish瑞realistic现实的childish幼稚的British英国的foolish愚蠢的greenish绿色的典的24、-ive25、-less有…性质的，有…作用的，属于…没有…的blameless无可指责的dauntless无所畏惧的hopeless没有希望的homeless无家可归的26、-like…般的27、-y-ly如…的,有…特征的cowardly胆怯的curly卷曲的daily每天hourly每小时lovely可爱的manly男子气的monthly每月的sisterly像姐妹般的smelly臭气熏天的weekly每周的yearly每年28、-ous,-ious充满…的arduous辛勤的dangerous危险的famous著名的jealous妒嫉的joyous快乐的cautious谨慎的courteous有礼貌的conscious有意识的；tedious/monotonous单调的19练习2004.19Wehavearesponsibilitytoensureournation’scontinuedprosperityandthemostsensiblewaytodothisisbyinvestmentinbasicscientificresearch.A.effective2003.32Amongpicturebooksfor4-8-year-olds,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith_____illustrations.A.imaginable2002.17Chinesefarmersaremostlylivingasimpleandthriftylifeasitistoday.A.miserable2002.24Asaresultofsophisticatedtechnologies,thisdevicehasseveraladvantagesoverlikeproducts.A.traditional2002.26Whentakeninlargequantitiessomedrugscancausepermanentbraindamage.A.lastingB.seriousC.terribleD.temporaryB.intelligentC.industriousD.advancedB.economicalC.luxuriousD.sensibleB.imaginativeC.imagingD.imagelessB.efficientC.significantD.reasonable语法部分语法一冠词、名词、代词1、冠词--(不定冠词:aoran;定冠词:the;零冠词)1.1不定冠词的用法A)a用在辅音consonant前；an用在元音vowel(a,e,i,o,u)前。判断使用哪一个，不应仅仅凭借单词的第一个字母判断，发音是关键。Unusual;usual__smartidea,__island,__universitystudent,__honestguy,play__one-actplay__importantroleB)a=any表示种类的总称Asnakeisadangerousanimal.C)a=thesameEx:Thebirdsofafeatherflocktogether.（物以类聚，人以20群分。）D)“have(ortake)+a+抽象名词,与其动词同义Let’shaveadrink.挑错:1)对学生而言，他的同学不但是朋友，还是老师。Toastudent,oneofhisclassmatesisafriendandatutor.2)原油是一种广泛使用的古代能源。CrudePetroleumistheancientsourceofenergy.3)经理的原则就是确保每一个行动或决定都能够实现一个精心布置的目标。Theprincipleofmanageristoensurethateveryactionordecisionachievesacarefullyplannedgoal.1.2定冠词的用法A)由于上下文的关系,某名词所指的东西已经很明显或已经被描述过,该名词前加the。Showmethemoney.(Astrangespiderbithimonboard.Thespiderisblackwidow.)B)用作短语或从句所修饰的名词之前。Itisthebookstoreofmyown.（of修饰）Thisistherightplace(that)Iamlookingfor.（定语从句）IsittheonlyreasonIagreewiththeaboveidea?（同位语从句）C)加在很多形容词前，表示一类人富人与穷人_____________；青年人与老年人_____________;聪明人_______________.D)阶级、党派的名词前。工人阶级theworkingclass；共产党TheCommunistParty；E)宇宙间[第一无二]的天体名词之前。Thesun,TheMilkyway（银河系）F)用在方位或方向等名词前。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.G)乐器前要加the。thepiano/violin/guitar/flute长笛/pipes苏格兰风笛H)最高级形容词或序数词的前面必须加the。Thefirstreasonis“Nothingisconstantexceptchange”.I)一些专有名词（一定要关注：阅读的细节题目出处）ThePacific,TheMayFlower,TheTimes.21改错：1)受过教育的人能够充分利用他们的所学。Educatedarecapableoftakeadvantageof(makegooduseof)whattheyhavelearned.2)一条铁路从东到西，穿过整个城市。