2023年华中科技大学考博英语试题

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华中科技大学

2023年招收博士硕士入学考试试题

考试科目：英语

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PartICloze(0.5x20=10%)

Directions:Inthispartyouareaskedtochoosethebestwordforeachblankinthepassage.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.

InSwitzerland,sixmileswestofGeneva,liesacollectionoflaboratoriesandbuildings,and,1

curiousofall,acircularmoundof

2

morethan650feetindiameter.Thisclusterhasuniqueimportance.ItisEurope’s3atomiccitydedicatedto

4

theatomforpeacefulpurposes.

Thestrangebuildings5

theEuropeanCouncilforNuclearResearch,morepopularlyknown,from6Frenchinitials,asCERN.Thecouncilwas7

whenahandfulofstatesmenandscientificexperts8inParisin1950.Theiraimwasto“9

anorganizationprovidingforco-operationamongEuropeanstates

10

nuclearresearchofapurescientificandfundamentalcharacter.”

TheCERNagreementwas

11

in1953,andworkontheatomiccitybeganin1954.todayCERN’s

12

areamongthemostmodernandthemostdiversifiedintheworld.

13

asthescientificaspectmaybe,therealsignificanceofCERNmaylie

14

thethousandpeople——thescientists,labworkers,andadministrative

15

drawnfromthefourteenmembernations——16

populateit.Britishengineerswork

17

withSwisselectriciansandYugoslavnuclearphysicists.The

18

languagesareFrenchandEnglish,withGermananunofficialthird.ButBERNis

19

towerofBabel——thelanguageofscienceis

20

andall-embracing.

1.A.best

B.chiefly

C.most

D.mostly

2.A.earth

B.dirt

C.mud

D.soil

3.A.oneandbest

B.oneandonly

C.oneandan

D.oneandmerely

4.A.investigation

B.beinginvestigated

C.investigate

D.investigating

5.A.workwith

B.belongto

C.consistof

D.arelocatedin

6.A.his

B.their

C.its

D.those

7.A.comeintobeingB.constructed

C.erected

D.born

8.A.joined

B.developed

C.met

D.metwith

9.A.found

B.putup

C.build

D.establish

10.A.in

B.on

C.for

D.about

11.A.sealed

B.signed

C.secured

D.settled

12.A.resources

B.accommodations

C.facilities

D.funds

13.A.Impressionistic

B.Impressing

C.Impressed

D.Impressive

14.A.in

B.with

C.on

D.at

15.A.crew

B.crowd

C.party

D.group

16.A.whoever

B.who

C.which

D.whatever

17.A.sidebyside

B.backtoback

C.hearttoheart

D.facetoface

18.A.living

B.authentic

C.official

D.real

19.A.the

B.a

C.not

D.no

20.A.worldwide

B.infinite

C.universal

D.comprehensive

PartII.

Readingcomprehension(20x2=40%)

Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Aftereachpassage,therearefivequestions.Youaretochoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.

Passageone

Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticated,theystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.

Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicalimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,maybeperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive——---itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers——---butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools————-nominalistandessentialistorreductionist————--havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.

21.

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A)

proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystem

B)

describinganwaytoresolveataxonomicaldilemma

C)

assessingthesuccessofanewtaxonomicalmethod

D)

predictingachangeinfuturetaxonomy

22.

Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthewayschizophreniahasbeenclassifiedbydoctorsafter1960tobeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

A)

Adiseasewhichresistedtraditionalmethodsofclassification,buthasbeenservedwellbymodernmethodsofclassification

B)

Adiseasewhichhasresistedmodernmethodsofclassification,andcontinuestorequireatraditionalmethodofclassification

C)

Adiseasewhichsatisfiesmodernmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughatraditionalmethod

D)

Adiseasewhichsatisfiestraditionalmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughamodernmethod

23.

Accordingtothepassage,anadherentofthe“nominalistschool’wouldclassifyararenewfeverinwhichofthefollowingways?

A)

Shewouldwaituntilthediseaseappearsinotherpatients,thenclassifyitbyestablishingvariationsintheirsymptoms.

B)

Shewoulddeterminewhetherthediseaseisacquiredorgenetic,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

C)

Shewouldisolatethebacteriaorvirusorgeneticanomalywhichcausesthedisease,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

D)

Shewoulddescribethepatient’ssymptoms,comparethemtopatientswhohavehadsimilarsymptoms,thentreatthepatternasadisease.

