新名师网络课程第二套-gre写作

GRE写作主讲：欢迎使Argument部一.Argument的写作特点二.Argument整体结构第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去各个逻辑错误。第五段：结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者三.InthismemotheviceofNature'sWayCNW),achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandhealth-relatedproducts, mendsopeningastoreinPlamesville.Tosupportthis mendationthevicecitesthefollowingfactsaboutPlainesville:(1)salesofexerciseshoesandclothingareatall-timehighs;(2)thelocalhealthclubismorepopularthanever;and(3)thecity'sschoolchildrenarerequiredtoparticipateinafitnessprogram.Closescrutinyofeachofthesefacts,however,revealsthatnoneofthemlendcrediblesupporttothe 四.开头段的式写法Merelybasedonunfoundedassumptionanddubious(suspicious)evidence,thestatementdrawsaconclusionthat.Tosubstantiate(support)theconclusion,thearguerpointsoutevidencethat.Inaddition,heindicatesthat.Furthermore,hecitestheresultofrecentsurveyinsupportofthis mendation.Atfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomesubstantialconcernsthatshouldbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument.Inmypointofview,thisargumentsuffersfromNlogicalflaws.六.七.Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiateitsclaimthat,becausetheevidencescitedintheysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto.Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat.Therefore,iftheargumenthadincludedthegivenfactorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandlogically八.各个逻辑错误的方法和语SelectivetyoftheUnlessthesurveyorssampledasufficientnumber anddidsorandomlyacross spectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliableto generally.numberofrespondents/samplesinitselfdoesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthesampleincludedonly,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest .Orif,(1200)wouldaccountforonlyalittlepercentage,whichwouldrenderstheresultofthesurveymeaningless.ResultoftheDothestatisticsmakeanyArethestatisticsmisleadingly①“无相对比值”Theargumentlsusthat“many”(anumberof) .However,thespeakerfailstoindicatethepercentageof ,sothisevidenceisfartoovaguetobemeaningful.②“无绝对数值Theauthorfailstoprovideinformationregardingtheabsolutenumberof Therespondentsmustbestatisticallysignificantinnumberandrepresentativeoftheoverall.WhoconductedtheThesurveyorshouldbenonaligned/cross-WhenwasthesurveyAthresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlyhesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthatthesurveywasrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstoindicatecurrentinterestlevels.SufficientEvidenceandNecessaryCondition(1)SufficientEvidenceTheargumentassumestoohastilythat willnecessarilyresultinthebehaviorthatargumentpredicts. . Thefact isnotsufficientfortheprediction (2)NecessaryTheeditor’s mendationdependsontheassumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.However,commonsenseinformsmethatthisassumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,includingor,mightjustaslikelybethecauseofB.Tobespecific,.Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannotjustifiablyconcludethatonlybycan.CauseandEffectNonThearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenthefactthatandtheclaimthat.Thisargumentisunacceptableunlessthereiscompellingevidencetosupporttheconnectionbetweenthesetwoevents.Perhaps,forexample,resultsfrom.Posthoc,ergoproperhoc(afterthis,thereforebecauseofBasedonthefactthat occurredafter

,theeditorinfers

