学年论文(以译代论)

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！广东金融学院学年论文（以译代论）“civilworld”学生姓名：学系专号：部：业：指导教师：提交日期：年月日1．学年论文的撰写应结合专业学习，选取具有创新价值和实践意义的论题。2．论文篇幅一般为3000字左右。3．论文应观点明确，中心突出，论据充分，数据可靠，层次分明，逻辑清楚，文字流畅，结构严谨。4．论文字体规范按《广东金融学院本科生毕业论文写作规范》和论文样板执行。5．论文应书写工整，标点正确，用微机打印后，装订成册。本科学年论文（设计）诚信声明的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。学生签名：林杨彬时间：2015年5月31日关于论文（设计）使用授权的说明本人完全了解广东金融学院关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定，即：1.按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版本；2.学校有权保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务，在校园网上提供服务；3.学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；本人同意上述规定。学生签名：林杨彬时间：2015年5月31日广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”摘要Howthecivilwarchangedthe”一文进行汉译。通过对此类历史回顾文本的翻译练习，初步探索此类文本的语言特点，并学会适当运用翻译技巧，不断完善。选文主要内容为美国内战对当时世界的影响。美国内战，又称南北战争，是美国历史上最大规Howthecivilwarchangedthe”一文分析了内战如何影响了世界，围绕民主、奴隶制等展开论述。本文分为三个部分。第一部分介绍翻译选材的来源及特点；第二部分为相应的译文；第三部分结合具体的翻译例子，讨论这篇文章的翻译原则和翻译实践体会，指出翻译过程中遇到的问题及相应的解决办法。关键词：美国内战；历史回顾；翻译方法I广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”AbstractThispaperistranslationpracticeinplaceofthesis.Thepurposeoftranslatingthistextistogettoknowthecharacteristicsofthistypeoftexts,learntoemploypropertranslatingmethodsandthusdeveloptranslatingskillsingeneral.ThepassageisabouttheinfluenceoftheAmericancivilwarraginginnineteencenturyinwhichthenorthernunionwonthewarandtheslaverywasabolished.Italsohadgreatimpactontheworldsslaverysystemandacceleratedthedevelopmentofdemocracy.Thepaperisdividedintothreeparts.Thefirstpartisanintroductiontotheoriginaltextandlanguagefeaturesofthetext.TheChineseversionisavailableinthesecondpart.Thelastpart,PartIII,isthereviewoftranslatingprinciplesandmethodswithexamplesinthetranslatingpractice.KeywordsCivil；historyreview；translatingmethods：II广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”摘要.........................................................................................................I1．AbouttheSelected1.1Aboutthesourcetext......................................................................11.2Linguisticcharacteristicsofthetext...............................................12．TheChinese3．ReviewoftheTranslatingPrinciplesandMethods3.1LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation3.1.1LiteralTranslation3.1.2FreeTranslation...........................................................................53.2Amplificationand3.2.1Amplification...............................................................................63.2.2Omission......................................................................................63.3Inversion参考文献致谢Appendix...................................................................................................10i广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”1．