24.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphinrelationtothepassageasawhole?

A)

Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatmayaccruefromaperfectedsystemofpathologicaltaxonomy.

B)

Itprovidesadditionalreasonswhypathologicaltaxonomyisadifficultendeavor.

C)

Itarguesforasynthesisoftwomethodsofpathologicaltaxonomyalreadyinuse.

D)

Itcontinuestohighlightthedifferencesbetweentwomethodsoftaxonomicalpathologicaltaxonomy.

25.

Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingsituationsislikelytobemostproblematictoanadherentofthe“essentialist”methodofpathologicaltaxonomy?

A)

Apatientsufferingfromfever,inwhichthevirusthatisapparentlyresponsibleforthesymptomshasnotbeenisolated

B)

Apatientsufferingfromlunginflammationwhich,thoughresemblingotherinflammations,doesnotrespondtoanyknowntreatments

C)

Apatientsufferingfromageneticanomalywhosecausemaybeknownbutwhoseconsequencesremainunidentified

D)

Acaseofapatientwithsymptomsthatmayhavearisenfromtwoknowndiseasesofdifferentsources

Passagetwo

Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayear,roughly$450perheadforeveryman,woman,andchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofit,atanyrate,Ithemoreprosperouscountries,couldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwill,atthesametime,beofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansion,letusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneeds,namely,food.Atpresent,themajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishment,and,inviewofthepopulationexplosion,thissituationsislikelytogrowworseincomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrain,whichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyed,bespentinreliefoffamine,but,byirrigation,largeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertile,and,byimprovementintransport,distributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.

Housing,evenintherichestcountries,isoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.Educationeverywhere,butespeciallyIthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsia,demandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremoved,sciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfare,insteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughter,andschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.

Bythehelpofmoderntechniques,theworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenotionswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible,Irepeat,butitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationsoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofre-education.

26.

Bydivertingsomeorallofthemoneyspentonpreparationforwartopeacefulpurposes,allofthefollowingbenefitswouldoccurexceptthat____.

A)

educationcouldbeimproved

B)

sciencecouldconcentrateonimprovinghumanwelfare

C)

betterhousingcouldbeprovided

D)

thepopulationexplosioncouldbecontrolled

27.

Schoolsatthepresenttimeoftenhavetomakeuseof____.

A)

inadequatefunds

B)

untrainedteaches

C)

poorbuildings

D)

liesinordertopromotehatredofpossibleenemies

28.

Theproblemofundernourishmentwillbecomemorecriticalbecause____.

A)

Americadestroysitssurplusgoods

B)

thereisinadequateshipping

C)

ofthepopulationexplosion

D)

oflackofirrigation

29.

Theadjectivethatbestdescribesthisauthoris____.

A)quixotic

B)lugubrious

C)pragmatic

D)utopian

30.Accordingtotheauthor,averysmallpartofwhatisbeingspentuponarmamentswould___.

A)leadtomoredisputes

B)helpusmakeprediction

C)hardlyhelpsolvethepopulationexplosion

D)helpussolvemanyproblems

Passagethree

Althoughhumanshavemuchbiggerbrainsrelativetobodyweightthandootherprimates,thetotalrestingenergyrequirementsofthehumanbodyarenogreaterthanthoseofanyothermammalofthesamesize,implyingthatweuseahighershareofourdailyenergybudgettofeedourvoraciousbrains.Howdidsuchanenergeticallycostlybrainevolve?

Onetheoryholdsthatbipedalismenabledhominidstocooltheircranialblood,therebyfreeingtheheat-sensitivebrainofthetemperatureconstraintsthathadkeptitssizeincheck.Butbrainexpansionalmostcertainlycouldnothaveoccurreduntilhominidsadoptedadietsufficientlyrichincaloriesandnutrientstomeettheassociatedcosts.Acrossallprimates,specieswithbiggerbrainsdineonricherfoods,andhumansaretheextremeexampleofthiscorrelation,boastingthelargestrelativebrainsizeandthechoicestdiet.Animalfoodsarefardenserincaloriesandnutrientsthanmostplantfoods,andsoitstandstoreasonthatforearlyHomo,acquiringmoregraymattermeantseekingoutmoreoftheenergy-densefare.