Arailwaygoesthroughthecityasawholefromeasttowest.1.3零冠词A)用于专有名词、抽象名词、物质名词我来自中国。重要性值得关注。IamfromChina.Importanceisworthnoting.钢铁是非常重要的资源。Steelandironareveryimportantresources.B)用于称呼、节假日、季节、月份、星期Mr.Brown,SpringFestival,InWinter,InJanuary,OnMondayC)School,church,hospital等字，不加冠词表示愿有用途或意思;若指建筑物本身要加冠词。Afterchurch,anarmyofChristiansleftthechurch.D)固定词组atschool,indanger,gotobed,bybus,onfoot,lieinhospital.2.名词2.1名词的数的概念A)有些名词形式上是复数但是意义为单数（形复意单）学科名称：mathematics,linguistics,politics;专有名词：theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNationsB)由两个部分所组成的物件名称常用复数形：trousers,pants,***这些名词做主语时要用复数动词，但前有a(good)pairof用单数动词。Thescissorsaren’tsharp.A(good)pairofscissorsisonthedesk.C)不加s的复数名词有两种：必须加定冠词的集体名词：thepolice不必须加冠词的集体名词：peopleD)集体名词指单一的集体时用单数动词，指个别的组成分子时用复数动词：Myfamilyisalargeone.Myfamilyareallverywell.22E)名词的转用：抽象名词做普通名词用：Hehasdonemeakindness(=anactofkindness)F)抽象名词的惯用法：of+抽象名词=形容词：ofuse=useful,athingofvalue=avaluablething2.2所有格名词的构成和用法：A)人或动物名词在词尾加(’s)或(’)：[单数名词+‘s]Theboy’snewshirt;thehorse’stail；[复数名词词尾有s+(‘)]Girls’school；[复数名词词尾无s+(‘s)]women’shospitalB)无生命的名词的所有格不可在词尾加’s或‘,必须用of表示：thetitleofthebook***上述情况的例外：一种情况为：当表时间、距离、长度、重量和价格的名词：aweek’sholidays;tenmiles’walk;atastone’sthrow；拟人化的名词：fortune’scruelty,science’sinfluence;heaven’swill；。另一种情况为：人物和动物名词的所有格也可用of表示：theparentsofthechild=thechild’sparents2.3双重所有格：当a(n),this,these,that,some,any,no…等词与所有格名词修饰同一名词时，两者不能同时放在该名词前面，要用双重所有格的形式，即：a(this,that,…)+名词+of+所有格名词AdaughterofMrs.Brown’shasarrived.2.4名词作同位语：A)同位语和它前面的名词是指同一人或事物：Aneighbor,FredBrick,isonthetelephone.B)为了加强语气，同位语也可变动位置：Anusualpresent,abookonethics,awaithim=Anunusualpresentawaithim,abookonethics.C)不定式短语亦可作同位语：Theappealtojointhemovementwaswellreceived.D)That引导的名词从句可以做同位语：Iagreewiththeoldsayingthatnopain,nogain.23练习：1)Twentyyearsinprisonarearidiculouslyharshpenaltyforanactionthatwas,afterall,agreeduponbybothpeopleinvolved.(2004.83)2)Basicknowledgesofmathematicandelectronicswasusedtodevelopthestudents’intelligence.3)Infact,thereisnoanyinformationsabouttheincreaseofpetrolcost.3.代词3.1人称代词的分类：人称代词主格第一人称第二人You称复数s阳性单数第三人中性称Themselve复数TheyTheyThemTheirTheirss(1)人称代词的格：i.ii.主格：He,notshe,isinthewrong.(主语)；宾格：Telluswhatyouwant.（宾语）；EveryonepresentsexceptmelikedtheItItsItsItself阴性HeSheHimHerHisHerHersHimselfHerselfYourYoursYourselve单数复数单数IWe宾格MeOur物主代词反身代词所有格MyOur所有代词MineOursMyselfOurselvesYourselfplay.(介词的宾语)iii.所有格：作为形容词后接名词：Johnhascuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk；代词用法代替所有形容词+名词，以避免重复：Thiswatchismine.