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APIC201405原料药厂清洁验证指南:8.0残留量检测(上)(中英文)8.0DeterminationoftheAmountofResidue残留量的检测8.1Introduction介绍Thissectionprovidesapracticalguidanceforthedeterminationoftheamountofresidueincleanedequipmentbasedontherequirementsfromregulatoryauthorities[1]andcurrentguidelinesonanalyticalvalidation.[2]Specificrequirementsforthevalidationofanalyticalandsamplingmethodsforcleaningvalidationpurposesareprovidedinthissection,inadditiontoexamplesofsamplingmethodsandtheappropriateuseofanalyticalmethods.本部分根据药监当局的要求和现行分析方法验证指南,提供了检测已清洁设备中残留物数量的实用指南。在本部分中给出了清洁验证中所用分析方法和取样方法的验证要求,以及取样方法和适当使用分析方法的例子。Thecarryoveracceptancelimit(Mper)isacalculatedfigurethatrepresentsthespecificationlimitfortheequipmentcleanliness(seeSection4.0,AcceptanceLimits),however,thedeterminationoftheactualamountofresidue(M)remainingintheequipmentfollowingcleaningmustbeachievedusingappropriatemethodsi.e.forboththesamplingmethodandthequantitationofthecontaminantinthesample.允许残留限度(Mper)是一个计算出的数值,代表设备清洁程度的质量标准限度(参见4.0部分,可接受限度),但是,对清洁后设备中残留物(M)实际数量的检测必须使用适当的方法来获得,即,针对取样方法和样品中污染物的定量。Sincethedecisionontheacceptablecleanlinessoftheequipmentbearsapotentialrisktoproductquality,themethod(s)usedforthedeterminationofMmustbevalidated1andthespecificity,sensitivityandrecoveryofthemethod(s)shouldbedeterminedasaminimum.由于对设备可接受清洁度的决定会对产品质量有潜在风险,因此用于M检测的方法必须进行验证,必须至少验证方法的专属性、灵敏度和回收率。8.2ValidationRequirements验证要求8.2.1General通则TherequirementsforanalyticalmethodvalidationaredefinedinICHQ2(R1),ValidationofAnalyticalProcedures:TextandMethodology,November2005.Therearefourtypesofanalyticalmethodswithprincipallydifferentvalidationrequirements;theseareidentificationtests,testsforimpurities(bothquantitativeandlimittests)andassaytests.ThevalidationrequirementsforeachmethodtypeareshownTable1.分析方法验证的要求在ICHQ2(R1)“分析方法验证:检验和方法学,2005年11月”中已给出。其中列出了四种不同类型的分析方法,各适用不同的验证要求,它们分别是:鉴别测试、杂质检验(定量和限度测试)和含量测试。每种类型方法的验证要求在表1中列出。Thelistshouldbeconsideredtypicalfortheaforementionedanalyticalprocedures,however,exceptionsshouldbedealtwithonacase-by-casebasis.Itshouldbenotedthatrobustnessisnotlistedinthetableandshouldbeconsideredatanappropriatestageinthedevelopmentoftheanalyticalprocedure.在上述的分析方法中必须考虑该清单,但是,要根据各案处理例外情况。要注意耐用性在表中并未列出,但在方法的研发过程中适当阶段需要进行考虑。Inpractice,itisusuallypossibletodesigntheexperimentalworksuchthattheappropriatevalidationcharacteristicscanbeconsideredsimultaneouslytoprovideasound,overallknowledgeofthecapabilitiesoftheanalyticalprocedure,forinstance;specificity,linearity,range,accuracyandprecision.在实际应用中,通常可以设计一个试验性工作,使得在方法设计时可以同步考虑方法的验证特性,例如,专属性、线性、范围、准确度和精密度。