英语学术论文写作技巧academic writing skills全英文版

EnglishforAcademicStudy:ExtendedWritingandResearchSkillsSession1Inthissessionyouwillbeintroducedtoextendedwritingandinformedabouttheprojectyouwillworkoninthisterm.Extendedwritingatuniversity:Whydostudentswrite?Thereasonswhystudentscarryoutextendedacademicwritingactivitiesmayinclude:todevelopandexpresstheirideas;toprovideevidencetosupporttheirideas;todisputeorsupportexistingtheories;todisplayknowledge.

Task1:Whatdostudentswrite?EssayExtendedessayorprojectReportThesisDissertationCasestudyWhateverformofextendedwritingstudentsareexpectedtodo,theprocesswillusuallyinvolvethefollowingsteps:gatheringinformationfromvarioussources;organizingthisinformationsothatitappropriatelyanswerstheneedsofthetaskthatthewriterhastocomplete;planningthetext;draftingandredraftingthetextuntilitcommunicatestheinformationandideasfullyandclearly.Task2:

Analysingthetask

Beforebeginninganytask,itisimportanttoanalysetherequirementsofthetasksothatyouhaveaveryclearideaofyourpurposeforwriting.Considerthefollowingprojecttitle:“Asurveyoncollegestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection”Discussthefollowingwithapartner:Lookattheprojecttitleaboveandhighlightthekeywords/phrases.Howisthetitleframed(e.g.statement/question/heading)?Whatdoesthetitleaskyoutodo?Task3:Thestagesofwritingaproject

Therearethreestagesinproducinganextendedessayorproject:planning,researchingandwritingup.Ineachofthesestagesthereareanumberofsmallersteps.Putthestepslistedbelowintotheappropriatestages(Planning,ResearchingorWritingup),inthemostappropriateorder.Writethestepsinfull;donotwritenumbers.Notethatonestepcanplacedintwostages.a)Readthefirstdraft.b)Editthedraftdecideobjectivelywhetheryourideashavebeenexpressedclearly.c)Thinkofaworkingtitlefortheproject.d)Searchforrelevantjournals/books/informationinthelibraryandontheInternet.e)Writedownthedetailsofyoursources.f)Decideifyouneedtodomorereading.g)Writethecontentspage,bibliography,titlepageandabstract.h)Arrangeatutorialwithyourtutor.i)Dosomereading.j)Decideonatopic.k)Writethefirstcompletedraft.l)Highlight/takenotesofrelevantinformation.m)Planthecontentsindetail.n)Workonestablishingaclearfocus.o)Makearoughoutlineplanofyourideas.p)Checkthatsourcesareavailable/accessible.PlanningResearchingWritingup1)1)1)2)2)2)3)Thinkofworkingtitlefortheproject3)Highlight/takenotesofrelevantinformation3)4)4)4)5)5)5)Writethecontentspage,bibliography,titlepageandabstract.6)Task3:StartingProject

Workonthisprojectbyansweringthefollowingquestions,whicharegroupedunderthethreebroadheadingsIntroduction,MainbodyandConclusion.Firstreadthequestions.IntroductionWhataretheproblemswearenowfacingintermsofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?(Backgroundinformation)Whatiscollegestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?(Backgroundinformation)Whatdoyouthinkshouldbedonetodevelopcollegestudents’awareness?[Youopiniononthisquestionwillhelpformyour“thesis”thatisthemainargumentyouwillpresentinyourproject.]MainbodyWhatspecificproblemsarerelatedtocollegestudents’lackofawarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?Whatevidencecanyoufindforthis?Whatarethepossiblereasonsfortheexistingphenomena?Whatevidencecanyoufindforthis?Whatarethepossiblesolutionstotheproblemsoutlinedabove?Whatevidencecanyoufindtosupportyoursuggestions?ConclusionBasedontheevidenceyouhavepresentedabove,whateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoraisecollegestudents’awarenessofenvironmentalprotection/copyrightprotection?Doestheevidenceyouputtogetherinthe“mainbody”supportthethesisyouintroducedinyourintroduction?Intheappropriateboxesbelow,brainstormsomeideasontheabovequestions.Atthemoment,youareonlybeingaskedtoguesswhattheanswersmightbe.Afterthis,youwillhavetocarryoutthesurveyanddosomereadingtofindoutwhetheryourguessesarecorrectornot.Youwillalsobereadingtofindoutotherideasaboutthetopic.Thisreadingstageisoneofthemostimportantpartsofyourworkbecauseyouwillbelookingforevidencetosupportyourideas.Writeyourinitialideasintheboxesbelow.Youonlyneedtowriteinnoteform.IntroductionMainbodyConclusion1)1)1)2)2)2)3)3)3)4)4)4)………Session2:Developingafocus