shouldresponsiblefor.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsufficetoprovethatearlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Imighthaveresultedfromsomeotherevents tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariosasthese,theeditorcannotestablishacause-and-effectrelationship and uponwhicheditor’s mendationTheargumentobservesacorrelationbetweenAandB,thenconcludesthattheformeristhecauseofthelatter.However,theargumentfailstoruleoutotherpossibleexplanations or .For .Anyofthesefactorsmightleadto .Withoutoutallotherfactorsitisunfairtoconclude isresponsible ConfusethecauseandItispossiblethatthemayorhasconfusedcausewitheffectrespectingtherecentdevelopmentsinOceanView.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincethemayorhasfailedtoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthatiscompleyunwarranted.ChangingScopeFallacies(1)DifferentconceptsAthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinition .Thearguerfailstodefinethisterm.If isdefinedas B,thenhow ,isirrelevanttowhether .Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionof ,itisimpossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.WhatistrueforamemberisalsotruefortheTheargumentresetsontheassumptionthat案例typifynationwide整体情况.Ifthisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationaboutnationwide,itisdifficulttoassessthemeritofthememo’s AssumingthatcharacteristicsofagroupapplytoeachgroupOneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide(characteristicsofagroupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup)statisticsaboutappliesequallyto成员，Yetthismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps ;orperhaps .Withoutrulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat.pleteFailingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantageInaddition,theauthorfailstoconsiderthepossiblenegativeimpactsbroughtabout Theauthor’conclusionthatisunwarranted.Profitisfactorofnotonlyrevenue,butalsocosts.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecosts ,orothercostsassociatedwith ,willoffset,evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherpossibleoccurrence,suchasunfavorableeconomicconditions,mightprevent frombeingasprofitableintheforeseeablefuturesastheargumentpredicts.AllthingsremainunchangedoverPastconditionsremainunchangedinthepresentandTheauthorclaimsthat ,because .Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttime.Theassumptionunwarrantedbecausethingsrarelyremainthesameoverextendedperiodsoftime.TherearelikelyallkindsofdifferencebetweenAandB.Forexample,A ;however,B Anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat PresentConditionswillremainunchangedintotheogyand Thearguer’s mendationreliesonwhatmightbeapoorogybetweenAandB.Theogyfalselydependsontheassumptionthat inbothAandBaresimilar.itisentirelypossiblethatAB存在很大的不同Inshort,withoutaccountingforpossibledifferencesbetweenAandB,thearguercannotreasonablyprovetheproposedmethodwillhelpA pleteorselectivecomparison(3)ComparisonandVariationFalseEvenassumingAisnotthereasonfortheB,theauthorfalselyassumesthattheBmustbeattributabletoC.This“either-or”argumentisfallaciousinthatitignoresotherpossiblecausesoftheB.Forexample,perhaps其他可能原因,orperhaps其他可能原因UnwarrantedTheauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumptionthat .However,noevidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassumption.Forexample,itismostlikelythat Therefore,theargumentisunwarrantedwithoutrulingoutsuchpossibility.HastyInaddition,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.EvenifA,itdoesnotfollowthatB.ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmayhavecontributedtoB.For .Besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerningB.WithoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblefactorsthatgiverisetoB,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat 写作必背单词和短 adj.产生相反效果（结果）e.g.Itiscounterproductivetobetootough:itjustmakesthestaff adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响heseminalstate（在萌芽状态）||seminalthoughts||seminal（基本原则 v.放e.g.Thechoicetoforgohissecurityisalwaysavailable,althoughitmightcarryunpleasantconsequence. e.g.Iwilltrustmystrongintuitionthatfreewillisanessentialpartofourbeingashumans. v.