Thevalidationofananalyticalmethodshouldoccurincompliancewithpre-establishedacceptancecriteriathatshouldbedocumentedinawrittengeneralpolicyorValidationPlan.However,thereshouldbeonevalidationreportpervalidatedmethodthatsummarisesthespecificresults.分析方法验证必须符合预定的可接受限度。可接受限度应记录在书面的通用方针或验证中。但是,对每个验证过的方法必须有一个验证报告,总结验证结果。TABLE1RequirementListforAnalyticalValidationCharacteristicTypeofAnalyticalProcedureIdentificationTestingforImpuritiesAssayQuantitativeLimitAccuracy—+—+PrecisionRepeatability+—+IntermediatePrecision—+1—+Specificity2++++DetectionLimit——3++QuantitationLimit—+——Linearity—+—+Range—+—+Key—Signifiesthatthischaracteristicisnotnormallyevaluated.+Signifiesthatthischaracteristicisnormallyevaluated.1Incaseswherereproducibilityhasbeenperformed,intermediateprecisionisnotneeded.2Lackofspecificityofoneanalyticalprocedurecouldbecompensatedbyothersupportinganalyticalprocedure(s).3Maybeneededinsomecases.表1方法验证需求清单特性分析方法类型鉴别杂质检测含量定量测试限度测试准确度—+—+精密度重复性+—+中间精密度—+1—+专属性2++++检测限——3++定量限—+——线性—+—+范围—+—+说明—表示该特性一般不需要评估。+表示该特性一般要进行评估。1如果做了重复性测试,则不需要做中间精密度。2如果一个方法缺乏专属性,则可以用另一个支持性分析方法进行补偿。3有时需要。Therequirementsfor‘TestingforImpurities’aretypicallyemployedforthevalidationofanalyticalmethodsspecifictocleaningvalidation.在清洁验证专用分析方法验证中,一般应用“杂质检测”的要求。Therequirementsfor‘QuantitativeTestingforImpurities’canapply,forexample,incaseswhereamethodshouldbesuitableforseveralpossibleacceptancelimitsandthereforequantitationoftheresidueoveracertainrangemaybenecessarye.g.themeasuredamountofresidueMmustbecomparedwithacceptancelimitsbetween5and750g/equipment.Thisispossiblewhenthemethodwillbeusedforseveralchangeovers.有时可以应用“杂质定量检测”要求,例如,如果一个方法适用于几个可能的可接受限度,因此可能需要对一定水平范围内的残留物进行定量检测,例如,残留物M的测得量必须与可接受标准5-750g/设备相比较。如果方法要用于几个产品更换情况下的检测,则可以使用上述方法。Therequirementsfor‘LimitTestingforImpurities’canapply,forexample,incaseswherethemethodshouldbesuitableforonespecificacceptancelimite.g.themeasuredMmustbecomparedwithMper≤105g/equipment.有时可以应用“杂质限度检测”要求,例如,如果方法需要符合一个特定的可接受限度,例如,对M的测量必须与Mper≤105g/设备进行比较。8.2.2AnalyticalMethodValidationforCleaningValidation清洁验证所用分析方法验证Inthefollowingsections,aspectsofanalyticalmethodvalidationspecifictocleaningvalidationareemphasised.ForfurtherdetailsrefertoICHQ2(R1).在以下部分强调了清洁验证专用的分析方法要点。更详细的要求参见ICHQ2(R1)。Specificityisabasicrequirementforallanalyticalmethods(seeTable1),however,inthecaseofcleaningvalidationitmayoccur,thatnotallpotentialimpuritiesareclearlyspecified.Itisimportanttonotethatinsuchasituationaspecificmethodmaynotalwaysdetectallimpurities.Studiesshouldbeperformedtocharacterisetheunknownimpurities,developandvalidatesuitableanalyticalmethods.However,thiscanbeanunacceptablytimeconsumingtask.Inthiscaseamethodthatdetectsallpotentialimpuritiestogethercanbesuitable,evenwhenitisnotspecificforeachoftheimpurities.Forexample,inasituationwhereonlynon-volatileimpuritiesoccur,adryresiduedeterminationmethodthatisspecificforthesumofnon-volatileimpuritiescouldbeused,providedthatthevalidationrequirementsaccordingtoTable1aresatisfied.Inordertoconsidertheequipmentacceptableforuseitmustbeassumedthatthedryresidueconsistsoftheworstcaseimpurity(mosttoxic,mostactiveetc.).Insomecasesacombinationofseveralmethodscanachievethenecessaryspecificity.专属性是所有分析方法(见表1)都适用的基本要求,但是,在清洁验证中,可能并不是所有潜在杂质都能被明确,在这种情况下要重点注意即使是专属的方法,也并不一定能检测出所有杂质。可以研究未知杂质的特性,建立适当的检验方法并验证,但这样做所耗费的时间可能是无法接受的。这时,可能会适当的办法是采用一个能检出所有潜在杂质的方法,即使该方法对有些杂质不具有专属性。例如,如果只有不挥发性杂质产生,只要验证结果符合表1的要求,可以使用非专属性方法蒸发残渣来检测所有不挥发性杂质的总和。考虑到要使设备清洁程度可以接受,必须假定蒸发残渣结果中会包括最差情形的杂质(毒性最强、活性最强等)。有时,可以联合使用几个方法来达到必需的专属性要求。Afterthecompletionofacleaningvalidationstudyanunspecificmethod(e.g.dryresidue)maybeusedfortheroutineverificationofequipmentcleanedbythevalidatedcleaningprocedureprovidedthatitisshownthattheunspecificmethodissuitablefortheintendedpurpose.Ifpossible,thesensitivityofimpuritydetectionforcleaningvalidationshouldbedeterminedforboththesamplingandanalyticalmethodstogether(seeSection7.2.4).在清洁验证完成后,可以使用非专属性方法(例如,蒸发残渣)对按验证过的清洁程序清洁后的设备进行日常检测,只要该方法适合其既定用途。可能的情况下,清洁验证所用检验方法对杂质检测的灵敏度应与取样方法和分析方法一起测试(参见7.2.4部分)。8.2.3DetectionandQuantitationLimits定量限和检测限Measuredvaluesbelowlimitofquantification(LOQ)shouldbereportedastheLOQvalue(worstcaseapproach).ForexampleiftheLOQis10mg/l,themeasuredblankis7mg/landthemeasuredresidueamountis3mg/l,thereportedvalueforthesampleshouldbeequaltotheLOQi.e.10mg/l.低于定量限(LOQ)应报告为定量限值(最差情况法)。例如,如果LOQ为10mg/L,测得空白结果为7mg/L,测得残留值为3mg/L,则该样品的残留值应报告为LOQ,即10mg/L。Usuallyitcanbeassumedthat,forquantitativeimpuritydetermination,theLOQshouldapproximatelybe0.5ofthespecificationi.e.forcleaningvalidation0.5oftheacceptancelimitorlower.LOQshouldneverbehigherthantheacceptancelimit.InthefollowingsectionsthreemethodsofLOQ/LODdeterminationareoutlined:一般可以假定,在杂质定量检测时,LOQ应为质量标准的约0.5倍,即对于清洁验证来说,可接受限度的0.5或更低。LOD不得高于可接受限度。在以下部分,列出了三种确定LOQ/LOD的方法:?BasedonVisualEvaluation目视评估Visualevaluationmaybeusedfornon-instrumentalmethodsbutmayalsobeusedwithinstrumentalmethods.FrequentlythisapproachisusedforTLC.目视评估可以用于非仪器方法,但也可用于仪器分析方法。这种方法经常用于TLC。?BasedonSignal-to-NoiseApproach信噪比方法Thisapproachcanonlybeappliedtoanalyticalprocedureswhichexhibitbaselinenoise(e.g.GC,HPLC).Asignal-to-noiseratio(S/N)between3or2:1isgenerallyconsideredacceptableforestimatingthedetectionlimit(LOD)andatypicalratioforacceptablequantitationlimitis10:1(LOQ).ThevalueforS/NcanbecalculatedaccordingtoEquation1andFigure1:本方法只能用于产生基线噪声的分析方法(例如,GC、HPLC)。信噪比(S/N)为2-3:1时,一般可以作为估计的检测限(LOD),10:1可以作为定量限(LOQ)。信噪比值可以根据公式1和图1计算:where:Histheheightofthepeakfromthemeanbaseline.hnisthemaximumdeviationofthebaselinewithintherangeof5to20foldwidthofpeakathalfheight.