1.1AboutthesourcetextHowthecivilwarchangedtheworldisselectedfromNewYorkTimeswhichisanAmericandailynewspaperfoundedandcontinuouslypublishedinNewYorkCitysinceSeptember18,1851.Itsaninfluentialandauthoritativesourceofdiversifiedinformation.TheessaysinNewYorkTimesareperceivedasprofessionalandauthentic.Theselectedessay,ahistoryreview,isaboutthegreatimpactofthecivilwarontheentireworld.1.2LinguisticcharacteristicsofthetextThetextisahistoryreview.Themainpurposeforthepassageistodescribethecivilwartoreadersobjectivelyandvividly.Hence,itslessdifficultforustoread.Abundantquotationsareusedtobetterreflectthetheme,makingtheessayconvincingandobjective.Forinstance,thequotationofanEnglishradicalgoesasUnderastrainsuchasnoaristocracy,nomonarchy,noempirecouldhavesupported.Theauthormainlyusesplainlanguagetotellthetruthandexplaintheinfluenceofthecivilwar.Somerhetoricaldevices,suchasmetaphorandsimile,arealsoemployedtomakehisdepictionofthecivilwarvivid.Forexample,thereisthephrasetheAmericanlion”,inwhichAmericanislikenedtoalion,demonstratingapowerfulcountrytoreaders.Inaddition,thereareplentyoflongsentenceswhilethesentencestructuresarenotcomplex,which,however,doestimpedetheauthortoexpresstothepoint.1广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”2．美国内战如何改变世界内战爆发之时，我们听到古巴的奴隶们高呼着：“加油，林肯，加油！您是我们的希望。大多政治人物仍未获悉此事，但他们似乎已经知晓此次美国内战将会改变他们的生活，甚至改变世界。1860至1861年的分离危机是全世界废奴运动的主要威胁和阻碍，并危及了民主化进程。若我们允许奴隶制的存在，若作为世界主要的民主制国家的美国在废奴之争上败下阵来，还有希望获得自由吗？欧洲势力都争分夺秒地趁机利用这次机会，英法两国为了观战，都立即派遣了军舰至美国。在巴黎，一位署名为“马拉科夫”的纽约时报通讯记者认为英法两国“此行可能意在为美利坚共和国的葬礼做护送者。”那年三月，西班牙的军舰首先到达哈瓦那，随后在多明尼加共和国登陆，宣称曾经的殖民地又恢复了西班牙的统治。1861年10月，看到林肯政府没有任何反抗的迹象，法国、西班牙以及英国在伦敦预联盟在年底入侵墨西哥。随后西班牙和英国决定退出，但法国国王拿破仑三世认为“拉丁民族”要复兴以及削弱盎格鲁-撒克逊民族在南北半球的潜在影响力，征服墨西哥是关键。同墨西哥保守派合作之下，共和党领导人贝尼托胡亚雷斯被迫逃离首都。最终，法方成功地拥立奥地利大公爵马西米连诺为墨西哥皇帝。美国的内战与以法国革命为开端的“共和主义泡沫”激发了欧洲各地的革命并引起动荡，但却是欧洲保守派喜闻乐见的。自从1848年革命失败后，欧洲共产主义者节节败退。一些人预言刚愎自用的美国最终将倒退回君主制的时代抑或是向欧洲帝国主义统治寻求庇护。在那些艰难的战争的日子里，林肯说美国是地球的最后的最大希望，那并不是吹嘘。四年后，出乎意料地，美国凭着强大的海军和一百万武装士兵取得胜利，共和党得以沉冤得雪。意大利英雄朱塞佩•加里波第致信美国部长写道：“那些反美人士、媒体报纸简直不自量力；如今美国逆转局面，他们又改变了说辞。”看到美国这只狮子的崛起，欧洲势力几乎立马从西半球撤退。西班牙与多米尼加游击队打了四年的激烈的丛林战，已经筋疲力尽，于1865年6月从圣多明各撤军，当多米尼加的勾结者设法为其弄到前往哈瓦那的船只时，西班牙点2广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”燃了曾驻扎的营帐。巴黎人民对拿破仑三世的反对呼声日益高涨。同时，奥托•冯•俾斯麦成立了横跨莱茵河的北德意志联邦，并在1866年初宣布法国在墨西哥的教化使命已经结束。在美国的援助下，随着法国撤军，墨西哥共和党在与马克西米兰军队的战争中大获全胜。1867年5月，墨西哥皇帝在克雷塔罗州最后反击，两个文明间的在北美最后一战。马克西米兰被捕后，无畏地站在墨西哥行刑队前，就欧洲在拉美所做的君主制尝试道出其墓志铭。“墨西哥的人们！上帝创造了与我同等同族的人们来代表民族的幸福或像我一样作为牺牲者。”众要反击欧洲皇室的愤怒呼喊，但并无后续。枪声激起群英国也从北美撤退。1867年，英国建立了加拿大自治领，为英联邦所属但享有自治权。同年，旁观整场战争的俄罗斯决定和平放弃在北美领地所有权并将阿拉斯加卖给美国。从1492年开始的欧洲帝国项目在美洲已不复存在，少数残余除外。古巴就是其中一个，就像是破败的西班牙帝国王冠上的宝石。为防止奴隶反抗，古巴人民一直忠于西班牙，但共和党人不屈于被统治，1868年奋起反抗并承诺加入他们的奴隶以自由。长达十年的战争虽没能解放古巴，但对瓦解奴隶制起到决定性作用。1870年西班牙政府以“新生儿自由法”做出回应，奴隶所生的孩子与反对共和党的奴隶将获得自由。作为美洲奴隶制的最后堡垒，巴西焦躁不安地观察着局势。1984年巴西皇帝佩德罗二世写道联邦的胜利“迫使我们深思奴隶制在巴西的未来。”1871年巴西决定效法西班牙的新法。一个巴西议员是这样解释的：“我们不需要战争来解放；我们受够了来自世界的嘲笑；我们受够了„„作为各国轻蔑的对象。”古巴的奴隶终于在1886年获得自由，两年后，巴西也废除了奴隶制。这个持续了四个世纪的根深蒂固、有利可图的劳动制度，曾作为美洲各国经济、社会、法律的重要部分，终于走到终点。联邦的胜利也撼动了欧洲君权的地位。1868年，奥地利美国公使约翰•洛思罗普•莫特利对纽约历史协会讲到美国和欧洲像是被一根电路紧密连接。他说：“美国内战在欧洲同样是件激动人心的大事，如身临其境，至少在西欧是这样的。主张自由一方的胜利促进了欧洲的发展，这效果是显而易见的。”3广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”莫特利所说的电路给欧洲帝国传来了惊人的冲击，这些在战时恐吓联邦的欧洲帝国如今罪有应得。在英国，立马有激进分子将联盟国的胜利解读为共和政治理想的强有力辩护。他们以美国为原型，组织了革新联盟以推动“普选权”的发展，并在全英国举行大规模的集会。成千上万的工人阶级与中产阶级，挥舞着红旗戴着法国大革命时的自由帽，激起对反抗的恐惧；他们推倒路障，蜂拥进伦敦海德公园。