证明是正当的，的；为…寻找正当理e.g.Inthefinalysis,ernmentcannotphilosophicallysatisfyassistinglargecitiesforthepurposeofeitherpromotingorpreservingthenation'sculturaltraditions;norisernmentassistancenecessarytowardtheseends.resortto…诉诸e.g.thereisnonecessitytoresorttoviolentactionssuchasdemonstration,riotorhingeon…以…为转移，靠…转e.g.Theclaimthatsociety’sdestinyhingesonhowchildrenaresocialized,whileappealinginsomerespects,isanover-statementatbest.lendsomecredenceto…提供支e.g.Recentadvancesinmolecularbiologyandgeneticslendsomecredencetothisposition,bysuggestingthatthesedeterminingphysicalforcesincludeourownindividualgeneticmakeup.dimensionn.大小；体积；程度；范e.g.Ididnotrealizethedimensionsoftheamountto…相当于；等e.g.Whatyousayamountstoadirectinspirev.激励或鼓e.g.Tobeginwith,videnecessaryimpetusfor…给与…动e.g.Itisalmostalwaysakeyindividualwhoprovidethenecessaryimputesforwhatotherwisemightbeagroupeffort,asdiscussedbelow.paradigmn.样式；典范；范cationalobscurev.使阴暗；使朦e.g.Generallyspeaking,then,undueattentiontotheeffortsandcontributionsofvariousgroupstendstoobscurethecauseandeffectrelationshipwithwhichstudyofhistoryischiefly adj.初生e.g.inanascentcondition/stage/state||anascentindustry/irrespectiveofwhether…无论如e.g.Whilewemustinvestinresearchirrespectiveofwhethertheresultsmightbecontroversial.drawadistinctionbetween…区分e.g.Oneusefulapproachistodrawadistinctionbetween almoralityandpublicmorality. n.催化剂；刺激因e.g.circumstanceoftenservesasacatalystfor n.限制性条款；（附带）条e.g.Asidefromthetwoforgoingprovisos,however,Ifundamentallywiththespeaker’s n.行动,进行,会议录,学e.g.legalproceeding ernmental v.；妨碍；挫e.g.the ernment’sstrategiesforthwartingspecificplansofaninternationalterroristoradrugtrafficker. adj.空前的，史无前例e.g.thesocietyischangingataspeedwhichisquite adj.不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情takeprecedenceover 居先于…;优先于e.g.Thisinterestmighttakeprecedenceoverthehistoricvalueofanoldstructurethatstandsinthewayofaparkingstructure.serveasasubstitute …取代besuperceded 代替；取e.g.Pragmaticbehaviorguaranteessurvival,whereasidealisticviewstendtobesupercededbysimpler,moreimmediateoptions.emergefrom… 源自于（ineveryageandculturesomeworthwhileartandliteratureemergesfromthemediocrity.）名notablefiguresality（ 普遍；普 adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的（theprevailingviewinWesterncorporateculture||prevailingprinciple）灌输；教instillv.（Courtesymustbeinstilledinchildhood||Moralitymaybeintotheir v.（inculcatetheyoungwithasenseof v.（Agoodteacherimpartswisdomtohisfosterv.养育,抚育,培养,鼓励（Frequentculturalexchangewillcertainlyfosterfriendlyrelationsbetweenourtwouniversities.||detectandfosterartistictalent.||tofosteraninterestinmusic）nurturev.养育,给与营养物,教养（Whilethespeakermightoverlookthebenefitsofnurturingcertainemotionsandfeels,onbalanceIagreethat…）若干重；若干adouble-edgedsword双刃e.g.Thistypeofadvertisementcanbeadoubt-edgedsword,whentheproductdoesnotmakethe “belike”the intheadvertisement,therecanbedisappointmentanddisillusionmentwiththeproduct.atwo-edgedweapone.g.Asissooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil.twofold/threefold/manifoldadj.双重/三重/多e.g.Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseriouslywhatwillhappenisthistwofolduseofknowledge,withitsever-increasingpower,continues.e.g.TheCityCouncilhasamanifoldplantobeautifythe消除；减eliminatev.排除（eliminatethefalseandretainthetrue||eliminatethepossibilityof=precludethepossibilityof）diminishv.使减小，使变少（diminishone’sreputation||diminishthecostofunderminev.破坏，削弱（formalstudyofthepresentcultureattheexpanseofstudyingpastculturescanunderminethefunctionofhighereducation,andultimayprovideadisservicetostudentsandtosociety.）；加exacerbatev.,增剧,激怒,使加剧,使烦e.g.Theproblemswouldonlybeexacerbatedwerethesedecisionsleftexclusivelytofederalregulators.过度；过 adj.过度的；过高的（exorbitantrents||exorbitantlyexpensiveexorbitantamountof adj.过度的；过分的（applyunduepressuretomakes.b.changehis导致、造pose引起某事物，造成，提e.g.Winterposesparticulardifficultiesforthe v.