[mine写成mywatch即重复]；作为双重所有格：公式如下：a,an,some,any,no,another,each,such,several,which,what,this,these,that,those+名词+of+所有代词24Itisnobusinessofyours.AfriendofminehasgonetoJapan.(2)反身代词：当主语和宾语为同一人或物时，该用反身代词。IamteachingmyselfEnglish.Shesawherselfinthelooking-glass.///Shekilledherself.(主语、宾语为同一人)；Shekilledher.（主语、宾语为两人）；为了加强语气也可有如下的用法：Isawhimdoithimself.Imyselfsawhimdoit.3.2指示代词：A)this,these,that,those的用法：this,these表示较近的人或物；that,those表示较远的人或物。1)this,that可以代替前面所提过的短语、从句或句子，以避免重复。Itwasraininghard,andthiskeptusindoors；2)that,those为避免重复可代替前面所说过的名词。Thisclimateislikethat(=theclimate)ofKorea.3.3It的用法：A)it可以代替前面说过的名词。Hetookastoneandthrewit(=thestone)B)也可以用来代替前面已经说过的短语或从句。HeistryingtowinascholarshiptoOxford.Hewon’tfinditeasy.Headvisedmetodoso,butIthoughtitquiteuseless.C)指时间、天气、距离、温度、季节等。Itisfinetoday.Whatahardwinteritis!Itisfivemilesthere.D)指谈论中的人、物或事情等。Someonewasmovingstealthilyabouttheroom;itwasaburglar.E)代替中性名词（如baby,child），亦可指动物。Thechildlostits(=hisorher)way.Acowisausefulanimal.Itgivesusmilk.F)It作形式主语或形式宾语，代替真正的主语或真正宾语。形式主语：It’sapitytomakeafoolofyou.(Tomakeafoolofyouisapity)Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.Itwasconsideredimpossibleforanyonetoescape.Itwaseasygettingtheequipmentloaded.形式宾语：Ifinditexcitingworkinghere.(Ifindworkinghereexciting.25Workinghereisexciting)Hemadeithisbusinesstosettlethematter.Iowe（归功于）ittoyouthatthejuryacquitted（宣告无罪）me.Itis/was+所要强调的成分+that(orwhich,who,whom,where)：强调的部分可以是主语、宾语或副词短语。washethat(orwho)fellillduringthevoyage.ItItwasduringthevoyagethathefellill.***that之前所指的是人时，可用who,是物时，可用which;是时间时，可用when。3.4关系代词:who,whose,whom,which和that引导定语从句1)Thefilmwhich/that/(that)Isawlastnightisaboutayoungdoctor.2)Theengineer,whosebrotherismyfriend,isnotworkinginthelargestship-buildingcompanyinourprovince.3.5疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which和what及其用法1）在特殊疑问句中Whatisyourname?Whoiscomingtodinner?2)在复合句中Whowillbeinchargeoftheworkisnotdecidedyet.（引导主语从句）Doyouknowwhoiscomingtogiveusthelectureonmoderndramatoday?（引导宾语从句）练习：1)2004.81Thefarmerknowssomethingthatthewholecivilizedmankindseemstohaveforgotten,2)2004.87Theyarenewcomersanddon’trealizewhattakesittostartandrunabusinesshere.3)2003.P2.6Thedetailedstudyoffossils,ratherlikeacrimeinvestigation,itinvolvesthepiecingtogetherofmanydiversefragmentsofevidence.4)2003.P2.826WhiletherootsofsocialpsychologylieintheintellectualsoilofthewholeWesterntradition,it’spresentfloweringisrecognizedtobecharacteristicallyanAmerican5)2002.P2.1.Thenewtechnologyhasmadepossibleforthedoctortomakediagnoseswithoutseeingthepatientinperson.语法二形容词（含数词形容词）、副词1、形容词1.1Some/Any：A)一般Some用于肯定句（修饰可数或不可数名词）；一些人