1867年国会快速地通过了改革法案以平息如此大规模的公民暴动，从此，英国走上了民主之路。恰逢1868年古巴共和党革命，西班牙的自由进步党受够了帝国党在拉美国家的残害，开始了光荣革命。据纽约时报报道，女王伊丽莎白二世被迫下台，西班牙首次有了依人民意志存在的政府，并以无君主的状态呈现世界。随之倾覆的是法兰西第二帝国。拿破仑三世的墨西哥之行、对抗加里波第以保卫教皇庇护四世和罗马，这些不得人心的行动使得国内的支持者骤减。联邦的胜利为共和党的反对壮胆，林肯去世的消息鼓舞了他们公开示威表示无视政府的审查。政府试图让群众为林肯的太太认购勋章闹得满城风雨，四万法国公民各捐了两苏以示对抗。当拿破仑三世鲁莽地挑起与普鲁士的战争，在战争中耻辱地被俘后，巴黎共和党于1870年将其罢黜，并宣告第三共和国的成立。作为欧洲共和主义摇篮的法国，通过人民开始新一轮的政府尝试。内战结束时，法国的自由主义者查尔斯•戴蒙塔朗贝尔预示，美国北方的胜利“将带给我们深刻的教训，因为我们都存在于不可逆转的民主社会。”美国在民主之路上历经艰辛，克服了失败，人民政府的坚韧不屈可歌可泣。一位英国的激进分子这样记录：“处在没有贵族、没有君王、没有强国支持的困难条件下，共和制仍然没有丝毫动摇。”民主制的实验仍未结束，在二十世纪将面临更严峻的考验。然而美国在最危急的时刻，通过内战向朋友和敌人们展示了作为“地球的最后的最大希望”的美国不会毁灭！3．YanFu,arenownedtranslator,statedintheprefacetohistranslationofEvolutionandEthicsthat"therearethreedifficultiesintranslation:faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance."NidaandCharlesR.Taberwrote:“Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthe4广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”receptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.”(EugeneA.Nida,CharlesR.Taber.1969.12)Hence,faithfulnessisofparamountsignificanceintranslation,whichmeansthatthetranslatingversionshouldbeinaccordancewiththeoriginalmeaning,styleoftheoriginaltext.Iadoptedthefollowingtranslatingmethodsabidingbytheprinciples.3.1LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation3.1.1LiteralTranslationBeinganadequaterepresentation,literaltranslation,alsoknownasword-for-wordtranslation,istherenderingstrivingtorecreateandretainthemeaning,styleoftheorigintextasmuchaspossible.ZhouZuorenonce”Tillnow,Iprefertotrustliteraltranslation,sincenothingbetterthanithadcometome.”周作人.1925)Inmyview,tobefaithfulandtocoveytheoriginalmeaning,literaltranslationisabetterway.Forexample:Thesecessioncrisisof1860-1861threatenedtobeamajorsetbacktotheworldantislaverymovement,anditimperiledthewholeexperimentindemocracy.1860至1861年的分离危机是全世界废奴运动的主要威胁和阻碍，并危及了Heretheliteraltranslationisadoptedtostatethehistorythatthecrisishadangreatimpactonthemovementandthedemocracy,makingthesentencereadableandfaithfultotheoriginal.3.1.2FreeTranslationSometimesliteraltranslationmaynotbeabletoexpressthemeaningbecauseoftheculturaldifference.Undersuchcircumstances,wedbetterturntofreetranslationfocusingonmeaninginlieuoftheformoftheoriginal.Hence,thetranslationwouldbemoresmoothandnatural.Forexample:TheAmericanCivilWar,atleastinWesternEurope,becameasmuchanaffairofpassionatepartyfeelingasifitwereragingonthatsidetheAtlanticInthis”asifitwereragingonthatsidetheAtlantic”istranslatedas:5广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”HereChinesefour-characteridiomisemployedinthetranslationsothatitmoresuccinctandauthentic.Ifit’stranslatedliterally,itwouldbe’s“就像战争爆发在大西洋的另一边”.Itwouldcauseconfusionandbefartothepoint.Sothefreetranslationismoreappropriatehere.3.2Amplificationandomission3.2.1AmplificationAmplificationisasortofadditionaddingnecessarywordswhichdonothaveequivalentintheoriginaltosmooththetranslatingversion.However,“amplificationisnottocreatesomethingoutofnothingbuttosupplywordsbeingimpliedintheoriginal”.