Stepsingettingstarted:ChoosingatopicBrainstormingideasNarrowingthefocusbyaskingyourselfquestionsEstablishingaworkingtitlewhichisflexibleanddevelopmentalChoosingsomeofyoursourcesbylookingatjournals,booksandwebsitesOnewaytoestablishafocusforyourtopicistoaskyourselfquestionsaboutthetopic.Forexample,“Tourism”isaverygeneraltopic.Inordertogetspecificideasaboutthistopic,youcouldaskyourselfsomespecificWH-questions.WH-questionsare:Why?Who?What?Where?When?Which?(How?)Youmaynotalwaysaskallthesequestions.Forexample:Whyistourismimportant?Whoisaffectedbytourism?Whatistourism?Wheredoestourismhavemostimpact?Whichcountriesaremostdependentontourism?(Howistourismaffectingnativeculture?)Task1:Nowmakealistofyourownquestionsforthefollowingtopic,basedontheexampleabove.TheEducationofSysteminChina__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task2:Herearesomegeneralsubjectschosenbystudents.Howcouldtheybechanged,usingsomeofthequestionsabove,sothateachtopicismorespecificorfocused?WaterPollutioninChinaAirPollutioninBigCitiesDeforestationinChinaEstablishingaworkingtitleAworkingtitleisatitlethatyouinitiallythinkofinordertoestablishafocusforyourresearchandwriting.Asyoureadandbecomemoreinvolvedinthesubjectofyourproject,yourviewpointmaychange.Thisisallpartoftheprocessofdevelopingyourideas,andthuspartfine-tuningyourresearchskills.Youmaydecidetogobackandchangeyourplan,andyourfinaltitlemaydiffersomewhatfromyourworkingtitle.Lookatthefollowingexampleofaworkingtitle,createdbyastudent.PollutionandItsRelationshipwithPeopleandtheEnvironment↓TheSocialandEnvironmentalImpactofPollution↓TheEnvironmentalImpactofPollutioninUrbanAreasYouhavealreadydonesomereading,researchandthinkingaboutyourproject.Basedonthis,fillinthetableasfaraspossible.Whatisyourtopic?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Keyquestions(Whatdoyouwanttofindoutaboutthistopic?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Whatisyourfocusand/orworkingtitle?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thesisstatement_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task3:Planningyourproject

Session3:Introductionsandconclusions

Introductions:Theintroductionisimportantasthefirstpartofyouressay;itsetsthetoneforthereader,givessomeideaofthecontentandthewriter’sposition,andsuggestshowthepieceofworkisorganized.Thesearesomeofthekeyfeaturesthatcanbeincludedinanintroduction.IntroductiontothetopicofyouressayBackgroundinformationaboutyourtopicJustificationforyourchoiceoftopicfocusOutlineofthestructureoftheessayDefinitionofkeytermsrelatedtothetopicThesisstatement(yourviewpointorperspective)YourpurposeinwritingtheessayTask1:StudyanexampleintroductionExample:TheApplicationofRenewableEnergyTechnologyinRemoteAreasOutlifeisheavilydependentonthesupplyofenergy.AfterWorldWarII,especially,developedcountriesreceivedthegreatbenefitsofelectricity.However,todaymorethan30%oftheglobalpopulationstilllivesinoff-gridareas,withoutelectricity.Thisismostlyindevelopingcountriesorremotepartsofdevelopedcountries,suchasmountainousareasorisolatedislands.Economically,itwouldbeverychallengingtoproduceelectricityfortheseareas.Asdevelopingcountriesgroweconomically,thedemandforenergywillincreaserapidly,thusaddingtothepollutionproblemscausedbyfossilfuels.Renewableenergytechnologyisthesolutiontotheseproblems.Thisessaywillfirstdemonstratetheneedforelectricityinremoteareas,andthentheextenttowhichrenewableenergytechnologycanmeetthisneedinremoteareaswillbeexaminedbylookingatsomeexamples.Featuresofintroduction:FeatureExamplefromtextIntroductiontotopic