Fossils,too,indicatethatimprovementstodietaryqualityaccompaniedevolutionarybraingrowth.Thelater,robustproto-humans—adead-endbranchofthehumanfamilytreethatlivedalongsidemembersofourowngenus—hadheavilybuiltmandiblesandhuge,thicklyenameledmolarteethbuiltforprocessingtough,low-qualityplantfoods,whileearlymembersofthegenusHomo,whichdescendedfromthegracileproto-humans,hadmuchmoredelicatejawsand,smallermolarsdespitebeingfarlargerintermsofoverallbodysizethantheirpredecessors.

EnvironmentalchangeappearstohavesetthestageforthisevolutionarychangewhenthecontinueddesiccationoftheAfricanlandscapelimitedtheamountandvarietyofedibleplantfoodsavailabletohominids.Thusweoftenseeanincreaseinanimalbonesathominidsitesduringthisperiod,alongwithevidencethatthesebeastswerebutcheredusingstonetools.Whiletherobustproto-humanscopedwiththisproblemmorphologically,evolvinganatomicalspecializationsthatenabledthemtosubsistonmorewidelyavailable,difficult-to-chewfoods,Homotookadifferentpath.Asitturnsout,thespreadofgrasslandsalsoledtoanincreaseintherelativeabundanceofgrazingmammalssuchasantelopeandgazelle,creatingopportunitiesforhominidscapableofexploitingthem.Homodevelopedthefirsthunting-and-gatheringeconomyinwhichgameanimalsbecameasignificantpartofthedietandresourcesweresharedamongmembersoftheforaginggroups.

Thesechangesindietandforagingbehaviordidnotturnourancestorsintostrictcarnivores,buttheadditionofmodestamountsofanimalfoodstothemenu,combinedwiththesharingofresourcesthatistypicalofhunter-gatherergroups,significantlyincreasedthequalityandstabilityofhominiddiets,andaftertheinitialspurtinbraingrowth,dietandbrainexpansionprobablyinteractedsynergistically:biggerbrainsproducedmorecomplexsocialbehavior,whichledtofurthershiftsinforagingtacticsandimproveddiet,whichinturnfosteredadditionalbrainevolution.

31.

Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

A)

disprovingtheviewthatbipedalismalonecanaccountforthehumanbrain’sevolution

B)

describingarelationshipbetweentheacquisitionofanimproveddietandthedevelopmentofthehumanbrain

C)

contrastingthecharacteristicsofHomoandhisprimateancestors

D)

analyzingtheevolutionarybasisforthedevelopmentofthemodernhumandiet

32.

Theauthorreferstotheincreaseinanimalbonesinthefourthparagraphprimarilyinorderto_____.

A)

demonstratetheincreaseoftheavailabilityofgrazingmammalsduringthedesiccationoftheAfricanlandscape

B)

provideproofthatenvironmentalchangesdidindeedoccuraroundatimeofrapidevolutionforHomo

C)

explainthemeansbywhichHomowasabletomakeuseoftheappearanceoftheantelopeandgazelle

D)

offerevidencethatwiththedesiccationoftheAfricanlandscape,Homo’sdietchangedfromthatoftheaustralopithecine

33.

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatchimpanzeesarecharacterizedby____.

A)

brainsthatuselessoverallbodyenergythanthepercentagehumansuse

B)

thepossessionoflesstotalbodyweightthantheaveragehumanweight

C)

atotalrestingenergyequaltothatofhumanrestingenergy

D)

adietcompletelydevoidofrichfoodspreferredbymoredevelopedspecies

34.

TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingasevidencethatdietarychangesaccompaniedtheexpansionofHomo’sbrainEXCEPT____.

A)

thehighercaloriedensityfoundinfoodsHomoateduringtheexpansion,andtheirextranutrients

B)

thefossilrecordofHomo,andwhatitindicatesaboutHomo’sprogressiveadaptation

C)

thefactHomowaslargerintermsofoverallbodysizethanitspredecessors

D)

thedevelopmentofahunting-and-gatheringeconomybeneficialtofurtherbraingrowth

35.

Accordingtothepassage,initialimprovementinbrainfunctioninHomo’sancestorsresultedatleastpartiallyfromwhichofthefollowing?