(蔡荣寿,朱要霞.2009.94).Hence,whenusingthismethod,weshouldpayattentiontotheformandstyleofthetargetlanguage.Forexample:（1）Brazil,thelastbastionofAmericanslavery,watchednervously.作为美洲奴隶制的最后堡垒，巴西焦躁不安地观察着局势Inthissentence,whentranslating,Iaddanoun“局势”andpreposition“作为.InChinese,thecollocationmakessentencescomplete.Ifaddedtotheversion,thesentencewouldnotbefluent.“局势”and“作为”arenot(2)Cubafinallyfreedallitsslavesin1886,andBrazilfollowedtwoyearslater.古巴的奴隶终于在1886年获得自由，两年后，巴西也废除了奴隶制。Inthissentence“废除了奴隶制”isimpliedintheoriginal.Therefore,theamplificationmakesitcomplete.3.2.2OmissionOmission,standingtheoppositesideofamplification,istoexpurgatesomeunnecessarywordsintheoriginaltext.Themainpurposeistomakethetranslationconciseandfluent.Forexample:grantingfreedomtochildrenofslavemothersandtheirownofferoffreedomtoslaveswhotooktheirsideagainsttherepublicans.6广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”奴隶所生的孩子与反对共和党的奴隶将获得自由Heretheword“freedom”appearstwiceintheoriginaltext.Thereisnoneedforustotranslatebothofthe“freedom”.Weshouldavoidwordyandredundantphrasesinsuchsituation.3.3InversionInversion,themethodofrearrangementoftheorderofsentencecomponents,isubiquitousintranslation.It’simperativetoadoptthemeansinthatthewordordervariesfromalanguagetotheother.Forexample:InParis,NapoleonIIIfacedgrowingoppositionathome巴黎对拿破仑三世的反对呼声日益高涨Amplificationandinversionmethodsareemployedintranslation.Iadd“人民”andchangetheoriginalsubject“NapoleonIII”intoobjectinChinese.Therearrangementmakesthesentencemorenatural.Insummary,translatingisatoughtaskrequiringnotonlyskillsbutprudence.Thefirstdifficultistofullyunderstandtheoriginaltext,foritsometimesmaybeanobscureprofessionalessayfilledwithalotofterms,whichrequestustodoplentyresearches.Thesecondoneisthechoiceofproperwords.Whentranslating,wemayoftencomeupagainsttheplightthattheequivalentcannotbefoundinthetargetlanguage.Thereforeit’simportantforustomasterbothtargetlanguageandsourcelanguage.Aimingtoovercometheseobstructions,I’vereadtheoriginaltextthoroughlyanddonealotofresearchonthecivilwar.Inaddition,Iadoptedvariousmethodssuchasamplification,literalandfreetranslationetc.Inthispractice,Irealizethattheoryshouldbecombinedwithpractice.Practicemakesperfect.ImustpracticemoreandworkhardersothatIcanmakeheadwayconstantly.7广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”[1]Doyle.Don.Howthecivilwarchangedtheworld.[EB/OL]Availableat:/2015/05/19/how-the-civil-war-changed-the-world/?mwrsm=Email,2015-5-19.[2]NidaEugeneA,TaberCharlesR.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation[M].Leiden:E.J.Brill,1969:12.[3]蔡荣寿,朱要霞.翻译理论与实践教程[M].北京:中国广播电视台出版社,2009:94-99.[4]申雨平,戴宁.实用英汉翻译教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2012.[5]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2009.[6]周作人.陀螺序[A].苦雨斋序跋文[C].北京：北京文艺出版社，2011.8广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”致谢在本文完成之际，谨向我的导师黄中习教授致以衷心的感谢。本论文是在黄中习老师的精心指导和关怀下完成的。从论文选题、原文的翻译到论文的撰写和修改，都倾注了黄中习老师的心血和汗水。在学习期间，老师认真严谨的治学态度，精益求精的工作作风，深深地感染和激励着我，使我对自己提高要求，尽力做到最好。黄中习老师豁达宽广的胸怀、平易近人的处事风格是我一生的楷模。值此提交论文之时，在此向黄中习导师表达衷心的感谢！