Outlifeisheavilydependentonthesupplyofenergy.Backgroundinformation

AfterWorldWarII,especially,developedcountriesreceivedthegreatbenefitsofelectricity.However,todaymorethan30%oftheglobalpopulationstilllivesinoff-gridareas,withoutelectricity.Thisismostlyindevelopingcountriesorremotepartsofdevelopedcountries,suchasmountainousareasorisolatedislands.Justification

Economically,itwouldbeverychallengingtoproduceelectricityfortheseareas.Asdevelopingcountriesgroweconomically,thedemandforenergywillincreaserapidly,thusaddingtothepollutionproblemscausedbyfossilfuels.OutlineofstructureThisessaywillfirstdemonstratetheneedforelectricityinremoteareas,andthentheextenttowhichrenewableenergytechnologycanmeetthisneedinremoteareaswillbeexaminedbylookingatsomeexamples.DefinitionofkeytermsNotincludedThesisstatementRenewableenergytechnologyisthesolutiontotheseproblems.Writer’spurposeToshowhowtoovercometheproblem(byusingrenewableenergytechnology).Task2:

AnalysingyourintroductionLookattheinstructionforyourownproject.Whichoftheabovefeaturescanyouidentify?FeaturesMyprojectMypartner’sprojectIntroductiontotopicBackgroundinformationJustificationOutlineofstructureDefinitionofkeytermsThesisstatementWriter’spurposeConclusions:Theconclusionattheendofyouressayservesanumberoffunctions.Itisthefinalpartofyourtextandsoneedstopulltogetherallthemainideas.Itshouldreferbacktowhatyououtlinedinyourintroductionandtoyourthesis.Itisanopportunitytoshowtheextenttowhichyouhavebeenabletodealwiththeissuesinvolvedinyourthesis.Conclusionsmayhavesomeorallofthefollowingfeatures:AlogicalconclusionthatisevidentfromthedevelopmentoftheideasinyouressayAbriefsummaryofthemainideasintheessayCommentsontheseideasPredictionsforfuturedevelopmentsofthetopicMentionoffurtherresearchthatmightberequiredLimitationsoftheworkcoveredbyyouressayTask3:AnalysingyourconclusionLookattheconclusionofyourownproject.Whichofthefeatures(a-f)abovecanyouidentify?FeaturesMyprojectMypartner’sprojectLogicalconclusionBriefsummaryCommentsonideasPredictionsFurtherresearchLimitationsSession4:SummaryWriting

FeaturesofasummaryWhichofthefeaturesbelowdoyouthinkcharacterizeagoodsummary?UsingthesameorderoffactsandideasastheoriginalUsingalltheinformationfromtheoriginalUsingnoneofthesamevocabularyastheoriginalUsingdifferentgrammaticalstructuresfromtheoriginalEmphasizingthepointsyoufeelareimportantintheoriginalGivingyouropinionaboutorcommentingontheoriginaltextStagesinwritingasummary

LookatthefollowingshortextractfromatextonEnvironmentalProblemsandManagement.Imagineyouhavebeenaskedto:identifythemainpoints;makenotes;writeasummarybasedonyournotes.StageOne:Decideonthepurposeforsummarizingtheextract.StateTwo:Underlinethekeypoints.(ThisistheNOTEstageofthesummaryprocess.)

Interestintheenvironmentisnotarecentphenomenon;theenvir