软件工程复习(英文)

Whichquestionnolongerconcernsthemodernsoftwareengineer?(a)现如今的软件工程师不再考虑以下哪个问题？Whydoescomputerhardwarecostsomuch?计算机硬件为什么如此昂贵Whydoessoftwaretakealongtimetofinish?Whydoesitcostsomuchtodevelopapieceofsoftware?Whycan'tsoftwareerrorsberemovedfromproductspriortodelivery?Softwaredeterioratesratherthanwearsoutbecause(c)软件通常是变坏而不是磨损的原因是SoftwaresuffersfromexposuretohostileenvironmentsDefectsaremorelikelytoariseaftersoftwarehasbeenusedoftenMultiplechangerequestsintroduceerrorsincomponentinteractions在组件交互中需求发生变化导致错误SoftwaresparepartsbecomehardertoorderMostsoftwarecontinuestobecustombuiltbecause(d)大多数软件产品是定制的原因是ComponentreuseiscommoninthesoftwareworldReusablecomponentsaretooexpensivetouseSoftwareiseasiertobuildwithoutusingsomeoneelse'scomponents.Offtheshelfsoftwarecomponentsarenotcommonlyavailable现成的软件组件不常用Thenatureofsoftwareapplicationscanbecharacterizedbytheirinformation(d)软件应用的本质可以被特色化，通过他们信息的complexitycontent内容determinacy(确定性)choices"b"and"c"F)wasF)wasChangecannotbeeasilyaccommodatedinmostsoftwaresystems,unlessasystemdesignedwithchangeinmind.(T)需求变化不适应于大多数的软件系统，除非软件在设计之初便考虑了变化因素Whichoftheitemslistedbelowisnotoneofthesoftwareengineeringlayers?(b)下面列出的项目是不是一个软件工程的层？ProcessManufacturing制造业MethodsToolsWhatarethethreegenericphasesofsoftwareengineering?(a)软件工程的三个一般的阶段是definition,development,support定义阶段、开发阶段、维护阶段what,how,whereprogramming,debugging,maintenanceanalysis,design,testingWhichofthesetermsisalevelnameintheCapabilityMaturityModel? (b)AdhocRepeatable可重复的ReusableOrganizedThelinearsequentialmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis(a)软件开发中的线性模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.当需求被良好定义时的合理开发方式。Agoodapproachwhenaworkingprogramisrequiredquickly.Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Anoldfashionedmodelthatisrarelyusedanymore.Il.Theprototypingmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis (b)软件开发中的原型模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.Ausefulapproachwhenacustomercannotdefinerequirementsclearly.当客户无法清晰定义需求时的有效开发方式Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Ariskymodelthatrarelyproducesameaningfulproduct.Therapidapplicationdevelopmentmodelis (c)快速开发模型是Anothernameforcomponent-baseddevelopment.Ausefulapproachwhenacustomercannotdefinerequirementsclearly.Ahighspeedadaptationofthelinearsequentialmodel.线性顺序模型的高速适应方式Alloftheabove.Theincrementalmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis(b)软件开发中的增量模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.Agoodapproachwhenaworkingcoreproductisrequiredquickly.当核心产品需要被迅速开发时的良好开发方式Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Arevolutionarymodelthatisnotusedforcommercialproducts.Thespiralmodelofsoftwaredevelopment(c) 螺旋开发模型EndswiththedeliveryofthesoftwareproductIsmorechaoticthantheincrementalmodelIncludesprojectrisksevaluationduringeachiteration 在每个迭代中都包括项目风险评估AlloftheaboveOneofthemostdifficultpartsofsoftwarerequirementsanalysisisensuringthedeveloperunderstandsthecustomer'sneeds.(T)软件需求分析中最困难的部分之一是确保开发人员了解客户的需求。WhichofthesepeoplewouldnotbelikelytopartoftheFASTteam? (a)softwareengineersdevelopingrepresentativemarketingrepresentativesseniorfinancialofficersWhichoftheserequirementsarenotconsideredduringqualityfunctiondeployment(QFD)? (a)excitingrequirementsexpectedrequirementnormalrequirementstechnologyrequirementsInformationflowrepresentsthemannerinwhichdataandcontrol （b）信息流表示其中数据及控制以这样的方式arerelatedtooneanother.changeaseachmovesthroughthesystem.