9广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”AppendixHowthecivilwarchangedtheworldEvenwhiletheCivilWarraged,slavesinCubacouldbeheardsinging,“Avanza,Lincoln,avanza!Tueresnuestraesperanza!”(Onward,Lincoln,Onward!Youareourhope!)–asiftheyknew,evenbeforethesoldiersfightingthewarfartotheNorthandlongbeforemostpoliticiansunderstood,thatthewarinAmericawouldchangetheirlives,andtheworld.Thesecessioncrisisof1860-1861threatenedtobeamajorsetbacktotheworldantislaverymovement,anditimperiledthewholeexperimentindemocracy.Ifslaverywasallowedtoexist,andifeworld’sleadingdemocracycouldfallapartovertheissue,whathopedidfreedomhave?Europeanpowerswastednotimeintakingadvantageofthedebacle.FranceandBritainimmediatelyeachsentfleetsofwarshipswiththeofficialpurposeofobservingtheimminentwarinAmerica.InParis,ANewYorkTimescorrespondentwhowentbythebyline“Malakoff”thoughtthattheFrenchandBritishobservers“maybeintendedasasortofescortofhonorforthefuneraloftheGreatRepublic.”Spain,itsfleetsalreadyinpositioninHavana,struckfirstthatMarch,landingintheDominicanRepublicandproclaimingthatitsformercolonyhadreturnedtoSpanishrule.SeeingnosignofresistancefromtheLincolnadministration,France,SpainandBritainmetinLondoninOctober1861toplananalliedinvasionofMexicofortheendoftheyear.SpainandBritainlaterwithdrew,butEmperorNapoleonIIIofFrancesawtheconquestofMexicoasthekeytohisGrandDesigntoregeneratethe“Latinrace”andthwarttheinsidiousinfluenceoftheAnglo-Saxonraceinbothhemispheres.WiththecollaborationofMexicanconservatives,theFrenchforcedBenitoJuárez,therepublicanleader,tofleethecapitalandeventuallyinstalledtheAustrianarchdukeMaximilianasemperorofMexico.Europeanconservativeswelcomedthedismembermentofthe“onceUnitedStates”andtheburstingofthe“republicanbubble”that,beginningwiththeFrenchRevolution,hadinspiredrevolutionandunrestinEurope.RepublicanismhadbeeninretreatinEuropesincethefailedrevolutionsof1848,andsomepredictedthatallthewaywardAmericanrepublicswouldeventuallyfindtheirwaybacktosomeformofmonarchy,orseekprotectionunderEuropeanimperialrule.WhenLincoln,inthedarkestdaysofthewar,referredtoAmericaasthe“lastbesthopeofearth,”hewashardlyboasting.Fouryearslater,againstallexpectations,theworldbeheldavictoriousUnionwithapowerfulNavyandonemillionmenatarms.Republicansenjoyedathrillofvindication.“ThenewspapersandthementhatopposedthecauseofthegreatRepublic,”theItalianheroGiuseppeGaribaldiwrotetotheAmericanministerinItaly,“arethoseliketheassofthefable10广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”thatdaredkickthelionbelievinghimfallen;buttodayastheyseeitriseinallitsmajesty,theychangetheirlanguage.”Europeanpowers,seeingtheAmericanlionrise,almostimmediatelybeganadramaticretreatfromtheWesternHemisphere.Spain,exhaustedbyfouryearsoffiercejunglefightingwithDominicanguerrillas,withdrewfromSantoDomingoinJune1865,settingitsbarracksablazewhileDominicancollaboratorsscrambledtogetaboardshipsdepartingforHavana.InParis,NapoleonIIIfacedgrowingoppositionathomeandtheriseofOttovonBismarck’spowerfulunitedGermanstateacrosstheRhine.Inearly1866heannouncedthattheFrenchcivilizingmissioninMexicohadcometoanend.Mexico’srepublicanforces,aidedbyarmsandvolunteersfromtheUnitedStates,wonstunningvictoriesagainstMaximilian’sdiminishedarmyastheFrenchtroopswithdrew.InMay1867theEmperorofMexicotookhislaststandinthefinalbattleofthedualcivilwarsfoughtinNorthAmerica.Afterbeingcaptured,Maximilian,standingbravelybeforeaMexicanfiringsquad,spokeafittingepitaphtotheEuropeanmonarchicalexperimentinLatinAmerica.