其中:H为基线平均值的峰高hn是基线在5-20部半峰高时峰宽范围内最大偏差?BasedontheStandardDeviationoftheResponseandtheSlope根据响应和斜率的标准偏差ThedetectionlimitmaybeexpressedbyEquation2andthequantitationlimitbyEquation3.检查限可以采用公式2表示,定量限可以用公式3表示。8.2.4DeterminationofRecovery回收率测定Ifpossible,therecoveryofimpuritydetectionforcleaningvalidationshouldbedeterminedforthesamplingandanalyticalmethodstogetheratleastforrecoveryandsensitivity(LimitofQuantitation-LOQ,orLimitofDetection-LOD).Thiscanbeachieved,forexample,byspikingasurfaceequivalenttotheequipmentsurface(e.g.material,polishgrade)withdifferentknownamountsoftheimpurity.Theimpuritycanthenberecoveredandanalysedusingthesamesamplingandanalyticalmethodsthatwillbeusedforthecleaningvalidationstudy.TheoverallresultsfromthisprocedurearethencomparedtocriteriafordetectionorquantitationlimitsasdefinedinICHQ2(R1).Validationofthelimitsmaybeachievedbytheanalysisofsamplesknowntobenearatthelimits.可能的话,可以针对取样方法和检验方法同时进行清洁验证中杂质检测的回收率和灵敏度(定量限-LOQ,或检测限-LOD)。例如,可以采用与设备表面材质相同的表面材料(例如,材质、粗糙度),在上面加不同已知数量的杂质,然后采用与清洁验证研究相同的方法取样并分析。再将使用该方法所得的总体结果与ICHQ2(R1)中定义的检测限或定量限标准进行比较。可对接近限度的已知样品进行分析来验证分析方法的检测限和定量限。Themeasuredresultsarethencomparedtotheactualamountappliedtothesurface.Therecoveryistypicallydeterminedduringtheaccuracydeterminationandshouldbereportedasapercentageoftheknownappliedamountoftheimpurity.将检测结果与实际数量进行比较,用于表面残留计算。回收率一般是在准确性测试中确定,应报告为已知杂质数量的百分比。Asanexample,quantitativeimpuritydeterminationrecoveriesof≥90%areusuallyregardedacceptable.Forcleaningvalidation,recoveriesof≥90%donotneedtobetakenintoaccountforthecalculationofthetruevalueforM.Recoveriesof<90%mustbeincludedinthecalculationforM(seeEquation4)andrecoveriesof<50%shouldbeomitted.例如在杂质定量测试中,回收率≥90%时一般认为是可以接受的。在清洁验证中,如果回收率≥90%,在M残留量真值计算中可以不需要考虑回收率;如果回收率<90%,则需要在M计算时加以考虑(参见公式4),如果回收率<50%,则该方法不适用。Where:M:Truevaluefortheamountofresidueremainingintheequipmentaftercleaning;Mres:Themeasuredamountofresidue(samplingandthenanalyticalmeasurement);RRecoveryin%dividedby100(e.g.for75%,75/100=0.75).公式4:其中M:清洁后设备上残留物的数量真值Mres:测得残留量(取样后分析测量)R:回收率除以100(例如,对于75%即为75/100=0.75)APIC201405原料药厂清洁验证指南:8.0残留量检测(下)(中英文)2014-07-11julia翻译蒲公英接上部分。8.2.5ValidationRequirementsforQuantitativeTestingofImpurities杂质定量测试的验证要求TherequirementsforthevalidationofquantitativetestingofimpuritiesaccordingtoICHQ2(R1)areshowninTable2,includingproposedacceptancecriteria(asanexampleonly).Alternativeacceptancecriteriamaybeestablishedbasedonsoundscientificrationale.根据ICHQ2(R1),杂质定量检测方法的验证要求在表2中列出,包括制订的可接受标准(只是举例)。可以根据科学合理的原则制订适当的可接受标准。