转变为整个系统的每个动作。willbeimplementedinthefinaldesign.noneoftheabove.Inthecontextofrequirementsanalysis,twotypesofproblempartitioningare （a）在需求分析的背景下，两种类型的问题划分为bottom-upandtop-downhorizontalandverticalsubordinateandsuperordinatenoneoftheaboveWhichviewshouldbeconsiderdfirstduringsoftwarerequirementsanalysis?（c）在软件需求分析中哪个看法首先应该考虑的？actorviewdataviewessentialviewimplementationviewWhichofthefollowingisnotaprinciplethatshouldbefollowedwhencreatingaspecification?以下哪一项不是必须建立一个规范时，应遵循一个原则？（ b）createacognitivemodelratherthanadesignmodelmakesurethespecificationdotsevery"i"andcrossesevery"t"EstablishthecontextinwhichsoftwareoperatesseparatefunctionalityfromimplementationWhichofthefollowingisnotaguidelineforrepresentingrequirements?（d）diagramsshouldberestrictedinnumberandconsistentinuserepresentationformatandcontentshouldberelevanttothecontentrepresentationsshouldberevisableusenomorethan7plusorminus2colorsinanydiagramsThestatetransitiondiagram（d）状态转换图depictsrelationshipsbetweendataobjectsdepictsfunctionsthattransformthedataflowindicateshowdataaretransformedbythesystemindicatessystemreactionstoexternalevents用于显示系统反应外部事件Thedatamodelconsistsofthreepiecesofinterrelatedinformation（d）attributesdataobjectsrelationshipsalloftheaboveTherelationshipsshowninadatamodelmustbeclassifiedtoshowtheir（c）在一个数据模型中显示的关系必须被分类，以显示他们的WidthanddepthDirectionalityandreliabilitycardinalityandmodality基数和方式probabilityandriskForpurposesofbehaviormodelingastateisany（c）对于行为建模的目的，一个状态是任何consumerorproducerofdata.dataobjecthierarchy.observablemodeofbehavior.观察到的行为模式welldefinedprocess.Thedatadictionarycontainsdescriptionsofeachsoftware（b）数据字典包含了每个软件的说明configurationitemdataobject数据对象diagramnotationThedataflowdiagrammustbeaugmentedbydescriptivetextinordertodescribethefunctionalrequirementsforasoftwareproduct.（T）数据流图必须通过描述性文本以描述为一个软件产品的功能性要求进行扩充。Whichofthefollowingisnotanareaofconcerninthedesignmodel? （d）以下哪一项不是在设计模式关注的一个区域？architecturedatainterfacesprojectscope项目范围Theimportanceofsoftwaredesigncanbesummarizedinasingleword（d）软件设计的重要性，可以归纳为一个字accuracycomplexityefficiencyquality质量Whichoftheseisacharacteristicofagooddesign?（b）哪一个良好的设计特点？exhibitsstrongcouplingbetweenitsmodulesimplementsallrequirementsintheanalysismodel实现在分析模型中的所有规定includestestcasesforallcomponentsincorporatessourcecodefordescriptivepurposesThecontrolhierarchyrepresentsthe（b）控制层次代表了decisionorderorganizationofmodules组织模块repetitionofoperationssequenceofprocessesSoftwareprocedurefocusesonthe（c）软件过程关注于cessingdetailsofeachthesetofmodulescollectively.每个处理的细节的模块集合统称relationshipbetweencontrolandprocedure.7Toachievehighmodularityofsoftwarecomponentsyouneed（C）为了达到你需要的软件组件的高度模块化highcouplingandhighcohesionhighcouplingandlowcohesionlowcouplingandhighcohesion低耦合和高聚合lowcouplingandlowcohesion8.Cohesionisaqualitativeindicationofthedegreetowhichamodule（b）凝聚力是在何种程度上一个模块的定性指示canbewrittenmorecompactly.focusesonjustonething.专注于一件事isabletocompleteitsfunctioninatimelymanner.isconnectedtoothermodulesandtheoutsideworld.Couplingisaqualitativeindicationofthedegreetowhichamodule（d）耦合是一个模块在何种程度上定性指标canbewrittenmorecompactly.focusesonjustonething.isabletocompleteitsfunctioninatimelymanner.isconnectedtoothermodulesandtheoutsideworld. 