复习-满分-1120gre阅读考试鸡精

Biologistknowthatsomemarinealgaecancreatecloudsbyproducingthegasdimethylsulphide(DMS),whichreactswithoxygeninairabovetheseatoformsolidparticles.Theseparticlesprovideasurfaceonwhichwatervaporcancondensetoformclouds.Lovelockcontendsthatthisprocessispartofglobalclimatic-controlsystem.AccordingtoLovelock,Earthactslikeasuperorganism,withallitsbiologicalandphysicalsystemscooperatingtokeepithealthy.HehypothesizedthatwarmerconditionsincreasealgalactivityandDMSoutput,seedingmoreclouds,whichcooltheplanetbyblockingouttheSun.Then,astheclimatecools,algalactivityandDMSleveldecreaseandthecyclecontinues.Inresponsetobiologistswhoquestionhoworganismspresumablyworkingfortheirownselfishendscouldhaveevolvedtobehaveinawaythatbenefitsnotonlytheplanetbuttheorganismsaswell,Lovelockpointsoutthatcoolingbenefitsthealgae,whichremainattheoceansurface,becauseitallowsthecooledupperlayersoftheoceantosink,andthenthecirculatingwatercarriesnutrientsupwardfromthedepthsbelow.Algaemayalsobenefitfromnitrogenrainingdownfromcloudstheyhavehelpedtoform.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingoccursasaresultofcoolingintheupperlayersoftheocean?Theconcentrationofoxygenintheairabovetheocean’ssurfaceTheconcentrationofDMSintheairabovetheocean’ssurfaceThenutrientsupplyatthesurfaceoftheoceanisCloudformationincreasesovertheMarinealgaemakemoreefficientuseofWhichofthefollowingismostsimilartotheroleplayedbymarinealgaeintheglobalclimatecontrolsystemproposedbyLovelock?A.AfanthatcontinuallyreplacesstaleairinaroomwithfreshairfromAthermostatthatautomaticallycontrolsanair-conditioningAninsulatingblanketthatretainsAfilterusedtopurifyAdehumidifierthatconstantlyremovesmoisturefromtheairinarainmostlikelyinordertoProvidesupportforLovelock’sresponsetoanobjectionmentionedintheAcknowledgethatLovelock’shypothesisisbasedinpartonDemonstratethatDMSproductionalterstheplanetinmorethanoneAssertthatalgaearethesolebeneficiariesofDMS70篇第25篇鬼HotterandmoremassivethantheSun,starscalled“stragglers”arepuzzlingtoastronomersbecausesuchrapidlyburningstarswouldnotbeexpectedtopersistinancientstarclusters.Someresearchersbelievethatthetypicalbluestragglersformedwhentwoancient,lower-massstarscollideandmergeformmoremassive,hotterstar.PeterLeonardtheorizesalternativelythatinlowdensityglobularclusters,wheremergersbetweensinglestarsoccurtooinfrequentlytoaccountfortheobservedtyofbluestragglers,thesestragglersarecreatedinsteadbyagroupofstars.Hesuggeststhatapairofstarsalreadyorbitingeachotherpresentsalargertargetforathirdstaroranotherpair.Oncethisnewgrouforms,closeencountersbetweenthestarscouldpromptanytwotomergeasabluestraggler.Leonard’smodelpredictsthateachbluestragglerhasadistantorbitingcompanion—asappearstrueofmanybluestragglersintheM67clusteroftheMilkyWaygalaxy.Thereferencetoa“largertarget”servesprimarilytosuggestwhybluestragglerwouldbemorelikelytocollideandmergewithanotherstarthanwouldbealower-massstarpairofstarswouldbemorelikelytoencounterotherstarsthanwouldthetypicalbluestragglerpairofstarswouldbemorelikelytointeractwithotherstarsthanwouldabluestragglerwouldbemorelikelytointeractwithapairofstarsthanitwouldwithathirdstarthirdstarwouldbemorelikelytoencounterapairthanitwouldtoencounterabluestragglerTheyoriginatefromstarsthatarehotterandmoremassivethantheTheyareburningmorerapidlythanothertypesofstarsobservedinancientstarTheyareolderthanmostothertypesofstarswithinthesamestarTheyarelessnumerousinlow-densityglobularclustersthanarepairsofTheygenerallyoriginatefromtheoldeststarsamongthosefoundinancientstarThepassageciteswhichofthefollowingasevidenceunderminingthetheorypresentedinthesecondsentence?Adiscrepancybetweenthenumberofmergersbetweensinglestarsincertainlow-densityglobularclustersandthatinotherlow-densityglobularclustersAdiscrepancybetweentheheatandmassofbluestragglersformedbyonetypeofprocessandtheheatandmassofbluestragglersformedbyanothertypeofprocessAdiscrepancybetweenthefrequencyofstarmergersinlow-densityglobularclustersandthoseinhigh-densityglobularclustersAdiscrepancybetweentheamountofheatandmassofancientsinglestarsandthatofbluestragglersAdiscrepancybetweenthenumberofmergersbetweensinglestarsincertainstarclustersandthenumberofbluestragglersinthoseclusters70“Bluesisforsinging,”writesfolkmusicologistPaulOliver,and“isnotaformoffolksongthatstandsupparticularlywellwhenwrittendown.”Apoetwhowantstowritebluescanattempttoavoidthisproblembypoeticizingtheform—butliterarybluestendtoreadlikebadpoetryratherthanlikerefinedfolksong.ForOliver,thetruespiritofthebluesinevitablyeludestheself-consciousimitator.However,LangstonHughes,thefirstwritertograpplewiththesedifficultiesofbluepoetry,infactsucceededinproducingpoemsthatcapturethequalityofgenuine,performedblueswhileremainingwriteblueslyricsinsuchawaythattheyworkontheprintedpage,andsecond,howtoexploitthebluesformpoeticallywithoutlosingallsenseofauthenticity.Therearemanystylesofblues,butthedistinctionofimportancetoHughesisbetweenthegenresreferredtoas“folkblues”and“classicblues.”Folkbluesandclassicbluesaredistinguishedfromoneanotherbydifferencesinperformers(localtalentsversustouringprofessionals),patronage(localcommunityversusmassaudience),creation(improvisedversuscomposed),andtransmission(oralversuswritten).IthasbeenacommonplaceamongcriticsthatHughesadoptedtheclassicbluesastheprimarymodelforhisbluespoetry,andthathewriteshisbestbluespoetrywhenhetriesleasttoimitatethefolkblues.Inthisview,Hughes’attemptstoimitatethefolkbluesaretooself-conscious,toodeterminedtoromanticizetheAfricanAmericanexperience,toointentonreproducingwhathetakestobethequainthumorandnaïvesimplicityofthefolkbluestobesuccessful.Butamorerealisticviewisthatbyconveyinghisperceptionsasafolkartistoughtto—throughanaccumulationofdetailsoverthespanofhisbluesoeuvre,ratherthanbyoverloadingeachpoemwithquaintnessandnaivety–Hughesmadehismostimportantcontributionstothegenre.Hisbluespoemsareinfactcloserstylisticallytothefolkbluesonwhichhemodeledthemthantothecultivatedclassicblues.ArnoldRampersadhasoriginatedbluespoetryfalldeliberativelywithinthe“rangeofutterance”ofcommonfolk.Thissurelyappliesto“YoungGal’sBlues,”inwhichHughesavoidstheconventionally“poetic”languageandimagesthatthesubjectsofdeathandlovesometimeselicitinhisordinarylyricpoetry.ToseewhatHughes’bluespoetrymighthavebeenlikeifhehadtrulyadoptedtheclassicbluesashismodel,oneneedonlylookto“GoldenBrownBlues,”asonglyricHugheswroteforcomposerW.C.Handy.Itsimages,allusions,anddictionareconspicuouslyremotefromthecommon“rangeofutterance.”TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisdescribetheinfluenceoffolkandclassicbluesonbluesyzetheeffectofAfricanAmericancultureonbluesdemonstratethatthelanguageusedinHughes’bluespoetryisdefendHughes’bluespoetryagainstcriticismthatitisrefuteanacceptedviewofHughes’bluespoetryTheauthorofthepassageusesthehighlightedquotationprimarilyindicatehowbluespoetryshouldbehighlightthedifficultiesfacedbywritersofbluessupporttheideathatbluespoetryisagenredoomedtoillustratetheobstaclesthatbluespoetryisunable