致使，造e.g.Youractionhasrenderedourcontract v.导致；造e.g.Thespeakerunfairlysuggeststhatlargecitiesserveastheprimarybreedinggroundandsanctuariesforanation’sculturaltraditions.. v.迅速发展；发芽（burgeoningcities||burgeoningInternet n.长出,派出,结果,副产e.g.Athirduniquelycontemporaryproblemisanoutgrowthoftheadvancementofscientific探求、努力seekto探求，寻e.g.Onecompellingargumentinfavorofaglobaluniversityhastodowiththefactthatitsfacultyandstudentswouldbringdiverseculturalandstotheproblemstheyseektostriveto努e.g.studentsshouldstrivetoexcelinthespecificrequirementsoftheirmajorcourseofstudyprobev./n.探求，探e.gprobeamattertothebottom资助、赞助subsidizev.资助,津贴（Subsidizingculturaltraditionsisnotaproperroleof n.资助人；赞助人（culturalonthepatronageofe.g.culturehasalwaysdependedprimarilyonthepatronageofprivateindividualsandbusinesses.undertheauspicesofe.g.Duringthisperiod,significantscientificadvancesoccurredundertheauspicesofthe 增强、提 v.增强,提高,升级（theescalatingcostofaddressingthese (elevatenotionaboutIssue文章结 ?Thediscussionofthisissueamongindividualsandinsocietyasawholehascomeintovogueduringthelastdecade.People’sopinionsaredivergentonsuchacomplexandcontroversialissue.Theauthordeclaresthat,however,itoversimplifiesthisissue.Thefinaljudgment,inmypointofview,shoulddependonacase-by-caseysis.Firstandforemost,attheriskofsoundingtoosimplistic,mymainpropositionforcanbesummarizedinonesayingthat.Whatismore,Iapprovethestatementthatwithoutreservationsinrespectthat.Asaconsequence,.Let’sbringourdiscussionheretoamorepresentandpracticalcontext,itcanbegivenaconcreteexample:.Meanwhile,accordingtoarecentsurvey,itisestimatedthat.Similarly, Froma al,anotheressentialfactorwhyIadvocateinvolvestherealmof.Noonecandenythat.Movingontowiderthemes,.Historyisrepletewithampleevidencetodemonstratethispoint.Anotablecaseinpointrefersto.However,weshouldconcedethatdespitethemeritsofmentionedabove,overextendedwillindeedharmful.Theharmitproducesis,inmyview,bothpalpableandprofound.Fortheindividual,ithasadebasingimpacton;forthesociety,itmaypromotethetendencytoward.Tosuccessfullycurbsuchunfavorableblights,itisimperativeforustotakeseveralefficaciousstepsintoconsideration.Inthefirstplace,weshouldappealtotheauthoritytoworkoutrelevantregulationsto.Inthesecondplace,weshouldcultivateandenhancepeople’sawarenessthat.Inthethirdplace,shouldpourmoreinvestmentintoFromtheysesmadeabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat,notonlybecause ,butalsobecause ,butitdependson Issue范文分SampleIssue"Inourtime,specialistsofallkindsarehighlyover-rated.Weneedmoregeneralists—peoplewhocanprovidebroads."BenarkInthiseraofrapidsocialandtechnologicalchangeleadingtoincreasinglifecomplexityandpsychologicaldisplacement,bothpositiveandnegativeeffectsamong sinWesternsocietycallforabalanceinwhichtherearebothspecialistsandgeneralists.Specialistsarenecessaryinordertoallowsocietyasawholetoproperlyandusefullyassimilatethemassesofnewinformationandknowledgethathavecomeoutofresearchandhavebeenwidelydisseminatedthroughmassglobalmedia.AstheheadofPharmacologyatmyuniversityoncesaid(andIparaphrase):"IcanonlyresearchwhatIdobecausetherearesomanywhohavecomebeforemetowhomIcanturnforbasicknowledge.Itisonlybecauseofeachofthenarrowlyfocussedindividualsateachstepthatafullandtrueunderstandingofthecomplexitiesoflifecanbehad.Each