连接到其他的模块和外界Intransactionmappingthefirstlevelfactoringresultsinthe（c）在事务处理映射的第一层因子分解结果在creationofaCFDderivationofthecontrolhierarchydistributionofworkermodules 职工的模块分布refinementofthemoduleviewAnecessarysupplementtotransformortransactionmappingneededtocreateacompletearchitecturaldesignis（c）一个必要的补充，改造或交易映射需要建立一个完整的体系结构设计entityrelationshipdiagramsthedatadictionaryprocessingnarrativesforeachmodule每个模块的处理叙述testcasesforeachmoduleWhichofthefollowinginterfacedesignprinciplesdoesnotallowtheusertoremainincontroloftheinteractionwithacomputer?（d）以下哪项界面设计原则不允许用户保持与计算机的交互控制？allowinteractiontointerruptibleallowinteractiontobeundoablehidetechnicalinternalsfromcasualusersonlyprovideonerigidlydefinedmethodforaccomplishingatask只为完成任务提供1个严格的定义方法Whichofthefollowinginterfacedesignprinciplesreducetheuser'smemoryload?（d）以下哪项界面设计原则减少用户的记忆负担？

defineintuitiveshortcuts定义直观的快捷键discloseinformationinaprogressive以循序渐进的信息公开establishmeaningfuldefaults建立有意义的默认值alloftheaboveInterfaceconsistencyimpliesthat (a)接口的一致性意味着inputmechanismsremainthesamethroughouttheapplication整个应用程序输入的机制保持不变eachapplicationshouldhaveitsowndistinctivelookandfeelapplicationmethodsarecontextsensitiveanswersaandbtheimplementersofthesystemcreatea(c)designmodelusermodelsystemimage系统映像systemperceptionb)a)b)a)adaptiveuserprofilesandfunctionalshortcutserrorhandlingandsystemresponsetime错误处理和系统响应时间resolutionofgraphicsdisplaysanddesignoficonsnoneoftheaboveWhichofthefollowingisnotafundamentalstructuredprogrammingconstruct?下列哪项不是一个根本性的结构化编程结构？recursion(递归)conditionrepetitionsequenceWhichoftheseisagraphicalnotationfordepictingproceduraldetail? (a)哪一项是描绘程序细节的图形表示法？dataflowdiagram数据流程图decisiontableERdiagramgraphmatrixIngeneral,boxdiagramsandflowchartsshould(a)一般来说，盒图和流程图应该是()beusedinplaceofprogrammingdesignlanguagesbeusedtodocumenttheentiredesignornotatallonlybeusedtodocumentorevaluatedesigninspecificinstancesnoneoftheaboveAdecisiontableshouldbeused(d)应该使用决策表todocumentallconditionalstatementstoguidethedevelopmentoftheprojectmanagementplanonlywhenbuildinganexpertsystemwhenacomplexsetofconditionsandactionsappearsinacomponent当一个复杂的条件和行动出现在一个组件Aprogramdesignlanguage(PDL)isoftena(d)程序设计语言(PDL)往往是一个usefulwaytorepresentsoftwarearchitecturelegitimate(合理的)programminglanguageinitsownrightmachinereadablesoftwaredevelopmentlanguagecombinationofprogrammingconstructsandnarrativetext程序结构与叙事文本的结合Whichoftheseareobjectivesforsoftwaretesting? (d)这些软件测试的目标是什么？determinetheproductivityofprogrammerseliminatetheneedforfutureprogrammaintenanceeliminateeveryerrorpriortoreleaseuncoversoftwareerrors发现软件错误Whattypesoferrorsaremissedbyblack-boxtestingandcanbeuncoveredbywhite-boxtesting?(b)黑盒测试中的错误是什么类型的，可以通过白盒测试来发现？behavioralerrorssubtlelogicerrors微妙的逻辑错误performanceerrorsinputerrorThecyclomaticcomplexitymetricprovidesthedesignerwithinformationregardingthenumberof(c)圈复杂度度量提供设计师的一些信息cyclesintheprogramerrorsintheprogramindependentlogicpathsintheprogram程序中的独立逻辑路径statementsintheprogramBlack-boxtestingattemptstofinderrorsinwhichofthefollowingcategories(a)incorrectormissingfunctionsinterfaceerrorsperformanceerrorsalloftheaboveWhatisthenormalorderofactivitiesinwhichsoftwaretestingisorganized? (a)活动中，软件测试组织的正常秩序是什么？