suggestthatwrittenformsofbluesarelessauthenticthansungItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,ascomparedwiththelanguageof“GoldenBrownBlues,”thelanguageof“YoungGal’sBlues”ismoremoremarkedbymorecharacterizedbymoreconventionalmoretypicalofclassicbluessongAccordingtothepassage,Hughes’bluespoetryandclassicbluesaresimilarinwhichofthefollowingways?BothareBotharewrittenBothareintendedforthesameNeitherusescolloquialNeitherisprofessionally101Passage17（短文章／观点论证／动物／易EarlynaturalistsbelievedtwospeciesofbeaverlivedinNorthAmerica:dambeaversandbankbeavers.Thebankspecieswasthoughttoresemblethemuskratinbehavior,livinginburrowsorlodgesandunabletobuilddams.Infact,damsareprimarilyastrategyfordealingwithannualvariationsinwaterlevels.Ifwaterlevelsfallinsummer,astheydoinmostofNorthAmerica,thenbeaverslodgeentrancesmaybeexposed.beaversarefound,thisproblemseldomarises.Butthesebeaversdoknowhowtobuilddams,anddosoiftheneedarises,asmayoccuriftheyareforcedtorelocateafterfellingandconsumingallnearbytrees.ThepassageprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutbeaverOneimportantfunctionofthesedamsistoprotectbeaversMostarebuiltpriortoburrowTheyarefoundmostlyalongdeepTheyareroutinelyabandonedasnearbyforestsareTheymainlyprotectbeaversfromrisingwaterThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutescarce.Differencesindam-buildingbehavioramongbeaversdonotnecessarilyimplymultiplebeaverspecies.BuildingdamseventuallycausesbeaverstodepletenearbyWhenconditionspermit,beaversaremorelikelytobuilddamsthanburrowsorInbeavers,dam-buildingisanacquiredratherthananinnatePassage35（长文章／现象解释／建筑历史／易Architecturalmorphologyisthestudyofhowshiftingculturalandenvironmentalconditionsproducechangesinanarchitecturalform.WhenappliedtothemissionchurchesofNewMexicoexemplifyingseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurySpanishcolonialarchitectureinwhatisnowthesouthwesternUnitedStates,architecturalmorphologyrevealsmuchabouthowNativeAmericanculturetransformedthetraditionalEuropeanchurcharchitectureoftheSpanishmissionarieswhohopedtoconvertNativeAmericanstoChristianity.Manystudiesofthesemissionchurcheshavecarefullyedthehistoryanddesignoftheiruniquearchitecturalform,mostattributethechurches’radicaldeparturefromtheirsixteenth-centuryEuropeanpredecessorstolocalclimateandaless-mechanizedbuildingtechnology.Certainly,thelimitationsimposedbylaborandthelocallyavailablematerialsofmud-brickandtimbernecessitatedadivergencefromtheoriginalEuropeanchurchmodel.However,theemergenceofachurchformsuitedtolifeintheSouthwestwasrootedinsomethingmorefundamentalthanmaterialandtechnique.ThenewarchitectureresultedfromculturalforcesinboththeSpanishcolonialandindigenousNativeAmericansocieties,eachwithcompetingideasaboutformandspaceanddifferentwaysofconveyingtheseideassymbolically.Forexample,themissionchurchessharecertainspatialqualitieswiththeindigenouskiva,around,partlysubterraneanroomusedbymanySouthwestNativeAmericancommunitiesforimportantrituals.Likethekivaitwasintendedtoreplace,thetypicalmissionchurchhadthickwallsofadobe(sun-driedearthandstraw),abeaten-earthfloor,andoneortwosmallwindows.IndeferencetoEuropeancustom,theceilingsofthesechurcheswerehigherthanthoseofthetraditionalkiva.However,withthelimitedlightingaffordedbytheirfewsmallwindows,thesechurchesstillsuggestthekiva'scharacteristicallylow,boxlike,earth-hugginginterior.Thus,althoughpragmaticfactorsofconstructionmayhavecontributedtotheshapeofthemissionchurches,asearlierstudiessuggest,theprovisionofasacredspaceconsistentwithindigenoustraditionsmayalsohavebeenanimportantconsiderationintheirdesign.ThecontinuedviabilityofthekivaitselfinSpanishmissionsettlementshasalsobeenunderestimatedbyhistorians.FreestandingkivasdiscoveredintheruinsofEuropean-stylemissionarycommunitieshavebeenexplainedbysomehistoriansasexamplesof“superposition”.Underthistheory,ChristiandominationoverindigenousfaithsisdramatizedbysurroundingthekivawithChristianbuildings.However,asJamesIveypointsout,suchsuperpositionwasunlikely,sincehistoricalrecordsindicatethatmostSpanishmissionaries,arrivingintheSouthwestwithlittleornomilitarysupport,wiselyadoptedasomewhatconciliatoryattitudetowardtheuseofthekivaatleastinitially.Thisfact,andthecareful,solitaryplacementofthekivainthecenteroftheplexcourtyards,suggestsanintentiontohighlighttheimportanceofthekivaratherthantodiminishit.