“Mexicans!MenofmyclassandracearecreatedbyGodtobethehappinessofnationsortheirmartyrs.”TheshotsfromQueréteroprovokedindignantcriesforretaliationamongEuropeanroyals,butnothingcameofthem.TheBritishEmpirealsowithdrewfromNorthAmerica.In1867itsetuptheDominionofCanada,aconfederationofBritishcolonialpossessionsthatremainedpartoftheempirebutwouldoperateasaself-governingnation.ThesameyeartheRussianEmpire,whichhadstoodbytheUnionduringthewar,decidedtopeacefullycedeitsclaimsinNorthAmericaandsoldAlaskatotheUnitedStates.Exceptforafewvestiges,theEuropeanimperialprojectthatbeganin1492hadvanishedfromtheAmericanhemisphere.Oneofthosevestiges,Cuba,remainedthejewelinthecrownofthecrumblingSpanishEmpire.FearofslaverebellionshadkeptCubansloyaltoSpain,butrepublicans,fedupwithSpanishrule,roseinrebellion1868andpromisedfreedomtoslaveswhojoinedtheminarms.The10YearsWarfailedtoemancipateCuba,butitdealtafatalblowtoslaveryontheisland.In1870theSpanishgovernmentansweredwitha“freewomblaw,”grantingfreedomtochildrenofslavemothersandtheirownofferoffreedomtoslaveswhotooktheirsideagainsttherepublicans.Brazil,thelastbastionofAmericanslavery,watchednervously.In1864EmperorDomPedroIIwrotethattheUnion’ssuccesses“forceustothinkaboutthefutureofslaveryinBrazil.”In1871BrazilfollowedSpainwithitsownfreewomblaw.AsoneBraziliansenatorexplainedit:“Therewasnoneedforawaragainstustopushustowardemancipation;theworldlaughingatuswasenough;becomingthescornofallnations…wasenough.”Cubafinallyfreedallitsslavesin1886,andBrazilfollowedtwoyearslater.Adeeplyentrenchedandhugelyprofitablesystemoflaborthathadbeenintegraltotheeconomy,lawandsocietyofAmericannationsfornearlyfourcenturieswasatanend.11广东金融学院本科学年论文OnChineseTranslationofHowthecivilwarchangedtheworld”TheUnion’svictoryalsoshookthethronesofEurope.JohnLothropMotley,theAmericanministertoAustriaduringthewar,toldtheNew-YorkHistoricalSocietyin1868thatsomethinglikean“electricchain”hadunitedAmericaandEurope.“TheAmericanCivilWar,atleastinWesternEurope,becameasmuchanaffairofpassionatepartyfeelingasifitwereragingonthatsidetheAtlantic,”hesaid,andthe“effectofthetriumphoffreedominthiscountryonthecauseofprogressinEuropeisplain.”ItwaspoeticjusticethatMotley’selectricchainhelpedtransmitstunningshockstotheveryEuropeanempiresthathadmenacedtheUnionduringthewar.InBritain,radicalsimmediatelyinterpretedtheUniontriumphastherobustvindicationoftheirrepublicanideals.TheyorganizedtheReformLeaguetopushfor“universalsuffrage”ontheAmericanmodelandstagedenormousralliesacrossBritain.Hundredsofthousandsofworking-andmiddle-classmenandwomen,manywavingredflagsanddonningredlibertycapsoftheFrenchRevolution,provokedfe