2023年高中学生化学竞赛基本内容Basiccontentofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudents

全国高中学生化学竞赛基本内容（BasiccontentofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudentsinChina）Thenationalhighschoolstudentchemistrycompetitionbasiccontent.Txt,therealgoodfriendisnottogetherhasthetopicwhichcannotsay,butistogether,evenifdoesnotspeak,willnotfeelembarrassed.Whenyoulookatotherpeople,youarealsothesceneryinotherpeople'seyes.Theroadtotomorrowmustremembertheroadthatwewalkedyesterdayandtheroadwearewalkingtoday.BasiccontentofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudentsinChinaThe1.nationalchemistrycontestofseniorhighschoolstudents(preliminarydivisioncontest)andfinal(winter)twostages,plusthewinterafterthenationalteamplayersqualifyinginthreestages.Thebasiccontentsofthepreliminaryandfinalexaminationreflectsthenationallevel,isthebasisoftheexaminationproposition.Theselectionofthenationalteam'sathletesshallbebasedonthepreparationoftheInternationalChemistryOlympiadintheyear.2.thecurrentmiddleschoolchemistryteachingrequirementsandcontentsarepreliminaryexaminationshowsthatthecontentoftheprovisions.Aconsistentlevelofcontentknowledgeinpreliminaryprincipletofull-timehighschoolchemistrytextbookpublishedbypeople'seducationpress,butforsomeofthechemicalprincipleofthequantitativerelationship,materialstructure,solidchemistryandorganicchemistryandothersupplements,ingeneral,supplementarycontentisthenaturalgrowthpointinchemicalcontent.Thepreliminaryrequirementsofknowledgeinordertoachieveinternationalchemicaldescriptivechemistrycontestoutlinelevelasthestandard,theoutlineofthetwoorthreelevelsofknowledgearenotrequiredintheapplicationofmemorybasedon.Thebasiccontentofthefinal3.isproperlybasedonthebasiccontentsofpreliminaries,descriptivechemistryknowledgeprincipletoreachtheinternationalleveltwolevelofknowledgeofchemistrycontestsyllabusforthedegree,theoutlineofthethreelevelsofknowledgearenotrequiredintheapplicationofmemorybasedon.4.,payattentiontotheintersectionandinterpenetrationofchemicalknowledgeandnonchemicalknowledge,buttherequirementsofmathematicsandphysicsknowledgeshouldnotexceedtherequirementsofmiddleschoolsyllabus.5.basiccontent,ifnecessary,willbeadjustedandannouncedinmidAugust2023.Thebasiccontentofthepreliminaries1.theconceptandapplicationofeffectivenumbers.Correctuseofeffectivefiguresinchemicalandchemicalexperiments.Quantitativeinstrument(analyticalbalance,cylinder,pipettes,burettes,flasketc.)theeffectivenumberofprecisionandmeasuringdata.Thevalidnumberoftheresultoftheoperation.2.idealgasstandardcondition.Idealgasequationofstate.Gasdensity.Determinationofrelativemolecularmassofgases.Gassolubility.Lawofpartialpressure.3.solutionconcentration,solidsolutionandcalculation.Solutionpreparation(selectionofinstrumentsbasedontheaccuracyofconcentration).Estimationoftheamountofpurificationbyrecrystallization.Selectionofwashingliquidandselectionofwashingmethodinwashingoperation.Thelawofsolvent(includingmixedsolvent)similaritywithsolutes.4.basicconceptsoftitrimetricanalysis-analytes,standardsolutions,indicators,titrationreactions,etc..Calculationoftitrationresults.Qualitativerelationshipbetweenthetitrationcurveandtheconceptofsuddenrise(acidbasestrength,concentration,andsolventpolarity).Quantitativecalculationoftitrationcurveisnotrequired.BasicprinciplesofpHcalculationandselectionofcommonacid-basetitrationindicators.CalculatedbyPotassiumPermanganate,potassiumdichromate,sodiumthiosulfate,EDTAtitrationanalysisresultsasthestandardsolution.5.atomicstructurethepossiblespacestateofanouternuclearelectron.S,PandDareusedtoindicatethegroundstatestructure(includingneutralatoms,positiveionsandnegativeions)(notrequiringtheinterpretationoftheenergylevelinterleavinganddistribution);quantumnumbers,wavefunctions,imagesarenotrequired.Generalconceptsofionizationenergy,electronaffinity,andelectronegativity.The6.elementsoftheperiodiclawandtheperiodicsystemchangesingeneralnatureofthemaingroupandsubgroup,congenersfromtoptobottom;theconceptofS,D,DS,P,f;positionsofelementsintheperiodictableandthenuclearouterelectronicstructure(electronnumber,valenceelectronlayerandvalenceelectronnumber)therelationshipbetweenpriceandfamily;thehighestnumber;diagonalrule;metalandnonmetalandtherelationbetweenthelocationoftheperiodictable.Metalandnonmetalintheperiodictableposition;halfmetal;primaryandsecondarygroup(firstseries)andimportantnames,commonelements,symbolsandtheirpositionsintheperiodictableandthemainformofcommonvalence.SevenMolecularstructures:Lewis,structural(Electronic)andformalcharges.Predictionofthethree-dimensionalstructureofsimplemolecules(includingions)byvalenceelectronpairrepulsionmodel.Thetheoryofhybridorbitalsexplainsthethree-dimensionalstructureofsimplemolecules(includingions).Covalentbonds,[p-p,PIbonds,(S-S,S-P,P-P),sigmabondsandP-PlargePIbonds]formconditions,bondenergies,bondangles,saturationanddirectionality.Thegeneralconceptofconjugate(ordelocalization).8.complexes:thebasicconceptsofcomplexes(complexes)andcomplexions(coordinationions).Thecenterofimportantandcommonioncomplexions(atoms)andtheimportantandcommonions(water,hydroxyl,halogenions,pseudohalideions,ammoniamolecules,ions,NO,COetc.),thecomplexationreactionofcomplexingagentimportantandcommonandimportantandcommon.Qualitativedescriptionoftherelationbetweencomplexationandacidbasereactions,precipitationreactions,andredoxreactions(notrequiredbycalculation).Basicconceptsofspacestructureandgeometricisomerismofcomplexes.Thebasicconceptsofthehybridizationorbitaltheoryofcomplexes.Memorymagneticmomentcalculationformulaisnotrequired.Termolecularforce.Theorderofmagnitudeoftheintermolecularinteractionenergy(doesnotrequiredecompositionintoorientationalforce,inducedforce,dispersiveforce).Hydrogenbond.Conditionsfortheformationofhydrogenbonds.Hydrogenbondenergy.Relationshipbetweenhydrogenbondandphysicalproperties.10.crystalstructure:thebasicconceptofcell.Basicconceptsofcellatomiccoordinates.Calculationofthenumberofatomsorthenumberofmoleculesinacellanditsrelationtothechemicalformula.Basicconceptsofelementarycellandcomplexcell(body,core,heart,andcore).Thebasicconceptsofmolecularcrystals,atomiccrystals,ioniccrystalsandmetalliccrystals.Selectionofcrystalcell,crystalsystemconceptandseveraltypicaltwoelementioniccrystals.11.chemicalequilibrium:thebasicconceptofequilibriumconstant.Qualitativerelationshipbetweenacid-basebalanceconstantandacidbasestrength.Thebasicconceptofsolubilityproduct.Simplecalculationsusingequilibriumconstants.Calculationofelectricalneutrality,materialbalance,andnorequirementforprotonconditions.12.correctwritingandbalancingofionicequations.13.electrochemistry:thebasicconceptsofoxidationreductionandthewritingandtrimmingofreactions.Galvaniccell:electrodesymbolandelectrodereaction,galvaniccellsign,galvaniccellreaction.Thebasicconceptofstandardelectrodepotentialisusedtodeterminethedirectionofreactionandthestrengthofoxidantandreductant.Batterysymbolsandelectrodereactionsinanelectrolyticbath.Basicconceptsofelectrolysisandelectroplating.Commonchemicalpowersource.QualitativedescriptionoftheeffectsofpH,complexingagents,andprecipitationagents(donotrequireNernstequations,redoxequilibriumconstants,andrelatedcalculations).14.elementchemistryknowledgetointernationalcompetitionlevel1knowledgelevel.Twoorthreelevelsofknowledgedonotrequirememory.15.knowledgeoforganicchemistry,level1ininternationalcompetition.Twoorthreelevelsofknowledgedonotrequirememory.Basiccontentoffinals1.atomicstructureincreasesfourquantumnumbersandatomicorbitalwavefunctioninthepreliminarybasis(plustheangledistributionimageands,P,Dimagetrackname).The2.increaseinthebasicconceptofmolecularstructureinthepreliminarycontentbasedonmolecularorbital.Bondlevelconcept.Explanationoftheparamagneticpropertyofoxygenbymolecularorbitaltheory.Memorymolecularorbitalenergyleveldiagramisnotrequired.3.crystalstructures:basicconceptsofstructuralprimitivesandlattices.Thebasicconceptsofenthalpiesofformation,formationfreeenergiesandlattices,14latticetypes,densedeposits(A1,A2,A3andA4)andabulkinterstitialmodel.4.fundamentalsofchemicalthermodynamics--conceptsofthermodynamics,energy,enthalpy,freeenergy,andentropy.Enthalpiesofformation,freeenergiesofformation,standardentropies,andrelatedcalculations.Freeenergyanddirectionofreaction.GibbsHelmholtzequationanditsapplication.FantHuffisothermalequationanditsapplication.Standardfreeenergyandequilibriumconstant.Afunctionoftheequilibriumconstanttotemperature.Thermochemicalcycle.Thermodynamicdecompositionoftemperature(bothstandardandnonstandardStates)theeffectofpressureondecompositiontemperature.5.fundamentalsofchemicalkinetics--basicconceptsofreactionrates.Theconceptofreactionseries.Usingtheexperimentaldatatoderivethereactionorder.Calculationoffirst-orderreactions(integralformula)(rateconstants,half-life,carbon,-14,age,etc.).Arrheniusequationandrelevantcalculation(calculationoftheinfluenceoftemperatureonthereactionrateconstantoftheconceptandcalculation;Arrheniusactivationenergycalculation;rateconstantsetc.).Relationshipbetweenactivationenergyandreactionheat.Generalconceptofreactionmechanism.Usingsteady-stateapproximationtoderiverateequations.Thenatureoftheinfluenceofthecatalystonthereaction.Ttontheoryofacidsandbases.Basicconceptofbuffersolution.Usingthecalculationofacid-baseequilibriumconstant.Solubilityproductprincipleandrelatedcalculation.Calculationof7.Nernstequation.Thecalculationofelectrodepotentialandelectromotiveforceofgalvaniccell.TheinfluenceofpHvalueonelectromotiveforce,electrodepotentialandredoxreactiondirectionofgalvaniccell.Influenceofprecipitantandcomplexingagentonredoxreactiondirection.Hplexes.Thehybridorbitalmodelofthecomplexion(plane,quadrilateral,tetrahedral,andeightbodyconfigurations).Therelationbetweenthemagneticmomentofasingleelectronandthehybridizationtype.Hybridorbitalandsolidstructure.Isomerismofcomplexes(includingCIStransisomerismandopticalisomerism).Calculationofequilibriumconstantsincomplexationreactions.Generalconceptofchelates.9.elementsofchemicaldescriptiveknowledgereachedtheinternationalcompetitionoutlineleveloneortwo.10.naturalcyclesofnitrogen,oxygenandcarbon.Thegeneralconceptofenvironmentalprotection,anicchemistrydescriptiveknowledge,totheinternationalcompetitionoutlineleveloneortwo.Organicsynthesisreachesinternationalcompetitionoutlineoneortwolevelknowledgelevel.Fourspectrumisnotrequired.Asymmetricsynthesisisnotrequired.Donotseekracemicresolution.Organicreactionsarenotrequired.Thebasicconceptof12.aminoacidsandpeptides.NoBiochemistry(suchasthename,symbol,structure,classificationof20aminoacids),basestruct