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageiscorrectsomemisinterpretationsaboutthedevelopmentofanarchitecturalcomparethetraditionalchurcharchitecturesoftwodifferentexaminetheinfluenceofareligiousarchitecturalstyleonsecularexplainthenatureofthecontrastbetweentwodifferentarchitecturaltracetheEuropeanrootsofanarchitecturalstyleusedintheUnitedThepassagesuggeststhattheindicatedhistoriansregardedtheplacementofkivasinthemidstofChristianbuildingsaswhichofthefollowing?exemplaryofanarrangementofreligiousbuildingstypicalofakindofNativeAmericanarchitecturecommonpriortothearrivaloftheSpanishlargelyresponsiblefortheevolutionofadistinctiveSpanishmissionarchitecturalindicativeoftheSpanishmissionaries’desiretodisplayanattitudeofacceptancetowardthekivasymbolicofthecontroversyamongSpanishmissionariesinNewMexicotheirtreatmentoftheindigenousreflectiveoftheSpanishmissionary’sdesiretodiminishthekiva'smissionaries’attitudetowardthekiva?TheperiodofmostintensivesettlementbySpanishmissionariesintheSouthwestoccurredbeforetheperiodinwhichthemissionchurchesofNewMexicowerebuilt.TherearenotracesofkivasinSpanishmissionsettlementsthatwereprotectedbyalargemilitarypresence.LittleofthesecularSpanishcolonialarchitectureoftheSouthwestoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesispredominantlyEuropeaninstyle.SomeSpanishmissionarycommunitiesoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieswereattachedtoSpanishmilitaryinstallations.NewMexicocontainsbyfarthelargestconcentrationofSpanishmission-stylechurcharchitectureintheUnitedStates.Accordingtothepassage,thebuildingtechniquesprevailingintheSouthwestduringtheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesplayedaroleinwhichofthefollowing?preventingmissionariesintheSouthwestfromduplicatingtraditionalEuropeaninfluencingmissionariesintheSouthwesttoincorporateafreestandingkivaintocertainmissionsettlementsjeopardizingtheviabilityofSpanishreligioussettlementsthroughouttheencouragingmanymissionariesintheSouthwesttoreexaminethecontinuedviabilityofahighlyceremonialEuropeanreligioustraditionPassage75（逻辑单题／推理／难Normally,seedsofEmmenathependuliflorastaydormantforyearsandgerminateonlywhenafireburnsthroughtheirhabitat.Nitrogendioxideinthesmokeinducestheseedstogerminate.Firesclearthebrush,allowinggerminatingseedstoreceivethesunlighttheyneedtogrow.Theplantsmaturequickly,produceseeds,andthendie.Inareaswithheavyautomobiletraffic,however,theseedgerminatesintheabsenceoffire,withautomobileexhaustsupplyingtherequirednitrogendioxide.Theinformationgiven,ifaccurate,moststronglysupportswhichofthefollowingFiresinthehabitatofE.Pendulifloradonotentirelydestroytheplant’sseedsevenintheplaceswherethefiresburnmostintensely.ThenitrogendioxideinautomobileexhaustcannotharmplantsofE.Pendulifloraaftergermination.IfhumaninterventiondecreasesthenumberoffiresinthehabitatofE.Penduliflora,automobileexhaustcanreplicatetheconditionstheplantrequiresinordertothrive.WithinthehabitatofE.Penduliflora,naturalfiresaresignificantlymorefrequentinareaswithheavyautomobiletrafficthantheyareinotherareas.UnlessE.Pendulifloraseedsthathavegerminatedcansurviveintheshade,automobileexhaustthreatensthelong-termsurvivaloftheplantinareaswithheavyautomobiletraffic.Passage71（长文章／事实介绍评论／法律／难stateernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws.”Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers’immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextofthev.SandfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswiththeauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectiontothefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson’sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment’sexistence,theSupremeCourt’sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicmodationsandothercommercialbusinesstosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedformthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment’sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt;srulinginBrownv.BoardofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.TwodoctrinesembracedbytheSupremeCourtduringthisperiodextendedtheamendment’sreach.First,theCourtrequiredespeciallystrictscrutinylegislationthatemployeda“ classification,”meaningdiscriminationagainstagroupongroundsthatcouldbeconstruedasracial.ThisdoctrinehasbroadenedtheapplicationoftheFourteenthAmendmenttoother,nonracialformsofdiscrimination,forwhilesomejusticeshaverefusedtofindanylegislativeclassificationotherthanracetobeconstitutionallydisfavored,mosthavebeenreceptivetoargumentsthatatleastsomenonracialdiscriminations,sexualdiscriminationinparticular,are“ ”anddeservethisheightenedscrutinybythecourts.Second,theCourtrelaxedthestateactionlimitationontheFourteenthAmendment,bringingnewformsofprivateconductwithintheamendment’sWhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaoftheBypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforbroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenshipOnlyaftertheSupremeCourtadoptedtheclassificationapproachtoreviewingpotentiallydiscriminationlegislationwastheapplicabilityoftheFourteenthAmendmentextendedtoincludesexualdiscriminationNotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpress.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthaveyettoreachconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclauseAlthoughthereluctanceofjudgestoextendthereachoftheFourteenthAmendmenttononracialdiscriminationhasbetrayedtheprincipleofequalcitizenship,theSupremeCourt’suseofthestateactionlimitationtoinsulateprivateactivityfrotheamendment’sreachhasbeenmoreharmful.ThepassagesuggeststhattheprincipleeffectofthestateactionlimitationwasallowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthinfluencetheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv.BoardofprovideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedprohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActofshifttostateernmenttheresponsibilityforenforcementoflawsprohibitingdiscriminatorypracticesTheauthor’spositionregardingtheintentoftheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwouldbemostseriouslyunderminedifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?TheframershadanticipatedstateactionlimitationsastheyaredescribedinTheframershadmerelysoughttopreventdiscriminatoryactsbyfederalTheframerswereconcernedthatthecivilrightsactof1866wouldbeoverturnedbytheSupremeCourt.Theframerswereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadTheframersbelievedthatracialaswellasnon-racialformsofdiscriminationwereAccordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwithdetailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalprovidingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedclosingaloopholethatcouldbeusedtodenyin