Itisimportanttonote,thatthesummarisedrequirementsshouldbeusedforthevalidationofquantitativetestingforimpuritiesduringcleaningvalidationstudies.Validationofquantitativetestingforimpuritiesisusuallyappliedwhentheanalyticalmethodwillbeusedforseveralspecificationsoftheresidueamountintheequipment.重点要注意的是,在清洁验证研究中,定量检测方法验证应满足所有要求。如果分析方法将用于设备中残留量有不同的几个质量标准,则一般采用杂质定量方法验证要求。ThelowestforeseenacceptancelimitisreferredtoasMperMinandthehighestlimitasMperMaxinTable2.Foronlyonespecificacceptancelimitnormallylimittestingforimpuritiesandthecorrespondingvalidationoftheanalyticalmethodissufficient.Ifthevalidationofquantitativetestingforimpuritieswillbeusedforonespecificacceptancelimit,thenMperMin=MperMax=Mper.最低预期可接受限度,在表2中称为MperMin,和最高限度,称为MperMax。对于只有一个特定的可接受限度,一般可以使用杂质限度测试方法,对方法只要做相应的验证即可。如果要将杂质定量方法的验证用于单一可接受限度,则MperMin=MperMax=Mper。FortheexperimentalworkdescribedinTable2,thesamplescanbespikedwithappropriatelevelsoftheimpurities(whenstandardsareavailable)orcomparedwithanotherwell-characterisedprocedure(whenstandardsarenotavailable)toobtainthetruevalueoftheanalyteconcentration.表2中试验里,可以采用杂质(如果可以获得标准品的话)加入样品中至适当的浓度水平,或与另一个经过确认的检验方法进行对比(如果不能得到标准品的话),以得到被分析物的真实浓度值。TABLE2ValidationRequirementsExperimentsPossibleAcceptanceCriteriaAccuracy:Performaminimumof9determinationsoveraminimumof3concentrationlevelscoveringthespecificrange(e.g.3concentrations/3replicateseachofthetotalanalyticalprocedure).Determineanalytewithrespecttothetotalamountofresidueinthesample(e.g.weight/weight).Report:□Accuracyaspercentrecoveryor90.00-110.00%□Differencebetweenthemeanandtheacceptedtruevalue.≤10.00%(P=95%)□Confidenceintervals.Precision:Investigateusinghomogenous,authenticsamplesor(ifnotpossible)artificiallypreparedsample.Performaminimumof9determinationscoveringthespecifiedrangefortheprocedure(e.g.3concentrations/3replicateseach)oraminimumof6determinationsat100%ofthetestconcentration.Repeatability(intra-assayprecision):Establishprecisionunderthesameoperatingconditionsoverashortintervaloftime.Report:□Standarddeviation(interdependentwithS)SeeS□Overallrelativestandarddeviationoverthewholerangeofthemethod≤10.00%□Relativestandarddeviationwithinoneconcentrationlevel≤20.00%□ConfidenceintervalIntermediatePrecision(mayincluderobustness,ruggedness):establishprecisionondifferentdays,fordifferentanalysts,ondifferentequipmentandaftervariationofmethodparameters(=robustness,e.g.stabilityofsolutions,variationsofpH,ofmobilephasecomposition,offlowrate,oftemperature,ofcolumnsetc.).Itisnotnecessarytostudytheseeffectsindividually.Experimentaldesign(matrix)maybeapplied.Report:□Standarddeviation(interdependentwithrelativestandarddeviation)SeeS□Relativestandarddeviation3×Sfromrepeatabilityor10%whicheverisgreater□ConfidenceintervalSpecificity:Demonstratethediscriminationofanalyteinthepresenceoftheotherimpurities:□Testsamplescontainingtheanalyteandotherimpurities.Obtainpositiveandcorrectresultsfortheanalyte.Specifyacceptabledeviation□Testsampleswithouttheanalyte.Negativeresults□Forchromatographicproceduresuserepresentativechromatogramstodocumentspecificity.Labelindividualcomponentsappropriately.SpecifyacceptableresolutionofpeaksLinearity:Measureaminimumof5concentrationsacrosstherangeoftheprocedure(dilutestandardstocksolutionorpreparedsyntheticmixtures).Plotthesignalsasfunctionofconcentration.Evaluatetheplot:□VisuallyLinear□Statistically(e.g.regressionlinebythemethodofleastsquares)Correlationcoefficient≥0.99000y-interceptConfidenceband(P=95%)contains0SlopeoftheregressionlineResidualsumofsquaresRange:Confirmthattheanalyticalprocedureprovidesanacceptabledegreeoflinearity,accuracyandprecisionwithinorattheextremesofthespecifiedrange.Minimumspecifiedranges:□Fromthereportinglevelto120%ofMperMax.ThereportinglevelforcleaningvalidationreasonablywillbetheLOQ.However,thereportinglevelmustbebelowMperMinandshouldbebeloworat80%ofMperMin.FromLOQor80%ofMperMinto120%ofMperMax.表2验证要求测试项目可能的可接受标准准确度在指定的浓度范围内对3个浓度进行至少9次检测(例如,3个浓度各按完整的分析方法检测3次)。测试残留物在样品中的总量(例如重量/重量)。报告:□精密度,表达为回收率百分比或90.00-110.00%□平均值与所接受的真值之间的差异.≤10.00%(P=95%)□置信区间精密度:使用均匀的具有标准值的样品或(如果没有标准样品的话)人为制备的样品,在指定范围内采用指定方法(例如,3个浓度各3次重复检测)检测至少9次,或在检测浓度100%水平测试至少6次。重复性(含量精密度)建立相同操作条件下较短时间内的精密度报告::□标准偏差(与S相互依存)参见S□整个方法浓度范围内的总体相对标准偏差≤10.00%□一个浓度水平的相对标准偏差≤20.00%□置信区间中间精密度(可以包括耐用性)在不同天、不同化验员采用不同设备对方法参数进行变动(=耐用性,例如,溶液稳定性、pH值变化、流动相比例、流速、温度、柱子等)检测方法精密度。不需要单独研究各因素的影响,可以使用试验设计(矩阵)。报告:□标准偏差(依赖于相对标准偏差)参见S□相对标准偏差重复性中的S值乘3或10%,取大者□置信区间专属性证明被分析物与其它杂质的分离度□检验含有被测试物和杂质的样品,得到被分析物的符合的正确结果。指定可接受偏差□检测不含被分析物的样品。测试结果不含被分析物□对于色谱方法,采用代表性图谱记录专属性。对各化合物进行恰当标识。指定各峰间的可接受分离度线性检验方法范围内最少5个浓度检测(稀释标准贮备液或制备的合成混合物)。画出浓度-信号点,评估:□目视线性□统计数据(例如,最小平方法回归线)相关系数≥0.99000Y轴截距置信区间(P=95%)contains0回归线斜率残差平方和范围:确认检验方法的线性可以接受,精密度和准确度在指定的范围内或在范围极值。最小指定范围:□报告限至最大样品浓度的120%。合理的清洁验证的报告水平应在定量限,但是报告水平必须低于最小样品浓度,低于或等于最小样品浓度的80%。从定量限或最小浓度的80%到最大浓度的120%。8.3SamplingMethods取样方法Inordertodemonstratethattheplantequipmentisverifiedcleanandmeetsthepre-definedacceptancecriteria,samplingandanalysisshouldbecarriedoutusingthemethodsdescribedinthefollowingsections.Justificationshouldbeprovidedfortheselectionoftheappropriateverificationtechniqueonacasebycasebasis.Acombinationofthetwomethodsisgenerallythemostdesirable.Forallmethodsthesamplingpointsshouldbefixedinamannersuchthatthetruecontaminationoftheequipmentwillbereflected.为了证明工厂设备是清洁的,且符合预定的可接受标准,应采用以下部分所述的方法进行取样和分析。应各案论述对选择技术的恰当性。一般最好采用同时采用两种取样方法。对所取样方法,取样点应以一定方式固定,以反映设备中的真实污染情况。