canonlyholdenoughknowledgetoaddonesmallrungtotheladder,buttogetherwecanclimbtothemoon."Thisillustratesthepointthatoursocietieslevelofknowledgeandtechnologyisatastageinwhichtheresimplymustbespecialistsinorderforoursocietytotakeadvantageoftheinformationavailabletous.Simplyput,withoutspecialists,oursocietywouldfinditselfboggeddownintheSargassoseaofinformationoverload.Whileitwasfineforearlyphysiciststolearnandunderstandthefewlawsandideasthatexistedduringtheirtimes,now,nooneindividualcanpossiblydigestandassimilatealloftheknowledgeinanygivenarea.Ontheotherhand,Overspecializationmeansnarrowfociiinwhichpeoplecanlosethelargerpicture.Noonecanhopetounderstandthehumanbodybyonlyinspectingone'stoe-nails.Whatwelearnfromanarrowfocusmaybeinternallylogicallycoherentbutmaybeirrelevantorfallaciouswithintheframeworkofabroader.Further,ifweinspectonlyourtoe-nails,wemayconcludethatthewholebodyishardandwhite.Usefulconclusionsandthusperhapsusefulinventionsmustcomebysharingamongspecialists.Simplythrowingoutvariousdiscoveriesmeanswehaveapileofuselessdiscoveries,itisonlywhenonecanmakewiththemamosaicthatwecanseethattheymayformapicture.Notonlymayover-specializationbedangerousintermsofthetruth,purityandcohesionofknowledge,butitcanalsoservetodrownmoraloruniversalissues.Generalistsandonlygeneralistscanseeabroadenoughpicturetorealizeandintroducetotheworldtheproblemsoftheenvironment.Withspecialization,each focussesontheirresearchandtheirgoals.Thus,industrialization,expansion,andnewtechnologiesaredrivenahead.Meanwhilenoindividualcanseethewholisitcviewofourglobalexistenceinwhichtrueadvancementmaymeanstiflingindividualspecialistsforthegreatergoodofall.Finally,over-specializationinapeople'sdailylivesandjobshasmeant alandpsychologicalcompartmentalization.Peopleareforcedintopigeonholesearlyinlife(atleastbyuniversity)andmustconsciouslyattempttoconsumeexternalformsofstimuliandinformationinordernottobelostintheirsmallandisolateduniverse.Notonlydoesthismakefornarrowlyfocussedandgenerallypoorly-educatedindividuals,butitguaranteesasenseoflossofcommunity,oftenfollowedbyafeelingofpsychologicaldisplacementalWithoutgeneralists,society esinward-lookingandeventuallyinefficient.Withoutasocietythatrecognizestheimportanceofbroad-mindednessandforaaforsharinggeneralities, eisolated.Thus,whileourformofsocietynecessitatesspecialists,generalistsareequallyimportant.Specialistsdriveusforwardinaseriesofthrustswhilegeneralistsmakesurewearestillonthejoustingfieldandknowwhatthestakesare.Issue"Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfrompeoplewhoseviewscontradictourown;disagreementcancausestressandinhibitDowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseideasweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictours?Thespeakerclaimsso,forthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwise,inmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourAdmittedly,undersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanaevisionset.Ontoday'stypicalevisionorradiotalkshow,disagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatches,duringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheard,buthavelittleinteresteitherinfindingcommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent'sviewpoint.Understandably,neitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infact,thesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded.Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexample,astudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.And,economicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity.Asidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisos,however,Ifundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker'sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateoninlectualmerits,bothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvances,whetheratthe al,community,orgloballevel.Atthe allevel,bylisteningtotheirparents'rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametime,bylisteningtotheirteenagers'concernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevel,throughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Conversely,thelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublichealthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finally,atthegloballevel,twonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother'slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurity,itspoliticalsovereignty,thestabilityofitseconomyandcurrency,andsoforth.Insum,unlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerules,Iconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwise,reasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances. ISSUE题目分第一会2．"