unit,integration,system,validation单元，集成，系统，验证system,integration,unit,validationunit,integration,validation,systemnoneoftheaboveTop-downintegrationtestinghasasit'smajoradvantagethat(b)lowlevelmodulesneverneedtestingmajordecisionpointsaretestedearly主要的决策点是早试验nostubsneedtobewrittennoneoftheaboveBottom-upintegrationtestinghasasit'smajoradvantagethat(c)自下而上的整合测试，作为它的主要优势majordecisionpointsaretestedearlynodriversneedtobewrittennostubsneedtobewrittenregressiontestingisnotrequiredWhichofthefollowingisanapproachtodebugging?(d)以下哪一项是方法调试？backtracking回溯算法bruteforce暴力破解causeelimination消除原因alloftheaboveThewaterfallmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentisalsoknownasthe(a)瀑布模型的软件开发也被称为Classicallifecyclemodel古典生命周期模型FountainmodelSpiralmodelChaosmodel.2.Theincrementalmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis( B) 增量的软件开发模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.Agoodapproachwhenaworkingcoreproductisrequiredquickly.一种好方法，当一个工作核心产品时需要快速Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Arevolutionarymodelthatisnotusedforcommercialproducts.Theprocessofestablishingtheservicesthatthecustomerrequiresfromasystemandtheconstraintsunderwhichitoperatesandisdeveloped.TherequirementsthemselvesarethedescriptionsofthesystemservicesandconstraintsthatareDeliversoftwarethatmeetsthecustomer'sexpectations.Whatissoftware?Instructions、datastructuresanddocuments.指令、数据结构和文档Computerprogramsandassociateddocumentation.计算机程序和相关文档。Howdosoftwarecharacteristicsdifferfromhardwarecharacteristics?软件特性如何与硬件特性不同？Softwareisdeveloped,notmanufactured.软件开发，而不是制造。Mostsoftwareiscustombuilt.大多数软件都是定制的。Whatdopeoplemeanbytheexpression"softwarecrisis"?“软件危机”表达的意思是什么意思？Someproblemsencounteredinthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofcomputersoftware.在计算机软件的开发和维护中遇到的一些问题。Whatmythsaboutsoftwarestillexist?软件还存在什么误区？managementmyths管理误区customermyths客户误区practitioner'smyths从业者的误区Whatarethethreegenericphasesofsoftwareengineering?什么是软件工程的三个通用阶段 ？Definitionphase定义阶段Developmentphase发展阶段Supportphase支持阶段WhatarethenamesofthefivelevelsoftheSEICapabilityMaturityModel?SEI的能力成熟度模型的五个层次的名称?Level1-initialoradhoclevel初始或特设的水平Level2-repeatablelevel可重复级Level3-definedlevel级别定义Level4-managedlevel管理水平Level5-optimizinglevel优化级别Describethephasesoftheprototypingmodelforsoftwaredevelopment.描述原型模型的软件开发的阶段1.listentocustomer听听客户buildmock-up建立实体模型customertest-drivesmock-up客户试车模拟Whyareevolutionarymodelsconsideredbymanytobethebestapproachtosoftwaredevelopment?为什么进化模型被许多人认为是软件开发的最佳方法？mostimportantly,reflectswhatreallyhappenswhencomplexsystemsarebuilt.最重要的是，反映的是真实发生的，复杂的系统建设1.Whatarethefivephasesofsoftwarerequirementsanalysis?什么是软件需求分析的五个阶段?Problemrecognition问题识别Evaluationandsynthesis评价和合成Modeling建模Specification规格Review审查1.Whatarethreeprimaryobjectivesoftheanalysismodel?什么是三个主要目标的分析模型?todescribewhatthecustomerrequires来描述客户的要求toestablishabasisforthecreationofasoftwaredesign建立软件设计创作的基础todefineasetofrequirementsthatcanbevalidatedoncethesoftwareisbuilt定义一组一旦建立了该软件，则可以进行验证的要求2.Whatarethedatamodelingelementsrepresentedintheentityrelationshipdiagram(ERD)?代表的实体关系图(ERD)中的数据建模元素有哪些?Dataobjects-anyentityproducingorconsuminginformation数据对象-任何实体生产或消费信息Attributes-datacharacteristicsassociatedwithadataobjectinstance属性--与一个数据对象实例相关联的数据特性Relationships-indicatemannerinwhichdataobjectsareconnected关系的表示的方式中，数据连接对象2.Listthreecharacteristicsthatcanserveasaguidetoevaluatedesignquality.列出可以作为指南设计质量评价的三个特点。Thedesignmustimplementalloftheexplicitrequirementscontainedintheanalysismodel设计必须实现所有包含在分析模型中的显式要求Thedesignmustbeareadable