8.3.1Swabsampling(DirectSurfaceSampling)擦拭取样(表面直接取样)Swabsamplingofthedirectsurfaceisdesignedtotestsmallsectionsoftheequipmentsurfaceforthepresenceofresidues.Samplesshouldbetakenfromallmainequipmentitemsandsinceswabsamplingdoesnotcovertheentireequipmentsurfacearea,justificationshouldbeprovidedforthechoiceoftheareaforswabbing.对设备表面进行直接擦拭取样设计用于检测设备上小面积上残留物。样品应从所有主要设备上取样,由于擦拭取样并不覆盖整个设备表面,因此要对于取样部位的选择做出论述。Typicallyasmallareaofthecleanedequipmentisswabbedwithamaterialaccordingtoapre-definedmethodi.e.swabmaterial,solventandtechnique.Theswabsamplecanthenbeextractedandexaminedusingasuitableanalyticalmethod.一般来说,对已清洁设备的一个较小面积采用预定的方法,例如擦拭材料、溶剂和方法,进行擦拭取样。对擦拭样品进行提取,采用适当的分析方法进行检测。Thequantifiedresidueobtainedfromthesampleisthenextrapolatedtothewholeequipment(seeEquation6).将样品测试所得的残留量值外推至整个设备(参见公式6)。Itisimportant:以下内容应重视Thatthevalidationoftheswabsamplingisperformedonthesamesurface(material,polishgrade,areaindm2)andwiththesamematerialsastheroutinesamplingoftheequipment.擦拭取样方法验证应采用相同表面(材质、光洁度、面积以dm2为单位),以及设备常规取样时相同的取样棒Thatthechoiceofswabbingmaterialconsidersextractablematerialsthatcouldinterferewiththeexpectedresidue.选择擦拭材料时,要考虑可萃出物料可能对预期的残留物产生影响Toensurethatthesamplingpointsrepresenttheworstcaseareasoftheequipment.要保证取样点代表设备的最差面积ThedisadvantageofthissamplingmethodforoftencomplexAPIequipmentisthatdifficulttoreachareas(e.g.sealings,condensers,transferpipework)maynotbeaccessiblebyswabbing.Neverthelesstheseareasmaybethecriticalareasforthedeterminationoftheamountofresidueintheequipment.该取样方法的缺点是有些原料药设备比较复杂,有些部分难以取到擦拭样品(例如,密封处、冷凝器、转移用管道),而这些面积可能对于设备残留量的测定比较关键。MThefirstproductionbatchofthefollowingproductmaybesampledandanalysedforimpurities(forprecedingproduct)sincechromatographicanalyticalmethodswilltypicallybeused(e.g.HPLC,GC,TLC).由于现在普遍使用色谱分析方法(例如HPLC、GC、TLC),可以对下一产品的第一个生产批号取样,分析其中(上一产品)杂质。8.3.2RinseorWashSolventSampling淋洗或冲洗取样Incaseswhereswabbingisnotpossible,forexamplerestrictedaccess,swabbingmaybesubstitutedbytheanalysisoffinalrinsesolutions.Rinsesamplescanbeusedtodeterminethecarryoverofresiduesoveralargesurfaceareaandcoverallmainprocessitemsincludingtransferpipework.Incaseswhereswabsamplingisnotpractical,itisacceptabletoanalyseonlyrinsesamples,howeverthisshouldbejustifiedaspartofthevalidationstudy.如果没办法进行擦拭取样,例如不能入口受限,可以对最终淋洗液进行检测来替代擦拭样品。淋洗样品可以用于确定一个很大表面积上的残留量,并覆盖所有主要工艺设备,包括物料管道。如果擦拭取样不实际,可以接受只对淋洗样品进行检测,但应作为验证研究的一部分进行论述。Thissectionoutlinesthequantitationoftheamountofresidueremainingintheequipmentaftercleaningbasedontheamountofresidueinthelastrinseoftheroutinelyusedcleaningprocedure.本章列出了根据清洁程序中最后一次淋洗液中残留量,计算清洁后设备中残留量的定量方法。Theresidueamountintheequipmentcanbeassumedtobeequaltotheamountofresidueinthelastwashorrinsesolventportion.Theassumptionisbasedontheworstcaseconsiderationthatafurtherrinse(oranyre

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