Competitionisultimaymorebeneficialthandetrimentalto3．"Itismoreimportanttoallocatemoneyforimmediate,existingsocialproblemsthantospenditonlong-termresearchthatmighthelpfuturegenerations."9．"Academicdisciplineshave esospecializedinrecentyearsthatscholars'ideasreachonlyanarrowaudience.Untilscholarscanreachawideraudience,theirideaswillhavelittleuse."15"Thestabilityofasocietydependsonhowitrespondstotheextremesofhuman16"Althoughmanypeoplethinkthattheluxuriesandconveniencesofcontemporarylifeareentirelyharmless,infact,theyactuallypreventpeoplefromdevelointotrulystrongandindependent17"Therearetwotypesoflaws:justandunjust.Everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsand,evenmoreimportantly,todisobeyandresistunjustlaws."19"Ifasocietyistothrive,itmustputitsownoverallsuccessbeforethewell-beingofitsindividual20"Nationalernmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheirsocialprogramsandservicestochildrenthanto22"Manypeoplebelievethatafewindividualsorsmallgroups(family,friends,teachers,celebrities,forexample)havecausedthemtothinkandbehaveinthewaytheydo.Yetitisalwayssocietyasawholethatdefinesusandourattitudes,notafewindividuals."23"Contemporarytechnologymakesavailablemanysmallpiecesoffactualinformation.Asaresult,people esopreoccupiedwithbitsoffragmentedinformationthattheypaytoolittleattentiontothelargerissuesandoveralls."29"Publicfiguressuchasactors,politicians,andathletesshouldexpectpeopletobeinterestedintheirprivatelives.Whentheyseekapublicrole,theyshouldexpectthattheywillloseatleastsomeoftheir33"Creatinganappealingimagehas emoreimportantincontemporarysocietythanistherealityortruthbehindthatimage."36"Thegreatnessofindividualscanbedecidedonlybythosewholiveafterthem,notbytheir40"Scholarsandresearchersshouldnotbeconcernedwithwhethertheirworkmakesacontributiontothelargersociety.Itismoreimportantthattheypursuetheirindividualinterests,howeverunusualoridiosyncraticthoseinterestsmayseem."41"Suchnonmainstreamareasofinquiryasastrology,fortune-ling,andpsychicandparanormalpursuitsplayavitalroleinsocietybysatisfyinghumanneedsthatarenotaddressedbymainstreamscience."46"Whilesomeleadersinernment,sports,industry,andotherareasattributetheirsuccesstoawell-developedsenseofcompetition,asocietycanbetterprepareitsyoungpeopleforleadershipbyinstillinginthemasenseofcooperation."47"Societydoesnotplaceenoughemphasisontheinlect—thatis,onreasoningandothercognitive58"Theincreasinglyrapidpaceoflifetodaycausesmoreproblemsthanit61"High-profileawardssuchastheNobelPrizeareactuallydamagingtosocietybecausetheysuggestthatonlyafewpeopledeservesuchrecognition."65"Peoplehavebeensoencouragedbysocietytofocusonapparentdifferencesthattheyfailtoseemeaningfulsimilaritiesamongideas,individuals,andgroups."70"Inanyprofession—business,politics,education,ernment—thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Thesurestpathtosuccessforanyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership."72"Onecanbestunderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasocietybystudyingitsmajor76"Trulyprofoundthinkersandhighlycreativeartistsarealwaysoutofstepwiththeirtimeandtheir77"Peopletodayaretooindividualistic.Insteadofpursuingself-centered,separategoals,peopleneedtounderstandthatsatisfactioncomesfromworkingforthegreatergoodofthefamily,thecommunity,orsocietyasawhole."89"Leadersarecreatedprimarilybythedemandsthatareplacedupon93"Theconceptof'individualresponsibility'isanecessaryfiction.Althoughsocietiesmustholdindividualsaccountablefortheirownactions,people