A)

thesharingofresourcestypicalofhunter-gatherergroupstowhichHomoeventuallycametobelong

B)

thefreeingofHomo’sheat-sensitivebrainfromthetemperatureconstraintsthathadkeptitssizeincheck

C)

theavailabilityoffoodsfardenserincaloriesandnutrientsthanthosepreviouslyavailable

D)morphologicalsolutionsofenvironmentalchangedevelopedbytherobustproto-humans

Passagefour

ThereisapopularEnglishbeliefthatifyoucan’tgetinthewater,youmightaswellgetonit.Itmaybethattheseasaroundourcoastsaretoochillanduninvitingforround-the-yearbathing,orthatinmanycasestreacherouscurrentsandsharpincisor-likerocksbeneaththewaterdiscourageallbutthemostventuresome.Perhapstherealansweristhatweareislandersandislands,onthewhole,tendtoproducesea-faringpeople.Ourearlyhistoryofexplorationanddiscovery,tosaynothingofdownrightpiracy,goessomewaytosupportthis.Howeverthatmaybe,theEnglishmanisnotjustcontenttogetonthesea,heisalsoirresistiblycompelledtogetonhisinlandwaterways.Ourrivers,canalsandlakes,besidesprovingacheap,ifrelativelyslowformoftransport,attractaregulararmyofenthusiasticamateurswhospendtheirwintersscrapingandpaintingtheirboatsinreadinessforthewarmerweather,someevengoingsofarastobuildtheirowncraft.Whenspringcomes,theproudownerstaketothewaterintheirlittleboats,whitesailsflapping,likesomanyducks.Thereareofcourseinnumerablerowingboats,punts,skiffsanddinghies,andsuperior,motor-poweredcabincruiserswhoseownerswearyachtingcapsandnautical-lookingsweater.Theselast,usuallyflyingaclubpennantandwithagirlortwostretchedoutonthecabinroof,proceedatspeeddowntherivercreatingawashthatsetsthesmallerboatsbobbingandbouncingandevenonoccasioncapsizing.Eventheirmagnificence,however,iseclipsedbytherowingeightswhostreakupanddownintheirelegantlongboats,dippingtheiroarstothemercilesscriesofthecoach:‘In–Out–In–Out’.Thesearethegiantsoftheriver,bronzedandmuscular,obliviousofeverythingbuttheprecisionoftheirtimingandtheneedforspeed.

Anydescriptionofourinlandwaterwayswouldbeincompletewithoutreferencetothosewhohavemadethewatertheirwayoflife.Disregardingdamp,inconvenience,gales,stormsandthedangeroffloods,theymaketheirhomesonthewater,inhouseboatsorconvertedbarges,becoming,asitwere,aspeciesofhumanwater-rat.Theiroriginalintentionmayhavebeentogetawayfromthetensionandfrustrationofcityorsuburbanlife,butitissoonapparentthattheirsisnogipsyexistence.Theirhomes,mooredorfloating,arepaintedingaycolours,electriclightandbathroomsareinstalled,curtainsappearatthewindowsandneighboursviewithoneanotherinthecultivationoftrailingpotplantsandhangingbasketsofflowers.Theresultiscomfortablysuburban——adogoracatisfrequentlyintroducedintothedomesticscene——andthewholeisanexcellentexampleoftheartofcompromise.Theownershavelostnoneoftheircreaturecomforts,buttheyhavesatisfiedtheirurgetoliveonthewater.

36.

Thewritersuggeststhatthemajorityofislanders____.

A)

havetomaketheirlivingfromthesea

B)

arestronglyattractedtothesea

C)

areonlyinterestedingoingtosea

D)

havetogoonvoyagesofdiscovery

37.

Thepassagetellsusthat,amongboat-lovers,therearesome____.

A)

experiencedboat-builders

B)

amateursoldiers

C)

do-it-yourselfenthusiasts

D)

membersofthearmedforces

38.

Whathappensinthespring?Theboat-owners____.

A)

gointothewaterwiththeirboats

B)

saildownriverwiththeducks

C)

getoutonwaterintheirboats

D)

gettheirboatsoutofthewater

39.

Sometimesoneofthesmallerboatsoverturnedbecause____.

A)

therewasasuddensurgeinthewater

B)

itcouldn’tkeepupwiththebiggerboats

C)

therewasasuddengushofwater

D)

itgotinthewayofthebiggerboats

40.

Itseemsthatpeoplewhodecidetomaketheirhomesonthewater____.

A)

disregardtherisksandinconveniences

B)

enjoythechallengeofdangeroussituations

C)

wanttoliveanunconventionall